Haematological Status of Preschool and School-Age Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Guatemala

We studied the prevalence of low haematocrit values (defined as <38%) in 1,253 children from urban and rural areas of Guatemala, to examine any urban-rural or age-related trends. Though the crude prevalences of low haematocrit for all the children showed a significant difference between urban and rural residents, the significance disappeared when these values were adjusted for differences in the age profiles of the two groups. As expected, preschool children had significantly more low haematocrits (32.0%) than school-age children (6.0%) (p < .05). Ferritin levels were available for 35.9% of the preschool children (one urban and one rural location); of these, 51.8% had levels below 12 mg/l, indicating iron deficiency. These values were used to determine the predictive value of haematocrit compared with ferritin values, and the cut-off at which haematocrit reaches optimum sensitivity and specificity to diagnose iron depletion. A cut-off of 39% had a sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 45% in urban preschoolers, and a cut-off of 38% had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 42% in rural preschoolers.

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The Evaluation of the Awareness, Attitude and Practice of the Elderly Toward Self-Medication: A Cross-Sectional Study

Drug Research ◽

10.1055/a-0583-9896 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (08) ◽

pp. 475-480

Author(s):

Mohammad Heidari ◽

Mansureh Borujeni ◽

Mansour Ghafourifard ◽

Rahim Sheikhi

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Average Score ◽

Self Medication ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Age Related ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Introduction The prevalence of various diseases in the elderly has increased the use of drugs, which is coupled with age-related physiological changes and places the elderly at risk for multiple side effects. The present study aimed to determine awareness, attitudes and practices of elderly towards self-medication. Materials and Methods The sample included 300 participants over 60 years under any of the health centers in urban and rural areas of Abadeh city, who were selected based on stratified random sampling method. In order to collect data, the questionnaire including demographic information, awareness, attitude and performance of the elderly and the checklist of drug intractable consumption. Results Based on the results, 76% of the elderly reported drug consumption. Regarding lifestyle, the average score of the elderly’s awareness for the elderly who lived with and without families were 78.6±14.2 and 69.2±13.6, respectively. In other words, a significant difference was observed between these two groups. In addition, there was a significant between the elderly’s performance score with and without family members about the self-medication (p=0.001). Conclusion Considering the increase in self-medication among the elderly, adherence to prescription criteria for drug among this age group is recommended. Finally, designing and implementing various educational programs in health education center is necessary for the elderly and their families for the purpose of improving awareness and practice.

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Rural Tourism and Rural Development under the Integrated Planning Background - Huangtuling Village Tourist Plans in Laiyuan, Baoding

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.1533 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1044-1045 ◽

pp. 1533-1537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jing Chao Wang ◽

Ning Wang

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Rural Tourism ◽

Cultural Resources ◽

Urban And Rural Residents ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Developed Countries ◽

The Village

The urban-rural integration is a new stage of urbanization,which is the process of the development of productive forces and promoting the production of urban and rural residents, is the process that has the characteristics of resources between urban and rural areas of mutual integration, mutual resources, mutual market, mutual service, and which will gradually reach rural coordination between the development process. Rural tourism is derived from the developed countries of advanced concepts, with the tourism planning and designing tools of Laiyuan Huangtuling, we put the native village of the existing land, ancient architecture, historical and cultural resources together. and using the designing tools to make travel, leisure, culture, food , and other node element for redesigning, excavating the existing resources within the village, both to highlight the local characteristics, and good protection of the natural environment, and embodies the essence of the role of urban-rural integration.

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Mental Health of Preschool Children and their Mothers in a Mixed Urban/Rural Population

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.168.1.16 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 168 (1) ◽

pp. 16-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Margaret J. J. Thompson ◽

Jim Stevenson ◽

Edmund Sonuga-Barke ◽

Peter Nott ◽

Zam Bhatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Child Behaviour ◽

Behaviour Problems ◽

Service Needs ◽

Mental Disturbance ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Activity Scale ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

BackgroundThe prevalence rate of behaviour problems and maternal mental disturbance was estimated using a sample of 1047 families with a 3-year-old child from a mixed urban/rural area.MethodParents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist, EAS Temperament Questionnaire, Weiss–Werry–Peters Activity Scale and the GHQ–30.ResultsThe rate of behaviour problems (13.2%) was similar to that obtained in studies of urban children. The rate of maternal disturbance (27.6%) was lower than in other population samples. Few differences were found in the prevalence rates in the urban and rural areas.ConclusionsPreschool children and their parents living in non-urban areas had the same rates of problems as those in conurbations. The service needs of such families are similar regardless of locality.

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Heterogeneous Effects of Health Insurance on Rural Children’s Health in China: A Causal Machine Learning Approach

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18189616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 9616

Author(s):

Hua Chen ◽

Jianing Xing ◽

Xiaoxu Yang ◽

Kai Zhan

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Policy Design ◽

Rural China ◽

School Age Children ◽

Health Improvement ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

School Age ◽

Heterogeneous Effects ◽

The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) on the health of preschool and school-age children in rural China using data from the 2018 wave of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). We employ the propensity score matching approach and causal forest to evaluate impacts. Results show that the URRBMI has significantly improved the health status of preschool children. However, the health improvement of school-age children by URRBMI is only limited to obese children, and this effect is not significant. In addition, this paper identifies important variables related to heterogeneity through the causal forest and evaluates the heterogeneity of the impact of URRBMI on the health of two types of children. For preschool children, we find disadvantaged mothers (i.e., with lower wealth, lower educated, or in rural areas) benefit more from the URRBMI. No significant heterogeneity is found for the school-age children. Our study demonstrates the power of causal forest to uncover the heterogeneity in policy evaluation, hence providing policymakers with valuable information for policy design.

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HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT (PHBS) TERHADAP KEJADIAN SAKIT PADA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

VISIKES: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.33633/visikes.v20i1.4204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

WINDRI LESMANA RUBAI ◽

PRAMESTHI WIDYA HAPSARI ◽

KATRI ANDINI SURIJATI

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

School Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Primary School Children ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Healthy Living ◽

Chi Square ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRAKMunculnya berbagai penyakit yang sering menyerang anak usia sekolah, umumnya berkaitan dengan pemahaman anak tentang apa itu hidup bersih dan sehat, serta penerapan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehatan (PHBS) dan pemahaman anak tentang apa itu hidup bersih dan sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara pengetahuan dan PHBS anak sekolah dasar terhadap kejadian sakit yang di alami di masa pandemi Covid-19 ini. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan rancangan studi potong lintang dilakukan dengan melibatkan 58 anak sekolah dasar yang berada di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan Kabupaten Banyumas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, sebagian besar siswa memiliki pengetahuan tentang gizi dan kesehatan yang masih rendah (62,1%), meski demikian, siswa yang menerapkan PHBS dengan baik sudah lebih banyak (63,8%). Uji chi-square antara pengetahuan siswa dengan kejadian sakit diperoleh nilai p=0.051, dan antara penerapan PHBS siswa dengan kejadian sakit nilai p = 0.478. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan dan PHBS terhadap kejadian sakit anak sekolah dasar di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan Kabupaten Banyumas.Kata kunci: Anak Sekolah Dasar, Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat, Pedesaan. ABSTRACTVarious diseases that often attack school-age children, are generally related to children's understanding of what is clean and healthy living, as well as the application of clean and healthy living habits (PHBS) and children's understanding of what is clean and healthy living. This study aims to see the relationship between knowledge and PHBS of elementary school children on the incidence of illness during the pancemic of Covid-19. A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study design was carried out involving 58 elementary school children in urban and rural areas of Banyumas Regency. The results showed that most students had low knowledge of nutrition and health (62.1%), however, there were already more students who had implemented PHBS properly (63.8%). Chi-square test between students 'knowledge and the incidence of illness obtained p value = 0.051, and between the application of students' PHBS and the incidence of illness p = 0.478. It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between knowledge and PHBS on the incidence of illness in primary school children in urban and rural areas of Banyumas Regency. Keywords: School-age children, Cleand and Healthy Living Habits (PHBS), urban, rural area.

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An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v21i4pp.275-296 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 275-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rehana Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Household Size ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Total Expenditure ◽

Demand Growth ◽

Food Items ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions, demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and household size.

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Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7180

Author(s):

Jun Zhang ◽

Xiaodie Yuan ◽

Xueping Tan ◽

Xue Zhang

Keyword(s):

Wavelet Transform ◽

Rural Development ◽

Data Fusion ◽

Urban Development ◽

Urban Sprawl ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Healthy Development ◽

Kappa Value ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

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Risk factors for Toxocara spp. seroprevalence and its association with atopy and asthma phenotypes in school-age children in a small town and semi-rural areas of Northeast Brazil

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.04.005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 174 ◽

pp. 158-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Márcia B. Silva ◽

Ana L.M. Amor ◽

Leonardo N. Santos ◽

Alana A. Galvão ◽

Aida V. Oviedo Vera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Small Town ◽

School Age Children ◽

Northeast Brazil ◽

School Age ◽

Asthma Phenotypes

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Association between Rural Land Use Transition and Urban–Rural Integration Development: From 2009 to 2018 Based on County-Level Data in Shandong Province, China

Land ◽

10.3390/land10111228 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1228

Author(s):

Zhiheng Yang ◽

Nengneng Shen ◽

Yanbo Qu ◽

Bailin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Shandong Province ◽

County Level ◽

Rural Land ◽

Integrated Development ◽

Land Use Transition ◽

Rural Land Use ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Integrated development in urban and rural areas has led to a new form of urban–rural interdependence, which promotes rural territorial functional evolution and land use changes. Rural land use transition, showing the synchronous development between cities and villages, is an important window through which to observe integrated development in urban and rural areas. We focus on uncovering the association between rural land use transition and urban–rural integration development (URID), put forward a dynamic relationship assumption between rural land use transformation and URID stages based on the transmission mechanism of urban–rural linkages, and undertake empirical analysis using the panel regression model with the data of county-level administrative units in Shandong Province, China. The results show that rural land use transition has maintained a close association with URID, and that the changes in cultivated land, forest land, and surface-water area are highly related to URID. There are different leading urban–rural linkages in rural areas around big-sized cities, mid-sized cities, and small-sized cities, which determine whether rural areas are in different URID stages of high, medium, or low levels. Further, rural areas can take different actions to promote URID at different stages through strengthening or introducing urban–rural linkages driven by economies of scale and deepening urbanization. This provides a reference for developing countries to formulate rural land use policies on achieving the goal of URID.

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Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge among Primary School Children in Fayoum Governorate

International Journal of Studies in Nursing ◽

10.20849/ijsn.v4i2.593 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Rabab Gad Abd El-Kader ◽

Hanem Awad Mekhamier ◽

Azza El-Sayed Ali Hegazy

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Primary School Children ◽

School Age Children ◽

Study Group ◽

School Age ◽

Nutritional Knowledge ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fayoum Governorate

Background and aim: Improving the eating habits of children is essential to reduce the future burden of non-communicable illnesses. Nutritional diseases affect higher than 30% of school age children. This study aimed to assess the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge among primary school age children in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt.Study design: A cross-sectional descriptive design was utilized. Setting: The study was implemented in three governmental mixed primary schools in EL-Fayoum city; Egypt, that were selected randomly. Sample: Cluster random sample techniques used for selecting of the study group consisted of 300 students aged from 10-12 years for both sexes attending grade five and six. Tools: three tools of data collection consisted of: 1- self-administered questionnaire comprised socio-demographic data of the students and parents, and students’ knowledge about nutrition, 2- the students’ dietary habits as consumption of the breakfast, drinking water, 3- Health assessment sheet to assess the students’ nutritional status including weight, height, BMI, and appearance.The study findings revealed that 69.3% of the study group were underweight, 36.3% were stunted, and 6.7%, 3.3% were overweight and obese respectively. About 45% had fair knowledge while 34% had good knowledge about the nutrition. More than half of the students had unhealthy dietary behavior and appearance. There was a statistically significant difference (P: 0<0.00) between the academic performance of the school children and their HAZ while there was no statistically significant difference between the academic performance of the students and their WAZ (P: 0.264).Conclusions: underweight is highly prevalent among the primary school students followed by stunting. Most of the students had unhealthy dietary habits and unhealthy appearance while around half of them had fair knowledge about nutrition. The current study recommended developing a nutritional health program for primary school children about the proper nutrition.

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