Eye movement control in Turkish sentence reading

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182096331
Author(s):  
Ayşegül Özkan ◽  
Figen Beken Fikri ◽  
Bilal Kırkıcı ◽  
Reinhold Kliegl ◽  
Cengiz Acartürk
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Morphological Effect ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Single Fixation ◽  
High Level

Reading requires the assembly of cognitive processes across a wide spectrum from low-level visual perception to high-level discourse comprehension. One approach of unravelling the dynamics associated with these processes is to determine how eye movements are influenced by the characteristics of the text, in particular which features of the words within the perceptual span maximise the information intake due to foveal, spillover, parafoveal, and predictive processing. One way to test the generalisability of current proposals of such distributed processing is to examine them across different languages. For Turkish, an agglutinative language with a shallow orthography–phonology mapping, we replicate the well-known canonical main effects of frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as effects of incoming saccade amplitude and fixation location within the word on single-fixation durations with data from 35 adults reading 120 nine-word sentences. Evidence for previously reported effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions was mixed. There was no evidence for the expected Turkish-specific morphological effect of the number of inflectional suffixes on single-fixation durations. To control for word-selection bias associated with single-fixation durations, we also tested effects on word skipping, single-fixation, and multiple-fixation cases with a base-line category logit model, assuming an increase of difficulty for an increase in the number of fixations. With this model, significant effects of word characteristics and number of inflectional suffixes of foveal word on probabilities of the number of fixations were observed, while the effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions were mixed.

Migrating JAVA to Mobile Platforms through HAXE

2016 ◽  
pp. 240-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Nicolás Díaz Bilotto ◽  
Liliana Favre
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Software Evolution ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Model Transformations ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Software developers face several challenges in deploying mobile applications. One of them is the high cost and technical complexity of targeting development to a wide spectrum of platforms. The chapter proposes to combine techniques based on MDA (Model Driven Architecture) with the HaXe language. The outstanding ideas behind MDA are separating the specification of the system functionality from its implementation on specific platforms, managing the software evolution, increasing the degree of automation of model transformations, and achieving interoperability with multiple platforms. On the other hand, HaXe is a very modern high level programming language that allows us to generate mobile applications that target all major mobile platforms. The main contributions of this chapter are the definition of a HaXe metamodel, the specification of a model-to-model transformation between Java and HaXe and, the definition of an MDA migration process from Java to mobile platforms.

scholarly journals Topography Impacts Topology: Anatomically Central Areas Exhibit a “High-Level Connector” Profile in the Human Cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1357-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahe Zhang ◽  
Lianne H Scholtens ◽  
Yongbin Wei ◽  
Martijn P van den Heuvel ◽  
Lorena Chanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Betweenness Centrality ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Degree Centrality ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
High Betweenness ◽  
High Level

Abstract Degree centrality is a widely used measure in complex networks. Within the brain, degree relates to other topological features, with high-degree nodes (i.e., hubs) exhibiting high betweenness centrality, participation coefficient, and within-module z-score. However, increasing evidence from neuroanatomical and predictive processing literature suggests that topological properties of a brain network may also be impacted by topography, that is, anatomical (spatial) distribution. More specifically, cortical limbic areas (agranular and dysgranular cortices), which occupy an anatomically central position, have been proposed to be topologically central and well suited to initiate predictions in the cerebral cortex. We estimated anatomical centrality and showed that it positively correlated with betweenness centrality, participation coefficient, and communicability, analogously to degree. In contrast to degree, however, anatomical centrality negatively correlated with within-module z-score. Our data suggest that degree centrality and anatomical centrality reflect distinct contributions to cortical organization. Whereas degree would be more related to the amount of information integration performed by an area, anatomical centrality would be more related to an area’s position in the predictive hierarchy. Highly anatomically central areas may function as “high-level connectors,” integrating already highly integrated information across modules. These results are consistent with a high-level, domain-general limbic workspace, integrated by highly anatomically central cortical areas.

scholarly journals Azure-winged magpies’ decisions to share food are contingent on the presence or absence of food for the recipient

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg J. M. Massen ◽  
Sofia M. Haley ◽  
Thomas Bugnyar
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Social Awareness ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Vocal Cues ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sharing Behavior

Abstract Helping others is a key feature of human behavior. However, recent studies render this feature not uniquely human, and describe discoveries of prosocial behavior in non-human primates, other social mammals, and most recently in some bird species. Nevertheless, the cognitive underpinnings of this prosociality; i.e., whether animals take others’ need for help into account, often remain obscured. In this study, we take a first step in investigating prosociality in azure-winged magpies by presenting them with the opportunity to share highly desired food with their conspecifics i) in a situation in which these conspecifics had no such food, ii) in a situation in which they too had access to that highly desired food, and iii) in an open, base-line, situation where all had equal access to the same food and could move around freely. We find that azure-winged magpies regularly share high-value food items, preferably with, but not restricted to, members of the opposite sex. Most notably, we find that these birds, and specifically the females, seem to differentiate between whether others have food or do not have food, and subsequently cater to that lack. Begging calls by those without food seem to function as cues that elicit the food-sharing, but the response to that begging is condition-dependent. Moreover, analyses on a restricted dataset that excluded those events in which there was begging showed exactly the same patterns, raising the possibility that the azure-winged magpies might truly notice when others have access to fewer resources (even in the absence of vocal cues). This sharing behavior could indicate a high level of social awareness and prosociality that should be further investigated. Further studies are needed to establish the order of intentionality at play in this system, and whether azure-winged magpies might be able to attribute desire states to their conspecifics.

scholarly journals A Predictive Processing Account of Card Sorting: Fast Proactive and Reactive Frontoparietal Cortical Dynamics during Inference and Learning of Perceptual Categories

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Francisco Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Response Selection ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Bayesian Brain ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Feedback Cues

For decades, a common assumption in cognitive neuroscience has been that prefrontal executive control is mainly engaged during target detection [Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42, 1990]. More recently, predictive processing theories of frontal function under the Bayesian brain hypothesis emphasize a key role of proactive control for anticipatory action selection (i.e., planning as active inference). Here, we review evidence of fast and widespread EEG and magnetoencephalographic fronto-temporo-parietal cortical activations elicited by feedback cues and target cards in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. This evidence is best interpreted when considering negative and positive feedback as predictive cues (i.e., sensory outcomes) for proactively updating beliefs about unknown perceptual categories. Such predictive cues inform posterior beliefs about high-level hidden categories governing subsequent response selection at target onset. Quite remarkably, these new views concur with Don Stuss' early findings concerning two broad classes of P300 cortical responses evoked by feedback cues and target cards in a computerized Wisconsin Card Sorting Test analogue. Stuss' discussion of those P300 responses—in terms of the resolution of uncertainty about response (policy) selection as well as the participants' expectancies for future perceptual or motor activities and their timing—was prescient of current predictive processing and active (Bayesian) inference theories. From these new premises, a domain-general frontoparietal cortical network is rapidly engaged during two temporarily distinct stages of inference and learning of perceptual categories that underwrite goal-directed card sorting behavior, and they each engage prefrontal executive functions in fundamentally distinct ways.

scholarly journals Characterizing Stakeholders of Aging-in-Place through Social Network Analysis: A Study of Nanjing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6722
Author(s):  
Shenghua Zhou ◽  
S. Thomas Ng ◽  
Dezhi Li ◽  
Jiankun Zhang ◽  
Jie Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Aging In Place ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Pilot Programs ◽  
Excess Power ◽  
High Level

China currently has an elderly population of 249 million with over 97% of them ending up aging in place. Although various regional pilot programs have been conducted, a sustainable aging-in-place system has not been established to effectively and efficiently provide aging services in many cities of China. The characteristics of stakeholder networks in the aging-in-place systems have not attracted great attention from researchers. This research applies social network analysis to characterize the interactions of stakeholders in aging-in-place systems to facilitate cooperation and coordination amongst them. Using Nanjing as a case study, 23 stakeholders in Nanjing’s aging-in-place system are identified, such as the Aging Affairs Committee, Aging-in-Place Service Association, and aging-in-place service centers; and then the relationship networks of these stakeholders in terms of communication, supervision, and trust are developed and analyzed. The results show that the aging-in-place system suffers from certain defects, including the loose connection of government departments, redundant information channels, low trustworthiness of certain aging-in-place service centers, poor credibility of third-party training and assessment institutions, and excess power of the industry association. To tackle these issues, a wide spectrum of actionable measures applicable to Nanjing’s conditions, as well as high-level policy implications for other cities of China, are proposed for augmenting the communication, supervision, and trust among stakeholder groups.

Reconstruction of False and Missing Data with First-Order Traffic Flow Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 1802 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Haj-Salem ◽  
J. P. Lebacque
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Data Cleaning ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
First Order ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Real Time Application

In previous studies, two traffic data-cleaning algorithms were developed at the Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports on the basis of filtering techniques and statistical approaches. Because of their mathematical structure (linearity of the process), both algorithms present a high level of inaccuracy in the case of nonhomogeneous traffic conditions at the location of the measurement stations (for example, free flow upstream and congestion downstream, or vice versa). A new algorithm for solving the traffic data-cleaning problem on the basis of real-time application of a dynamic first-order modeling approach was devised to take into account the nonlinearity of the traffic phenomenon. The developed algorithm, named PROPAGE, was tested using real data measurements, including a wide spectrum of traffic conditions. Compared with results from previous algorithms, the results obtained were more accurate.

Characteristics and evaluation of natural attenuation processes for organic micropollutant removal during riverbank filtration

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.K. Schmidt ◽  
F.T. Lange ◽  
H.-J. Brauch
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Riverbank Filtration ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Micropollutant Removal ◽  
Trace Compounds ◽  
High Level ◽  
Underground Passage ◽  
Organic Trace Compounds

In industrialized and urban areas, surface waters are to a high level exposed to anthropogenic environmental impacts and are therefore often contaminated with a wide spectrum of organic trace compounds. Riverbank filtration is a well established technique in Europe and is most often used as an important component of the multiple-barrier system. During its underground passage, surface water undergoes a diversity of physical, biological and chemical processes, improving water quality significantly and adjusting it in ideal cases to the quality of natural groundwater. By means of examples taken from recent research projects and related to organic micropollutants currently under discussion, this contribution will report on characteristics of riverbank filtration with regard to its purification capacity for different classes of organic micropollutants.

scholarly journals 1/fNeural Noise and Electrophysiological Indices of Contextual Prediction in Normative Aging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dave ◽  
T.A. Brothers ◽  
T.Y. Swaab
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neural Noise ◽  
Age Related

AbstractPrediction during language comprehension has increasingly been suggested to play a substantive role in efficient language processing. Emerging models have postulated that predictive mechanisms are enhanced when neural networks fire synchronously, but to date, this relationship has been investigated primarily through oscillatory activity in narrow frequency bands. A recently-developed measure proposed to reflect broadband neural activity – and thereby synchronous neuronal firing – is 1/fneural noise extracted from EEG spectral power. Previous research (Voytek et al., 2015) has indicated that this measure of 1/fneural noise changes across the lifespan, and these neural changes predict age-related behavioral impairments in visual working memory. Using a cross-sectional sample of young and older adults, we examined age-related changes in 1/fneural noise and whether this measure would predict ERP correlates of successful lexical prediction during discourse comprehension. 1/fneural noise across two different language tasks revealed high within-subject correlations, indicating that this measure can provide a reliable index of individualized patterns of neural activation. In addition to age, 1/fnoise was a significant predictor of N400 effects of successful lexical prediction, but noise did not mediate age-related declines in other ERP effects. We discuss broader implications of these findings for theories of predictive processing, as well as potential applications of 1/fnoise across research populations.

scholarly journals Andy Clark and His Critics

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Processing ◽  
Extended Mind ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Andy Clark ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Cognitive Scientist ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Intense Debate

Andy Clark is a leading philosopher and cognitive scientist. The fruits of his work have been diverse and lasting. They have had an extraordinary impact throughout philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and robotics. The extended mind hypothesis, the power of parallel distributed processing, the role of language in opening up novel paths for thinking, the flexible interface between biological minds and artificial technologies, the significance of representation in explanations of intelligent behaviour, the promise of the predictive processing framework to unify the cognitive sciences: these are just some of the ideas explored in Clark’s work that have been picked up by many researchers and that have been contributing to intense debate across the sciences of mind and brain. This volume provides the first interdisciplinary, critical engagement with Clark’s work; it includes contributions of authors from several disciplines, offering a fresh perspective on key questions in the sciences of mind and brain.

scholarly journals Lipid lowering potential and potentiation effect of curcumin and atorvastatin in-patient with hyperlipidemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinaa Abdul Amir Kadhim ◽  
Buthainah Al Azzawi ◽  
Shaimaa Abdul Amir Kadhim ◽  
Ali Jwad
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Heart Problem ◽  
Atorvastatin Group ◽  
Developing Heart ◽  
Potentiation Effect ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lowering Activity ◽  
Lipid Lowering Effect

Hyperlipidemiais a term that refers to any of several acquired or genetic disorders that result in a high level of circulating lipids (fats, cholesterol and triglycerides). The condition can affect one fat protein or several. Most people will have no symptoms, with increasing the risk of developing heart problem. It has been found that oxidation processes play important role in developing lipids disorders. Curcumin is a phytochemical antioxidant substance may play a role in lowering lipids levels in the blood.This study was conducted to evaluate the lipid lowering effect of curcumin in Iraqi patients with hyperlipidemia and to study the potentiation effect on atorvastatin.From thosepatients who attendedMedical Clinic in Al-Diwanyiah Teaching Hospital,48 patients of 45-65 years old with diagnosed hyperlipidemia were enrolled in this study,they were divided randomlyinto four groups,12 patients in each. Base line assessment was done in form oflipid profile. 1stgroup was considered as placebo,2ndgroups received atorvastatin,3rd group received curcumin and 4th group received atorvastatin + curcumin. Reassessment was done after 2 months.Curcumin group shows significant reduction in TG (P ≤ o.o5), significant reduction of LDL in atorvastatin group (P≤ 0.05) and highly significant reduction in LDL,TG,and significant reduction in TC in patients received both atorvastatin + curcumin,with no significanteffects on HDL in all treated groups,compared to placebo.curcumin express lipid lowering activity and potentiate atorvastatin action in patient with hyperlipidemia.

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