The Effects of Forearm Posture, Wrist Posture, Gender, and Hand on Three Peak Pinch Force Types

In many industries the hand is utilized as a fixture, pinching in various wrist postures and forearm postures. In an effort to quantify the effects of wrist posture, forearm posture, gender, and dominant/non-dominant hand upon three peak pinch forces, a study was performed. Three pinch types were tested in this study: index pad pinch, middle pad pinch, and three-jaw chuck pinch force. For each pinch exertion condition, one of five wrist postures were employed: neutral, 45° extension, 65° extension, 45° flexion, and 65° flexion. Each pinch was also performed in one of three forearm postures: neutral, full pronation, and full supination. Ten subjects between 20–25 years of age within each gender category were tested giving a total of 20 subjects. Each subject was asked to build up to his or her maximal voluntary contraction using a modified Caldwell regimen, and hold that pinch level for three seconds. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significant effects (gender, hand, pinch type, wrist posture, and forearm posture) tested using post hoc analysis. The results and their implications are discussed.

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Examining the Validity of Selected Measures of Foot Type

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/0940275 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 275-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ian Mathieson ◽

Dominic Upton ◽

Trevor D. Prior

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Subtalar Joint ◽

Joint Position ◽

Reference Position ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Foot Morphology ◽

Arch Index ◽

Post Hoc

The rationale that subtalar joint position, reflected by calcaneal alignment, determines foot morphology was used to formulate an approach to examination of the validity of three measures of “foot type”: the Staheli Arch Index, the Chippaux-Smirak Index, and navicular height. Each measure was calculated in five positions, progressively inverting from a reference position of maximal comfortable eversion. Pearson product moment correlations (Staheli Arch Index: r = 0.5; Chippaux-Smirak Index: r = 0.6; and navicular height: r = 0.8) indicated that each measure progressively increased with inversion. The change in calcaneal position required to produce significant changes in each measure was investigated using analysis of variance with Scheffé post hoc analysis. This analysis revealed that changes of 15° and 20° were required to produce significant differences in Chippaux-Smirak Index and Staheli Arch Index scores, respectively, threatening their validity. Navicular height was sensitive to smaller changes of 10° and thus displays greater sensitivity to changes in calcaneal position than the footprint parameters tested. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(3): 275–281, 2004)

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DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE FOR PLANNED AND POST HOC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE COMPARISONS1

Journal of Educational Measurement ◽

10.1111/j.1745-3984.1975.tb01012.x ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 99-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

JOEL R. LEVIN

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Post Hoc

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Simultaneous Investigation of Effects of Distance of Projection and Object Size on Object Reception by Children in Grade 1

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1982.54.3c.1183 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 54 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1183-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Gregory Payne

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

First Grade ◽

Object Size ◽

Point Scale ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Ball Size ◽

Conventional Analysis ◽

Main Effect ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Control Accuracy

This study examined simultaneously the effects of distance of projection (4-, 6-, and 8-horizontal ft.) and object size (6-, 8.5-in., and 10-in. diameter balls) on object reception by children in the first grade. 6 boys and 6 girls were randomly assigned to each of the 3 distances (36 subjects total). Each subject was administered 36 trials, 12 attempted catches with each ball size at their assigned distance. All balls were projected by a device designed to control accuracy as well as the angle of projection for projections to each distance. Each attempted catch was evaluated by a 5-point scale ( r = .96). Trials, sex, distance of projection, ball size, and related interactions were examined using a conventional analysis of variance. Ball size was the only significant main effect, but the interaction between ball size and sex was also significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that the 10-in. ball gave significantly more catching success than the 8.5- or the 6-in. ball. Although more success in catching was achieved with the larger ball sizes, no difference in catching was attributable to the varying distances. The sequences for catching success according to ball size at each distance were not significantly different.

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Psychological Barriers to Achievement in Women

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1982.54.1.153 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 153-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lois S. Goldberg

Keyword(s):

Career Choice ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Graduate Programs ◽

Career Aspiration ◽

Fear Of Success ◽

Psychological Barriers ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Personality Integration ◽

Barriers To Achievement ◽

Post Hoc

The IES Arrow-Dot was administered to 56 women in 14 graduate programs to examine the effects of birth order and stress when approaching career choice points on underlying personality integration. An analysis of variance yielded no significant differences for either variable, however, a post hoc analysis showed that correlation of Ego scores with stated level of career aspirations approached significance. Perhaps projected level of career aspiration may be explored when examining fear of success in women.

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Neuromuscular Response to Cyclic Loading of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546504268408 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 543-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Paola Sbriccoli ◽

Moshe Solomonow ◽

Bing-He Zhou ◽

Yun Lu ◽

Robert Sellards

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cyclic Loading ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Knee Laxity ◽

Neuromuscular Disorder ◽

Voluntary Contraction ◽

Short Period ◽

Anterior Cruciate

Background Cyclic load applied to various joints during occupational and sports activities is epidemiologically linked to higher risk of neuromuscular disorder development. Hypothesis Passive cyclic loading of the knee will develop laxity and creep in the anterior cruciate ligament, and these may elicit a neuromuscular disorder in the quadriceps and hamstrings. Women may be more susceptible to the disorder. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Male and female groups were subjected to 10 minutes of passive cyclic loading (0.1 Hz) of the knee at a mild load (150-200 N) and at 35° and 90° flexion. Anterior tibial displacement and electromyogram from the quadriceps and hamstrings were monitored during cyclic loading. Maximal voluntary contraction of knee extension and flexion was assessed before and after cyclic loading. The effect of gender and angle on maximal voluntary contraction and quadriceps/hamstrings electromyogram was tested by a 2-way analysis of variance. Differences between the preload and postload data were tested by a paired ttest. Results At a knee angle of 90°, after cyclic loading, a decrease in maximal voluntary contraction during extension was present in men and women, with an associated decrease in quadriceps electromyogram activity. At 35°, a decrease in maximal voluntary contraction in extension was noted in women and men. Electromyogram spasms were present in the quadriceps and hamstrings during the 10-minute cyclic loading in 51.7% of subjects. Analysis of variance demonstrated that ligament creep was significantly greater in women than in men at both knee angles. Conclusions Even a mild cyclic loading of the anterior cruciate ligament, for a relatively short period, can elicit substantial creep, laxity, and a neuromuscular disorder. The disorder is composed of spasms and attenuated muscular function that may together create a condition that exposes the knee to injury. Women seem to be more susceptible than men. Clinical Relevance Cyclic actions performed at high frequencies and high-load magnitudes may lead to the occurrence of increased knee laxity and changes in neuromuscular function that, together with fatigue and changes in proprioception, may increase the risk of injury.

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Statistical Analysis of Leading Goal Scoring Pattern of Europe’s Top Five Football Leagues

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.b6135.029420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 517-521

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

P Value ◽

Microsoft Excel ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Premier League ◽

European Football ◽

Post Hoc ◽

The Relationship ◽

Frequency Counts

Previous researchers have discussed goal-scoring patterns of different football leagues, but little has been done on leading or top goal scorer. In this study, the focus is on the relationship between leading goal scoring and final league position for the top five European leagues (Premier League, La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga and Ligue 1). The five leagues are the current top leagues in Europe as ranked by the Union of European Football Association (UEFA). The data were obtained from the respective leagues’ football association websites. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to create frequency counts. Thereafter correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using Minitab 18.0 and SPSS version 23. From the result, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between leading goal scoring and league positions for La Liga at a p value equals 0.013 and Germany at a p value equals 0.042, but no relationship for the remaining three leagues. Choosing the last 20 seasons only, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the final league positions of the clubs that produced the leading goal scorers are the same across the leagues at p value = 0.349. However, the opposite is the case of the goal-scoring pattern and p value < 0.005 were obtained. Further investigation using the Post Hoc analysis revealed that the goal-scoring pattern of leading goal scores in Spanish La Liga is significantly different from others.

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Proliferation of B-lymphocytes in inflammatory and hematological diseases

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1812377t ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (11-12) ◽

pp. 377-381

Author(s):

Tamara Tesic ◽

Dajana Lendak ◽

Ivana Urosevic ◽

Igor Mitic ◽

Vanja Andric

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

B Cell Malignancies ◽

Variance Test ◽

Inflammatory Disorders ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Post Hoc

Introduction. A proliferation-inducing ligand is a membrane binding protein that represents one of the main survival factors for immature, naive and activated B-cells, and is involved in the global immune response. The objective of this study was to determine whether plasma levels of a proliferation-inducing ligand may be used to assess the proliferation of B-lymphocytes in patients with bacterial infections, B-cell malignancies and autoimmune inflammatory disorders. Material and Methods. The study included 91 patients divided into three groups and 30 blood donors assigned to the control group. Group 1 included 34 patients with bacterial infections confirmed by microbiology and/or radiology diagnostic tests; group 2 included 32 patients with B-cell malignancies; and group 3 included 25 patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. All plasma samples were assayed for a proliferation-inducing ligand using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The differences between groups were examined by one-way analysis of variance test and post hoc analysis. Results. One way analysis of variance test showed a statistically significant difference in concentrations of a proliferation-inducing ligand in the examined groups. The highest mean value of a proliferation-inducing ligand was found in patients with established bacterial infections (x? = 8,294 ng/ml). Post hoc analysis showed that a proliferation-inducing ligand levels in the plasma samples of patients with bacterial infections were significantly higher than in healthy controls, and patients with hematological and autoimmune diseases, respectively. Conclusion. B-cell proliferation was increased in patients with bacterial infections in regard to patients with other disorders. Therefore, a proliferation inducing ligand can be used to differentiate bacterial infections from other inflammatory disorders and may be helpful in decision making whether to start antibiotic treatment or not. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/MPNS1912362E">10.2298/MPNS1912362E</a>

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Electromyographic Analysis of Exercises on a Gymnastic Horse and a Walking Horse: A Pilot Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112311352 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 11352

Author(s):

Barbora Pyšková ◽

Tereza Nováková ◽

Radka Bačáková ◽

Miloslav Vilímek

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Human Body ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Maximal Voluntary Contraction ◽

Voluntary Contraction ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Electromyographic Analysis

In studies testing the effect of hippotherapy on the human body, no one has yet compared the involvement of the same specific muscles in exercises on a gymnastic (pommel) horse vs. a walking horse. To improve the correct riding seat and to compare the differences in electromyographic activity, we conducted an experimental study to measure the activity of selected muscles on a set of probands of both sexes during three exercises on a gymnastic horse vs. a walking horse. We measured the activity of eight selected muscles, expressed as the percentage value of the maximal voluntary contraction. Maximal voluntary contraction of each muscle was electromyographically measured using Janda’s strength muscle test. These values were used as a standard for values obtained from exercising on a gymnastic horse and a walking horse. The effect of the studied factors was tested by analysis of variance. The muscle activity was statistically significantly affected by the studied factors. It was higher when riding a living horse than a gymnastic horse and in females compared to males. Although the exercises on a gymnastic horse generated lower muscle activity than those on a walking horse, there was a variation among individual muscles that justified further study.

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Dalfampridine improves slowed processing speed in multiple sclerosis patients with mild motor disability: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders ◽

10.1177/17562864211011286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 175628642110112

Author(s):

Carlo Pozzilli ◽

Luca Prosperini ◽

Silvia Tommasin ◽

Claudio Gasperini ◽

Elena Barbuti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Information Processing Speed ◽

Double Blind ◽

Motor Disability ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽

Post Hoc

Objective: To evaluate baseline characteristics predictive of improving information processing speed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the relationship between cognitive and motor response to dalfampridine (DA) treatment. Methods: This is a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with MS randomized to receive DA 10 mg or placebo twice daily for 12 consecutive weeks. Here, we include only data from 71 patients in the arm treated with DA. According to the median value of Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) response, patients were categorized as “full responders” (FR) or “partially responders” (PR). Results: There was higher possibility of being FR in the presence of a baseline lower Expanded Disability Status Scale [odds ratio (OR) 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–0.97, p = 0.034], a higher Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite value (OR 1.37; 95%CI 1.05–1.8, p = 0.022), a lower Timed 25-Foot Walk Test (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.6–0.98, p = 0.033), and a lower 9-Hole Peg Test with dominant hand (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.86–0.99, p = 0.029). FR group did not show any significant improvement of motor performance compared with PR group. Conclusion: The current analysis shows that in MS patients with cognitive deficit, the greatest improvement in SDMT provided by DA was observed in patients with milder motor impairment; cognitive and motor responses to treatments are not related. Trial registration: EU Clinical Trials Register; ID 2013-002558-64 ( https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2013-002558-64 )

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