scholarly journals CHOLINESTERASES AND NONSPECIFIC ESTERASES OF DEVELOPING AND ADULT (NORMAL AND ATROPHIC) RAT GASTROCNEMIUS 1. CHEMICAL ASSAY AND ELECTROPHORESIS

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEVIN D. BARRON ◽  
A. T. ORDINARIO ◽  
J. BERNSOHN ◽  
A. R. HESS ◽  
M. T. HEDRICK
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Chemical Assay ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Whole Muscle ◽  
Nonspecific Esterases

Cholinesterases and nonspecific esterases of normal and atrophic (denervated and tenotomized) adult rat gastrocnemius were assayed, the latter 5-45 days after operation. Acetylcholinesterase activity per whole muscle was about 25% of normal 5 days after denervation and, in permanently denervated animals, showed little change thereafter. Tenotomy caused a transient 27% fall. Butyrylcholinesterase was unaffected. Nonspecific esterase activity of denervated gastrocnemius (substrate, α-naphthyl acetate) was normal 30 days after reversible sciatic injury and 50% of normal 45 days after irreversible denervation. Wet weight and total protein fell in approximate parallel. Results of assay and electrophoresis (zymograms) showed that muscle esterase was mainly of B type, although A and C type acetylesterases accounted for about 10% of the free or soluble fraction. An increase in the free esterase activity of the homogenate and an absolute increase in A type esterase accompanied denervation and disuse. Bound esterase was 80% released by Triton X-100 and was entirely B type. Zymograms of neonatal muscle were distinguished by the prominence of A-esterases and the presence of an acetylcholinesterase which was not encountered in adults. Over-all, despite some points of similarity, zymograms of neonatal and atrophic adult muscles were distinctly different.

scholarly journals Organotypic cultures of diploid type II alveolar pneumonocytes: surfactant associated esterase activity.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 852-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
W H Douglas ◽  
K R Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Lamellar Body ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
Organotypic Cultures ◽  
Surfactant Synthesis ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
Fetal Rat Lung ◽  
Nonspecific Esterases

Organotypic cultures, established from enzymatically dispersed day 19 fetal rat lung, are comprised primarily of cells which are morphologically similar to type II alveolar pneumonocytes, the cells involved in surfactant synthesis. To further characterize these cultures, the nonspecific esterase pool was examined to determine if these cultures contained certain nonspecific esterases previously shown to be enzyme markers for the surfactant system. The results of biochemical, electrophoretic and cytochemical studies indicate that these organotypic cultures contain the same nonspecific esterases already demonstrated in surface active fractions derived from rat and mouse lung homogenates and pulmonary lavage fluid. As in whole lung, the major site of esterase activity in the organotypic cultures is the type II cell lamellar body, the putative site of surfactant synthesis and storage. These findings support the concept that the organotypic cultures derived from fetal rat lung are comprised predominantly of type II cells which retain surfactant associated functions in vitro.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF ESTERASES IN THE MYONEURAL JUNCTION OF THE STRIATED MUSCLE OF THE RAT

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. ERÄNKÖ ◽  
H. TERÄVÄINEN
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Selective Inhibitors ◽  
Myoneural Junction ◽  
Terminal Axon ◽  
Naphthyl Acetate ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase Activity

Distribution of esterases in the myoneural junction of the striated muscle of the rat was studied using acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiochobine and α-naphthyl acetate as substrates, together with selective inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in the peripheral complex of synaptic folds. Nonspecific cholinesterase was detected in the peripheral complex of synaptic folds and the teloglia with approximately equal activities. Nonspecific esterase activity, present in tissues incubated with eserine, was marked in the terminal axon and was also present in the teloglia and synaptic folds.

The efficiency of various detergents for extraction and stabilization of acetylcholinesterase from bovine erythrocytes

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex K. M. Wong ◽  
Christine P. Nichol ◽  
M. Chandra Sekar ◽  
Basil D. Roufogalis
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Bovine Erythrocyte ◽  
Critical Micelle Concentrations ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Nonionic Detergents

The efficiency of several nonionic detergents and a homologous series of zwitterionic detergents for the extraction of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) from bovine erythrocyte membranes was examined. Of the nonionic detergents examined, the polyoxyethylene-based Tweens were the least effective solubilizing agents. Within this series, increasing the length of the saturated fatty acid chain progressively decreased the efficiency of enzyme recovery, while unsaturation in the side chain reversed this trend. In the Lubrol detergents, where the chain length of the alcohol group is variable, an increase in the length of the polyoxyethylene glycol group decreased the recovery of acetylcholinesterase in the solubilized state, without affecting the efficiency of extraction of total erythrocyte protein. As with the other nonionic detergents examined, Triton X-100 and octy1 β-D-glucoside were maximally effective in solubilizing acetylcholinesterase activity at concentrations greater than their respective critical micelle concentrations. In the sulfobetaine (N-alkyldimethylaminopropane sulphonate) zwitterionic detergent series, the longer alkyl chain zwittergents Z 316 and Z 314 were more efficient than the shorter chain length members of the series (Z 310 and Z 312). In contrast to the higher chain length compounds, short chain analogs were maximally effective at or below their critical micelle concentrations. After purification by ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography, the enzyme extracted with the various detergents gave sedimentation coefficients between 6.8S and 7.6S, consistent with a dimeric structure. Acetylcholinesterase could also be efficiently released by 0.2 mM EDTA or 0.5 M NaCl from bovine erythrocyte membranes previously depleted of 70–80% of the membrane lipids by butanol. Nonlinear Arrhenius plots of enzyme activity were found whether acetylcholinesterase was solubilized with Tween 20, Lubrol PX, or Triton X-100. The present work confirms that bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase requires detergents to solubilize it from membranes and that its activity depends on the structure of the amphiphiles used to solubilize the enzyme.

scholarly journals Expression of multiple isozymes of granulocyte, monocyte, and macrophage esterases in polycythemic Friend erythroleukemia cells

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Woytowicz ◽  
PR Daoust ◽  
J Andre-Schwartz ◽  
SB Levy
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Adherent Cell ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Virus Complex ◽  
Erythroleukemic Cell ◽  
Erythroleukemic Cells

Abstract We examined the expression of cytochemical markers of myeloid and monocyte-macrophage differentiation in conjunction with ultrastructural studies of different malignant erythroleukemic cells isolated from mice infected with the Friend polycythemic virus complex (FLV-P). The amounts of fluoride-sensitive and resistant nonspecific esterase activity increased with the progression of malignancy. Isoelectric focusing resolved this enzyme activity into 13 isozymes in the most malignant Friend cell type tested. These same isozymes were found in the adherent cell population of normal spleens. Two of these isozymes were shown to have chloroacetate esterase activity characteristic of granulocytes. Despite these myeloid and monocyte characteristics, light and electron microscopy showed no morphological evidence of differentiation in either of these lineages. This study demonstrates that the Friend erythroleukemic cell contains markers of three different hemopoietic cell types. The expression of myeloid, monocytic, and erythroid traits in these erythroleukemic cells can be used to monitor their malignant progression.

scholarly journals Enzyme histochemistry of monocytes/macrophages: a study in a murine model of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S S Iskandar ◽  
S N Emancipator ◽  
T G Pretlow
Keyword(s):  
Immune Complex ◽  
Enzyme Histochemistry ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
Single Marker ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase Activity ◽  
Nonspecific Esterases

In a model of immune complex glomerulonephritis in BALB/c mice, cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage (M phi), identifiable by electron microscopy, infiltrate the glomerulus. In spite of this, no unequivocal nonspecific esterase activity can be demonstrated histochemically in the glomeruli. On the other hand, many mononuclear cells with strong acid phosphatase activity are consistently present. This observation is in line with other studies that have demonstrated the heterogeneity of enzyme profiles in different M phi populations. Despite the wide acceptance of nonspecific esterases as markers for M phi, the present study indicates that exclusive reliance on a single marker in investigating the participation of M phi in a pathological process can lead to erroneous conclusions. Use of multiple markers and preferably multiple investigative modalities is recommended.

scholarly journals Activity of alkaline phosphatase, acidic phosphatase and nonspecific esterase in the oviducts of puerperal ewes after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Valocky ◽  
J. Legath ◽  
L. Lenhardt ◽  
G. Lazar ◽  
F. Novotny
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Nonspecific Esterase Activity ◽  
Observation Period

The objective of this study was to examine the alkaline, acidic phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity in the epithelial cells of oviducts after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the time of puerperium. PCBs were administered in the last days of pregnancy and during early puerperium. Animals in the experimental group were exposed to Delor 105 at a dose of 100 &mu;g/kg/day and were euthanised on Day 17 postpartum (<i>n</i> = 4), i.e. 5 days after the termination of 30-day PCB administration; on Day 25 postpartum (<i>n</i> = 5), i.e. 17 days from the last PCB administration and on Day 34 postpartum (<i>n</i> = 5), which corresponded to Day 28 from the completion of PCB administration. Ewes in the control group were euthanised on Day 17 (<i>n</i> = 3), Day 25 (<i>n</i> = 4) and Day 34 (<i>n</i> = 4) postpartum. The authors demonstrated the inhibitory effect of PCB on the enzymatic system of the oviduct during the puerperal period. The alkaline phosphatase, acidic phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity in the oviductal epithelial cells during a 34-day observation period exhibited a rising trend (<i>P</i> < 0.001 vs. <i>P</i> < 0.001 vs. <i>P</i> < 0.01) in the control group of animals. Experimental animals exposed to the 30-day PCB administration (Delor 105) showed a stagnant tendency (<i>P</i> > 0.05) in alkaline phosphatase while acidic phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity (<i>P</i> > 0.05) dropped even below the level of their activity values in the control group. It is essential to continue to monitor the effect of pollutants in exposed industrial areas on reparative and regenerative processes in puerperium and their possible impact on reproductive performance.

Cardiac myocyte stiffness following extraction with detergent and high salt solutions

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (6) ◽  
pp. H932-H943 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Brady ◽  
S. P. Farnsworth
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myocyte ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Thin Filaments ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Length Constant ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Exponential Relation

Myocytes were prepared from enzymatically digested adult rat hearts and attached to concentric double-barreled suction micropipettes. Myocyte stiffness was calculated as the ratio of the oscillatory tension-to-strain amplitude, where the strain was produced by an applied 5-Hz perturbation. Stiffness, as a function of cell length, was measured in relaxing solution (pCa = 9) as the control solution, 0.5% Triton X-100 detergent, 0.47 M KCl, and 0.6 M KI. Ultrastructure of unattached cells in each solution is illustrated with electron micrographs. The dependence of cell stiffness on cell length was described by an exponential relation with a length constant that increased slightly in detergent, whereas the stiffness at control length appeared to fall. The major fall in absolute stiffness occurred with myosin extraction in KCl. Both the stiffness at control length and the slope of the ln stiffness-to-length relation declined with the disappearance of the A band. A further, but smaller, decline of stiffness occurred with KI extraction of the thin filaments. A highly compliant "ghost" remained after KI extraction but the stiffness-to-length relation was still measurable. The fall in stiffness with myosin extraction is discussed in relation to cytoskeletal filaments (titin, nebulin, and intermediate filaments.

scholarly journals Walnut Oil Prevents Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in a Mouse Model

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Jianqiao Liao ◽  
Yifan Nai ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
Yimeng Chen ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Total Superoxide Dismutase

For thousands of years, it has been widely believed that walnut is a kind of nut that has benefits for the human body. Walnut oil, accounting for about 70% of walnut, mainly consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids. To investigate the effect of walnut oil on memory impairment in mice, scopolamine (3 mg/kg body weight/d) was used to establish the animal model during Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Walnut oil was administrated orally at 10 mL/kg body weight/d for 8 consecutive weeks. The results showed that walnut oil treatment ameliorated the behavior of the memory-impaired mice in the MWM test. Additionally, walnut oil obviously inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity (1.26 ± 0.12 U/mg prot) (p = 0.013) and increased choline acetyltransferase activity (129.75 ± 6.76 U/mg tissue wet weight) in the brains of scopolamine-treated mice (p = 0.024), suggesting that walnut oil could prevent cholinergic function damage in mice brains. Furthermore, walnut oil remarkably prevented the decrease in total superoxide dismutase activity (93.30 ± 5.50 U/mg prot) (p = 0.006) and glutathione content (110.45 ± 17.70 mg/g prot) (p = 0.047) and the increase of malondialdehyde content (13.79 ± 0.96 nmol/mg prot) (p = 0.001) in the brain of scopolamine-treated mice, indicating that walnut oil could inhibit oxidative stress in the brain of mice. Furthermore, walnut oil prevented histological changes of neurons in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions induced by scopolamine. These findings indicate that walnut oil could prevent memory impairment in mice, which might be a potential way for the prevention of memory dysfunctions.

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