scholarly journals Review Article: Osteophytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu Him Janus Wong ◽  
Kwong Yuen Chiu ◽  
Chun Hoi Yan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Vertebral Osteophytes ◽  
Multiple Symptoms

An osteophyte is a fibrocartilage-capped bony outgrowth that is one of the features of osteoarthritis. This study reviewed the types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and medical and surgical treatment of osteophytes. Extraspinal osteophytes are classified as marginal, central, periosteal, or capsular, whereas vertebral osteophytes are classified as traction or claw. Risk factors for development of osteophytes include age, body mass index, physical activity, and other genetic and environmental factors. Transforming growth factor β plays a role in the pathophysiology of osteophyte formation. Osteophytes can cause pain, limit range of motion, affect quality of life, and cause multiple symptoms at the spine. Medical treatment involves the use of bisphosphonates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Surgical treatment in the form of cheilectomy for impingement syndromes during joint replacement is recommended.

scholarly journals Serological level of transforming growth factor-β as a predictive biomarker of aortic enlargement in patients with Marfan syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Andrey S Rudoy ◽  
Alexey M Uryvaev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Marfan Syndrome ◽  
Aortic Root ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Aortic Rupture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Absolute Size

Marfan syndrome - an inherited, autosomal dominant disease with an expected rate of 3-5/10 000 or fraction of 20-25% of new mutations, accompanied by violation of the connective tissue that occurs as a result of gene mutations FBN1, coding for the synthesis of fibrillin-1, performing the most important role in the modulation physiological bioavailability TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β). Prediction of aortic rupture is based on the identification of risk factors: family history, the absolute size of the aortic root, the rate of expansion of the aorta, which are based on the results of the history and techniques of imaging ultrasound, CT, MRI. At the same time there is a chance of developing aortic rupture under normal aortic root size and the absence of any risk factors, as well as after the prophylactic prosthetic aortic root. This makes it necessary to search for alternative prognostic markers, threatening bundle and rupture of the aorta. Article verified the predictive role of TGF-β as a serological biomarker for assessing the extension of the aortic root in patients with Marfan syndrome (n = 23, F : M / 7 : 16; 33 ± 9.3 years). The article describes the patterns between TGF-β and the size and the reconstruction of the aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. It was found that elevated levels of serum TGF-β1 (49.1 ng/ml Vs 29.15 ng/ml in the control, p < 0.05) in patients with MS diagnosed with an extension of the aortic root (Z > 1.96) can serve as a serological marker to poor prognosis, accompanied by an increase in the size of the aortic root. In patients with normal-sized aorta, and after aortic reconstruction serum TGFβ1 not elevated. Serum TGFβ may be a promising target for therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic tactics which are not based on imaging techniques.

scholarly journals Patients’ perspective on the surgical treatment of hallux valgus

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Eli Ávila Souza Júnior ◽  
Mateus Cardoso Thiers Vieira ◽  
Tiago Soares Baumfeld ◽  
Daniel Soares Baumfeld
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Hallux Valgus ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After

Objective: To evaluate patients’ perspectives on the risk factors for hallux valgus, and their quality of life before and after surgery. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study, conducted in a tertiary hospital with 50 patients undergoing surgical treatment of hallux valgus. Data were tabulated using three methodological figures: central idea, key expressions and collective subject discourse. Results: Regarding the risk factors, most of the patients demonstrated knowledge, expressed through central ideas such as: heredity, and wearing inappropriate shoes. In relation to quality of life before surgery, impairment was noted, inferred by central ideas such as: pain and discomfort, restriction in the use of shoes, functional limitation and aesthetic impairment; and regarding postoperative quality of life, most patients expressed satisfaction with the results. Conclusion: Authentic discourses in the context of a prevalent pathology have expressed, for the first time, the conceptions of risk factors, quality of life before and after hallux valgus surgery. Level of Evidence V; Therapeutic Study; Expert Opinion.

scholarly journals Vascular mechanisms and molecular targets in hypertensive pregnancy and preeclampsia

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (3) ◽  
pp. H661-H681
Author(s):  
Hongmei Qu ◽  
Raouf A. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Rho Kinase ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Placental Ischemia

Preeclampsia is a major complication of pregnancy manifested as hypertension and often intrauterine growth restriction, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. Predisposing genetic and environmental factors cause placental maladaptations leading to defective placentation, apoptosis of invasive cytotrophoblasts, inadequate expansive remodeling of the spiral arteries, reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure, and placental ischemia. Placental ischemia promotes the release of bioactive factors into the maternal circulation, causing an imbalance between antiangiogenic soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin and proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, and transforming growth factor-β. Placental ischemia also stimulates the release of proinflammatory cytokines, hypoxia-inducible factor, reactive oxygen species, and angiotensin type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies. These circulating factors target the vascular endothelium, causing generalized endotheliosis in systemic, renal, cerebral, and hepatic vessels, leading to decreases in endothelium-derived vasodilators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and hyperpolarization factor and increases in vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2. The bioactive factors also target vascular smooth muscle and enhance the mechanisms of vascular contraction, including cytosolic Ca2+, protein kinase C, and Rho-kinase. The bioactive factors could also target matrix metalloproteinases and the extracellular matrix, causing inadequate vascular remodeling, increased arterial stiffening, and further increases in vascular resistance and hypertension. As therapeutic options are limited, understanding the underlying vascular mechanisms and molecular targets should help design new tools for the detection and management of hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia.

Symptomatic Rathke cleft cyst in paediatric patients – clinical presentations, surgical treatment and postoperative outcomes – an analysis of 38 cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 903-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Prokop-Piotrkowska ◽  
Elżbieta Moszczyńska ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
Marcin Roszkowski ◽  
Mieczysław Szalecki
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Rathke Cleft Cyst ◽  
General Weakness ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Neurosurgical Treatment

Abstract Background: Rathke cleft cysts (RCC) are benign, epithelium-lined intrasellar and/or suprasellar cysts believed to originate from the remnants of the Rathke pouch. The aim of this study was to analyse the symptoms and surgical outcome of patients with the diagnosis of RCC verified in a histopathological examination of the postoperative material. Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of 38 cases of children who underwent a neurosurgical treatment due to RCC at the Children’s Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, Poland, between 1994 and 2015. Results: At diagnosis, the mean age was 13 years and 8 months (6 years and 11 months–17 years and 10 months, sex ratio was 1:0.9 with a female prevalence). The most common symptoms were the following: headache (50%), hypothyroidism (50%), short stature and/or decreased growth velocity (47%), delayed puberty and menstrual abnormalities (37%), diabetes insipidus or polydipsia and polyuria (26%), adrenal dysfunction (26%), sleepiness and general weakness (13%) and visual disturbances (11%). Due to the gravity of symptoms and size of the lesion, all the patients underwent a surgical treatment. All but one were successful (one patient died due to postoperative neurosurgical complications). The most common postoperative complications were the following: adenohypopituitarism (67%) and diabetes insipidus (45%). Conclusions: RCC can present with serious symptoms that significantly deteriorate patients’ quality of life. Despite a successful neurosurgical treatment in most of the analysed cases, patients required long-term pharmacological treatment.

scholarly journals Long-term consequences of surgical treatment of ovarian apoplexy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
O.M. Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The objective: to determine the long-term consequences of surgical treatment of ovarian apoplexy, taking into account the risk factors of this urgent pathology.Materials and methods. The study included 112 women (main group, n=112), who underwent surgery for ovarian apoplexy, and 40 patients in the control group (n=40), who had no history of this pathology. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination using clinical, instrumental and laboratory research methods. The groups were homogeneous in age (mean age was 23,6±4,2) and statistically comparable.Results. Based on the analysis of clinical and anamnestic data of patients who underwent surgical treatment of ovarian apoplexy, we identified the main risk factors for this pathology: chronic diseases of the urinary, respiratory and digestive systems, genital infantilism, ovarian retention cysts, chronic salpingo-oophoritis, , menstrual disorders by type of hyperpolymenorrhea and/or algodysmenorrhea, family thrombophilic history, bleeding of various localizations in the anamnesis, artificial abortions, weight loss, smoking.Our proposed comprehensive two-stage rehabilitation system included treatment and prevention measures from the acute period of ovarian apoplexy to the time of reproductive function. The first stage of the treatment complex (early postoperative period) helped to eliminate the effects of ovarian injury, pain relief and hypercoagulable changes in the blood coagulation system, improving the quality of life during inpatient treatment. The second stage (2 months after surgery) provided the restoration of ovarian function and balance of the hemostasis system, thus preparing a woman’s reproductive system for future pregnancy and childbirth. In the remote postoperative period, the complex stage of rehabilitation in 23 treated patients resulted in the birth of healthy children and the absence of obstetric complications in 22 of them.Conclusion. Identification and structuring of risk factors for ovarian apoplexy is an important step for comprehensive treatment and prevention of recurrence of this disease. Eliminating or reducing the impact of these factors will help restore the reproductive system and improve quality of life.A comprehensive assessment of the state of the whole organism in the remote postoperative period indicates the need for rehabilitation measures aimed at increasing the natural resistance of the macroorganism and the effective restoration of reproductive function.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Roles of TGF-β Signalling in EBV-Associated Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmila Velapasamy ◽  
Christopher Dawson ◽  
Lawrence Young ◽  
Ian Paterson ◽  
Lee Yap
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Viruses

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. It has a biphasic action by initially suppressing tumorigenesis but promoting tumour progression in the later stages of disease. Consequently, the functional outcome of TGF-β signalling is strongly context-dependent and is influenced by various factors including cell, tissue and cancer type. Disruption of this pathway can be caused by various means, including genetic and environmental factors. A number of human viruses have been shown to modulate TGF-β signalling during tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe how this pathway is perturbed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancers and how EBV interferes with TGF-β signal transduction. The role of TGF-β in regulating the EBV life cycle in tumour cells is also discussed.

scholarly journals Transforming growth factor-β signaling is constantly shaping memory T-cell population

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (35) ◽  
pp. 11013-11017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoyu Ma ◽  
Nu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Memory T Cell

The long-term maintenance of memory T cells is essential for successful vaccines. Both the quantity and the quality of the memory T-cell population must be maintained. The signals that control the maintenance of memory T cells remain incompletely identified. Here we used two genetic models to show that continuous transforming growth factor-β signaling to antigen-specific T cells is required for the differentiation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells. In addition, both infection-induced and microbiota-induced inflammation impact the phenotypic and functional identity of memory CD8+ T cells.

scholarly journals Cubital tunnel syndrome masked by spinal osteochondrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
A. A. Golovacheva ◽  
V. A. Golovacheva ◽  
R. M. Yusupova ◽  
N. S. Shcheglova ◽  
M. G. Zonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Cubital Tunnel ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Timely Treatment

Cubital tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the second most common compression mononeuropathy that is effectively treated. The risk factors for CTS include repetitive arm flexion at the elbow joint and prolonged arm flexion with support on the elbow. The diagnosis of CTS is based on its clinical presentations, the data of neurological examinations, and the results of electroneuromyography and ultrasound examination. The symptoms of the disease progress quickly, therefore the early diagnosis of CTS and its timely treatment are of great importance for the patient's recovery. Unfortunately, patients with CTS are often observed to be erroneously diagnosed with degenerative and dystrophic spinal changes. The paper presents an observation of effective treatment in a young patient who has been suffering from CTS for a long time and been erroneously diagnosed with spinal osteochondrosis. Six months after surgical treatment (for decompression and neurolysis of the left ulnar nerve), the patient regained hand sensitivity and movement. It is concluded that further investigation is necessary to assess predictors of effective surgical treatment in patients with this disease.

Peritoneal Fibrosis Intervention

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayo Kaneko ◽  
Chieko Hamada ◽  
Yasuhiko Tomino
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Mesothelial Cell ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Peritoneal Fibrosis ◽  
Bone Marrow Derived Cells ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is invariably observed in patients undergoing long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). The condition is thought to occur in response to a variety of insults, including bioincompatible dialysates (acidic solution, high glucose, glucose degradation products, or a combination), peritonitis, uremia, and chronic inflammation. Recently, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that contribute to the fibrosing process have been intensively studied. Transforming growth factor-β has been shown to be a key mediator of PF. Loss of the mesothelial cell layer has been identified in several studies and shown to correlate with submesothelial thickening and vasculopathy. An association has also been identified between increased submesothelial thickness in the peritoneal membrane and increased solute transport, suggesting a relationship between PF and loss of ultrafiltration capacity. Thus, to maintain long-term PD and improve quality of life for patients, it is important to develop interventions for prevention and treatment of PF. Several strategies for peritoneal fibrosis intervention have been reported, including developing biocompatible dialysate, targeting mediators responsible for inflammation and fibrosis, and reconstituting the peritoneum using mesothelial or bone marrow–derived cells. Recent experimental trials in animal models and clinical studies are presented in this review.

scholarly journals Luspatercept for the treatment of anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes and primary myelofibrosis

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (8) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Fenaux ◽  
Jean Jacques Kiladjian ◽  
Uwe Platzbecker
Keyword(s):  
Myelodysplastic Syndromes ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Primary Myelofibrosis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Transfusion Independence ◽  
Differentiation Factors ◽  
Rbc Transfusion

AbstractAnemia of lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) generally becomes resistant to available treatments, leading to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, iron overload, shortened survival, and poor quality of life. The transforming growth factor-β superfamily, including activins and growth differentiation factors (GDFs), is aberrantly expressed in lower-risk MDSs and PMF. Luspatercept (and sotatercept), ligand traps that particularly inhibit GDF11, lead to RBC transfusion independence in 10% to 50% of lower-risk MDSs resistant to available treatments, and have started to be used in PMF.

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