From da Vinci’s Flying Machines to a Theory of the Creative Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162096679
Author(s):  
C. Dominik Güss ◽  
Sarah Ahmed ◽  
Dietrich Dörner
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Analogical Thinking ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Asking Questions

Steps involved in the creative process have been described in previous research, yet the exact nature of the process still remains unclear. In the current study, we take this investigation further, referring to two flying machines developed by Leonardo da Vinci and his other notes. Nine iterative steps are described with a focus on motivation and cognition: (a) vision and curiosity; (b) social recognition; (c) asking questions; (d) analogical thinking; (e) trial and error; (f) abductive reasoning; (g) incubation and forgetting; (h) overinclusive thinking, latent inhibition, and illumination; and (i) schema elaboration. The influence of da Vinci’s socio-historic context is also briefly discussed. The analyses show how general psychological mechanisms can explain extraordinary acts of creativity. The steps discussed can be further formalized in future research to advance the modeling of creativity.

Racial and Political Dynamics of an Approaching “Majority-Minority” United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 677 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen A. Craig ◽  
Julian M. Rucker ◽  
Jennifer A. Richeson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Essential Questions ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
Projected Changes

Do demographic shifts in the racial composition of the United States promote positive changes in the nation’s racial dynamics? Change in response to the nation’s growing diversity is likely, but its direction and scope are less clear. This review integrates emerging social-scientific research that examines how Americans are responding to the projected changes in the racial/ethnic demographics of the United States. Specifically, we review recent empirical research that examines how exposure to information that the United States is becoming a “majority-minority” nation affects racial attitudes and several political outcomes (e.g., ideology, policy preferences), and the psychological mechanisms that give rise to those attitudes. We focus primarily on the reactions of members of the current dominant racial group (i.e., white Americans). We then consider important implications of these findings and propose essential questions for future research.

Gifted Classroom Environments and the Creative Process: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 016235322110014
Author(s):  
Lindsay Ellis Lee ◽  
Melanie S. Meyer ◽  
Kacey Crutchfield
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Classroom Culture ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Classroom Environments ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
K 12

As the expectations for including creativity in K–12 education continually grow, creative process skills equip students with thinking strategies to generate and evaluate ideas. This systematic review explored existing research on elementary and secondary gifted classroom environments that promote creative process skills. A database search yielded peer-reviewed literature, empirical and practitioner-focused, for systematic evaluation. A critical examination of literature published from 2011 to 2019 identified characteristics of educational environments that foster creative processes and highlighted key themes, including integrating creative process skills, adaptive environments, reflective classroom culture, and challenges to implementation. Implications for classroom application and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Multirobot Coordination for Space Exploration

AI Magazine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Yliniemi ◽  
Adrian K. Agogino ◽  
Kagan Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Multirobot Coordination ◽  
Reward Shaping ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Visualization Techniques ◽  
Accessible Form

Teams of artificially intelligent planetary rovers have tremendous potential for space exploration, allowing for reduced cost, increased flexibility and increased reliability. However, having these multiple autonomous devices acting simultaneously leads to a problem of coordination: to achieve the best results, the they should work together. This is not a simple task. Due to the large distances and harsh environments, a rover must be able to perform a wide variety of tasks with a wide variety of potential teammates in uncertain and unsafe environments. Directly coding all the necessary rules that can reliably handle all of this coordination and uncertainty is problematic. Instead, this article examines tackling this problem through the use of coordinated reinforcement learning: rather than being programmed what to do, the rovers iteratively learn through trial and error to take take actions that lead to high overall system return. To allow for coordination, yet allow each agent to learn and act independently, we employ state-of-the-art reward shaping techniques. This article uses visualization techniques to break down complex performance indicators into an accessible form, and identifies key future research directions.

scholarly journals States, Trends, and Future of Aquaponics Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7783
Author(s):  
Yilong Hao ◽  
Kai Ding ◽  
Yaoyang Xu ◽  
Yuting Tang ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
System Construction ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Research Areas

As an environmentally-friendly aquaculture and planting system, aquaponics has attracted attention in various fields, such as fisheries, agriculture, and ecology. The existing review qualitatively described the development and challenges of aquaponics but lacked data support. This study selected 513 related documents (2000–2019) in the Web of Science database (WOS) to mine and quantitatively analyze its text data. The keyword co-occurrence network shows that the current aquaponics research mainly focuses on the system components, wastewater treatment, nutrient management, and system production. Research areas reflect obvious regional characteristics. China, the United States and Europe are dedicated to the application of new technologies, the optimization of system production, and the exploration of multiple roles. At present, the aquaponics development is facing many pressures from management and market. Future research requires more in-depth research in the system construction, nutrient management, and microbial community structure to provide a theoretical basis. Moreover, the identity construction within the conceptual framework of green infrastructure is a research direction worth exploring to solve low social recognition for aquaponics.

Selected to Kill in His Name

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Sela ◽  
Nicole Barbaro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory

Religion motivates, exacerbates, and even justifies violence. This chapter argues that religious beliefs regarding violence—particularly those of monotheistic, Abrahamic faiths—are shaped by evolved psychological mechanisms. Further, it argues that religiously motivated violence is most likely to occur in evolutionarily relevant contexts. Guided by sexual selection theory and parental-investment theory, it first provides an overview of human sexual selection from an evolutionary perspective. It discusses how and why an evolutionary perspective—and principles of sexual selection and parental investment in particular—may provide a richer understanding of religiously motivated violence. Next follows an overview of research addressing several types of religiously motivated violence such as mate guarding and controlling behaviors, wife beating and uxoricide, honor killing, child abuse and filicide, male and female genital mutilation, war, and terrorism. Finally, it highlights the parallels between religiously motivated violence and evolved psychological mechanisms for violence, concluding with suggestions for future research.

Trust in teams: A taxonomy of perceived trustworthiness factors and risk-taking behaviors in face-to-face and virtual teams

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Breuer ◽  
Joachim Hüffmeier ◽  
Frederike Hibben ◽  
Guido Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Team Trust

Do we really need personal meetings to develop trust within teams? Which factors impact trust emergence within face-to-face and virtual teams? How do high-trust teams interact compared with teams with low team trust? Trust is seen as an important predictor of behavior in teams. However, the psychological mechanisms linking team trust to both its antecedents and its behavioral consequences are not well understood. The present study introduces a new taxonomy of team trust mechanisms by integrating results from a qualitative interview study with prior theoretical and empirical research on team trust. We conducted exploratory interviews based on the critical incident technique with 55 professionals who had substantial teamwork experience. Altogether, 776 behavioral items were collected stemming from 127 team events that were perceived as critical for the emergence of trust in teams. A content analysis revealed five main categories of perceived trustworthiness factors in teams as antecedents of team trust and three main categories of risk-taking behaviors as behavioral consequences in teams. The findings contribute to a better understanding of team trust emergence and related behaviors in teams. Future research should validate the derived taxonomy of team trust with quantitative data.

Hacking and Rehearsing: Experiments in Creative Tinkering

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Miguel Escobar Varela
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Contemporary Theatre ◽  
Digital Scholarship ◽  
National University ◽  
Theatre Studies ◽  
Performance Research

Hacking – improving software through a process of trial and error – is a mode of rehearsal. Such is the claim made by Miguel Escobar Varela in this article, which he furthers by exploring the similarities between the ways theatre makers and software programmers speak about their crafts. Understanding software programming as an essentially creative process should be of interest for theatre scholars, who are constantly searching for modes of academic discourse that are sensitive to the specificity of theatre. By offering examples from interface design for the study of Javanese theatre, Escobar argues that creating software, through an iterative process of trial and error, can become part of the methodological palette of theatre scholars. Miguel Escobar Varela is Assistant Professor of Theatre Studies at the National University of Singapore, and has worked as a theatre researcher, computer programmer and translator in Mexico, the Netherlands, Indonesia, and Singapore. His articles on the intersection of digital technology and theatre studies have been published in Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Asian Theatre Journal, Performance Research, Contemporary Theatre Review and are forthcoming in TDR and Theatre Research International.

Canonical modified phraseological units: Analysis of the paradox

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Rodríguez Martín
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Base Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
General Data ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

AbstractModification is a common linguistic phenomenon, particularly in genres like literature, journalism, and advertising, often going beyond the monolexical and being applied to phraseological units. Most often, phraseological modification is a creative process that does not survive the occasion it was created for, since it is strongly context-bound. However, sometimes the modified phraseological unit acquires a life of its own and successfully becomes another base form in the phrasicon. These special PUs challenge the boundaries of both canonicity and modification with their paradoxical status, not only because of their dual nature, but because of the questions they pose for phraseology research.This paper lists a few examples of phraseological units that fit the above definition, later to run a corpus-based analysis to determine how widespread their use is, how fixed they are in the phrasicon, and what chronological development they have had. The corpus section will be based on web-based corpora, given the pervasive nature of these units, and it will be illustrated with selected examples from a wide range of sources. Next, the general data will be discussed in terms of the different challenges these canonical modified PUs represent for future research on the field, particularly in the case of general phraseology, phraseography, and cognitive linguistics.

The Psychology of CSR

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-47
Author(s):  
David A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Stakeholder Group ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Stakeholder Groups

This chapter is about the psychological processes through which individuals evaluate and respond to an organization’s CSR practices. To advance scholarly research and evidence-based practice, directions are outlined for future inquiry informed by an integrated review of findings across three independent streams of “micro-CSR” research conducted among employees, job seekers, and consumers. In a section on CSR evaluations, it is described how individuals cognitively process information to form CSR perceptions and CSR appraisals, and the types of CSR initiatives and evaluative-constructs studied among each stakeholder group are summarized. In the next section, research is reviewed on responses to CSR, and recent findings about psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions are organized within three categories of care-based, self-protective, and relational-status (C-S-R) considerations. In a last section, research is described on stakeholders’ CSR awareness, the non-trivial implications that follow from evidence of low CSR awareness among all three stakeholder groups, and suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals How Parents Support Children’s Informal Learning Experiences with Robots

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Emily Relkin ◽  
Madhu Govind ◽  
Jaclyn Tsiang ◽  
Marina Bers
Keyword(s):  
Informal Learning ◽  
Stem Education ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Play Session ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Scaffolding Strategies

Coding and robotic technologies are becoming more prominent in early childhood STEM education. Parents, who are key facilitators of children’s early educational experiences, are increasingly invited to engage with their children in collaborative robotics activities. Few studies have focused on the ways in which parents support young children’s informal learning experiences involving robots. This paper presents two different approaches to exploring how parents support young children’s engagement. Both studies involve KIBO, a screen-free robot programmed with tangible wooden blocks. The first approach brought together children ages 5-7 with their parents in small groups for 1-2-hour “KIBO Family Day” workshops. Findings from parent surveys (N = 51) indicated that these workshops significantly enhanced families’ interest in coding. Parents also reported engaging as coaches, whereas children engaged as playmates and planners. To further explore the role of parents as coaches, three parent-child dyads were invited to participate in a 20-minute videotaped KIBO play session. Findings indicated that parents predominantly used cognitive scaffolding strategies, such as asking questions, offering suggestions, and verbally acknowledging their child’s actions. Affective and technical scaffolding strategies were used less frequently. Study limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document