Effect on Emotional Behavior and Stress by Inhalation of the Essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa

Various effects have been reported in the literature for the essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa (EOCO), such as antibacterial and antifungal activity. In this study, we examined the effect of EOCO on emotional behavior and stress-induced biomarkers. Male ICR mice, aged 5 weeks at the start of each experiment, were individually housed in cages for 1 week. After placing each mouse in a glass container and exposing it to EOCO for 90 min, we then investigated the influence on emotional behavior using the elevated-plus maze (EPM) test, which is one of the evaluation methods for anxiolytic-like behavior. Significant anxiolytic-like effects were observed for the 7.0 mg/L air EOCO ( P<0.05). After the EPM test, mice were dissected and changes in the stress-induced biomarkers within the brain were investigated by examining the amounts of fast nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and activity regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) gene expression, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and galactokinase 1 (GLK1) protein expression. Significant increases were observed in the amount of NGFR after inhalation of 7.0 mg/L air EOCO ( P<0.05). These results indicate that EOCO has both anxiolytic-like and stress mitigation effects.

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Effects of essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa on cytokine genes in the hippocampus of maternal separation rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/cjpp-2013-0224 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 95-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Hae Jeong Park ◽

Su Kang Kim ◽

Won Sub Kang ◽

Jong-Min Woo ◽

Jong Woo Kim

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Life Stress ◽

Early Life ◽

Maternal Separation ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Early Life Stress ◽

Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Cytokine Genes ◽

Plus Maze

We investigated the effects of an essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa (EOCO) on early life stress, using maternal separation (MS) rats and a microarray method to analyze the changes in gene expressions caused by EOCO in the hippocampus of MS rats. Rats in the MS groups were separated from their respective mothers from postnatal day (pnd) 14 to 28. Rats in the EOCO-treated groups were exposed to EOCO for 1 or 2 h by inhalation from pnd 21 to 28. The EOCO-treated MS rats showed decreased anxiety-related behaviors compared with the untreated MS rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. In the microarray analysis, we found that EOCO downregulated the expressions of cytokine genes such as Ccl2, Il6, Cxcl10, Ccl19, and Il1rl in the hippocampus of MS rats, and also confirmed that using reverse transcriptase – PCR. In particular, the expressions of Ccl2 and Il6 were predominantly decreased by EOCO in the hippocampus of MS rats. Interestingly, protein expression was also reduced by EOCO in MS rats. These results indicate that EOCO decreases MS-induced anxiety-related behaviors, and modulates cytokines, particularly Ccl2 and Il6, in the hippocampus of MS rats.

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Orexin A content in brain structures correlates with behavioral patterns in stressed rats

Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy ◽

10.17816/rcf16445-48 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 45-48

Author(s):

Platon P. Khokhlov ◽

Ilia Yu. Tissen ◽

Andrei A. Lebedev ◽

Eugenii R. Bychkov ◽

Petr D. Shabanov

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Emotional Behavior ◽

Behavioral Patterns ◽

Orexin A ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Plus Maze ◽

The Brain

The aim of this investigation was to reveal correlations between some behavioral patterns and orexin concentrations in the brain structures in rats after an acute psychoemotional stress. A group of rats was placed into a chamber with a tiger python for 25 mi nutes and then as a treatment these rats received orexin A or its antagonist SB-408124 administered intranasally for 7 days. Then the quantitive indexes of behavioral patterns in open field and elevated plus maze were registered. The orexin A level was investigated in the brain structures (amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus) of such rats by means of high-sensitive ELISA. The correlations were assessed with Spearman’s rank correlation test. As a result, a correlation between orexin A content in the amygdala and hypothalamus and a number of ambulations (line crossings) characterizing motor activity in open field test has been revealed. Therefore, the level of orexin A in the amygdala and hypothalamus demonstrates a direct and reverse link with locomotor activity of rats respectively. Also a correlation between orexin A level in the hippocampus and amygdala and the time of staying in the dark alleys of the elevated plus maze has been revealed. So, the content of orexin A in the hippocampus and amygdala reflects anxiety level of a rat. It is concluded there is a positive correlation between the orexin A content in the limbic structures of the brain and emotional behavior of rats.

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Intracerebral Distribution of α-Pinene and the Anxiolytic-like Effect in Mice following Inhaled Administration of Essential Oil from Chamaecyparis Obtusa

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1501000841 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hikaru Kasuya ◽

Sayuka Iida ◽

Kurumi Ono ◽

Tadaaki Satou ◽

Kazuo Koike

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Stress Reduction ◽

Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Emotional Behavior ◽

Volatile Components ◽

High Concentration ◽

Main Component ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain

The anxiolytic-like and stress reduction effects following inhaled administration of essential oil from Chamaecyparis obtusa (EOCO) have been reported. Volatile components are thought to produce these effects of EOCO by neurological transfer and pharmacological transfer. The regions of the brain in which inhaled compounds are found due to pharmacological transfer of EOCO are not known. This research was undertaken to clarify the relationship between the intracerebral distribution of α-pinene, which is the main component of EOCO, and emotional behavior. α-Pinene was detected as the main component of volatile EOCO. The amount of α-pinene in each region of the brain was measured following inhaled administration of EOCO. The amount of α-pinene was different in each region of the brain. With inhaled administration of 32 μL/L air EOCO, a high concentration of α-pinene was observed. However, no significant differences in the concentration of α-pinene among brain regions were found. A therapeutic concentration of α-pinene (8 μL/L air EOCO) in each region of the brain may induce an anxiolytic-like effect, and a high concentration of α-pinene (32 μL/L air EOCO) in each region of the brain may induce an excitatory-like effect. The increases in the concentration of α-pinene from 8 to 32 μL/L air EOCO in the striatum and the hippocampus were significantly lower compared with the increases in other brain regions. These results indicate that regions besides the striatum and the hippocampus participated in the increase in locomotor activity due to the high concentration of α-pinene in the brain.

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Adaptogenic activity of Cinnamomum camphora, Eucalyptus globulus, Lavandula stœchas and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil used in North-African folk medicine

Cellular and Molecular Biology ◽

10.14715/cmb/2021.67.2.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

Mahieddine Boumendjel ◽

Abdennour Boucheker ◽

Sandra Feknous ◽

Faiza Taibi ◽

Naouel Rekioua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Emotional Disorders ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Cinnamomum Camphora ◽

Lavandula Stoechas ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Adaptogenic Activity

Depressive anxiety is one of the most emotional disorders in our industrial societies. Many treatments of phobias exist and are based on plant extracts therapies, which play an important role in the amelioration of the behavior. Our study aimed to evaluate the adaptogenic activity of different essential oils provided from local plants: Cinnamomum camphora (Camphora), Eucalyptus globulus (Blue gum), Lavandula stœchas (Topped lavender) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) on Wistar rats. The adaptogenic activity was evaluated on the elevated plus-maze. The efficacy of the extract (200 mL/kg) was compared with the standard anxiolytic drug Diazepam® 1 mg. Animals administered by the essential oil of Lavandula stœchas, Cinnamomum camphora, Rosmarinus officinalis and Eucalyptus globulus showed a behavior similar to those treated with Diazepam®. For groups treated with the following essential oils: Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula stoechas and Cinnamomum camphora at a dose of 200 mL/kg, we notice an increase in the time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus-maze and a decrease in time spent on the closed arms of the elevated plus-maze, especially for Rosmarinus officinalis, which explains the anxiolytic effect of these plants. We also notice a decrease in the number of entries in closed arms, open arms and the number of passing to the central square. The increase in the number of entries to open arms with Eucalyptus globulus essential oil shows a reduction in anxiety behavior in rodents and this shows that these plants have an inhibitory effect.

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Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Flower of ‘Shanzhizi’ (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) and Involvement of Serotonergic System in Its Anxiolytic Effect

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25204702 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (20) ◽

pp. 4702

Author(s):

Nan Zhang ◽

Mu Luo ◽

Lei He ◽

Lei Yao

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Anxiolytic Effect ◽

Serotonergic System ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽

Neurotransmitter Receptor ◽

Gardenia Jasminoides ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a famous fragrant flower in China. Previous pharmacological research mainly focuses on its fruit. In this study, the essential oil of the flower of ‘Shanzhizi’, which was a major variety for traditional Chinese medicine use, was extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Mouse anxiety models included open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), and light and dark box (LDB), which were used to evaluate its anxiolytic effect via inhalation. The involvement of monoamine system was studied by pretreatment with neurotransmitter receptor antagonists WAY100635, flumazenil and sulpiride. The monoamine neurotransmitters contents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus after aroma inhalation were also analyzed. The results showed that inhalation of G. jasminoides essential oil could significantly elevated the time and entries into open arms in EPM tests and the time explored in the light chamber in LDB tests with no sedative effect. WAY100635 and sulpiride, but not flumazenil, blocked its anxiolytic effect. Inhalation of G. jasminoides essential oil significantly down-regulated the 5-HIAA/5-HT in the PFC and reduced the 5-HIAA content in hippocampus compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, inhalation of gardenia essential oil showed an anxiolytic effect in mice. Monoamine, especially the serotonergic system, was involved in its anxiolytic effect.

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Antioxidative, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil of wild-growing Satureja montana L. from Dalmatia, Croatia

Flavour and Fragrance Journal ◽

10.1002/ffj.3082 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 216-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Marija Marin ◽

Miroslav Novaković ◽

Vele Tešević ◽

Ivan Vučković ◽

Nataša Milojević ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽

Satureja Montana

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Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana from Spain

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200701036 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200701 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jesús Palá-Paúl ◽

Jaime Usano-Alemany ◽

Elena Granda ◽

Ana-Cristina Soria

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽

Percentage Composition ◽

Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana ◽

Total Oil ◽

Main Component ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

The essential oils extracted from the young stems and leaves of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana(A.Murray) Parl. have been analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. A total of 66 compounds were identified representing around the 99% of the total oil. The oil was richer in monoterpenes than in sesquiterpenes. The only main component was limonene with a percentage composition of 77.7%. The rest of compounds that contribute to the fragrance had percentage composition lower that the 3.0%: p-cymen-7-ol (3.0%), myrcene (2.4%), camphor (2.1%), δ-elemene (1.6%), oplopanonyl acetate (1.6%), methyl perillate (1.3%), terpinen-4-ol (1.0%) and β-oplopenone 1.0%. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of this oil was also tested against different microorganisms. The only fungus tested, Candida albicans,was very sensitive to the treatment with an inhibition halos of 20mm. The oil was more effective with the Gram (+) than with Gram (-) bacteria. The inhibition halos were 12mm, 12-13mm and 12-13mm for Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus respectively. We report new data of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil of this species. The essential oil of C. lawsoniana could be considered as a good natural antibacterial and antifungal agent.

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Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in the Anxiolytic-Relaxant Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil in Rodent

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21072597 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2597 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Rombolà ◽

Damiana Scuteri ◽

Chizuko Watanabe ◽

Shinobu Sakurada ◽

Kengo Hamamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Relaxant Effect ◽

Serotonergic Receptors ◽

Selective Agonist ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Way 100635 ◽

Pharmacological Data ◽

Citrus Bergamia

The essential oil obtained by the fresh fruit of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau is used worldwide in aromatherapy to reduce pain, facilitate sleep induction, and/or minimize the effects of stress-induced anxiety. Preclinical pharmacological data demonstrate that bergamot essential oil (BEO) modulates specific neurotransmissions and shows an anxiolytic-relaxant effect not superimposable to that of the benzodiazepine diazepam, suggesting that neurotransmissions, other than GABAergic, could be involved. Several studies on essential oils indicate a role for serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission in anxiety. Interestingly, among serotonergic receptors, the 5-HT1A subtype seems to play a key role in the control of anxiety. Here, we report that modulation of the 5-HT1A receptor by selective agonist ((±)8-OH-DPAT) or antagonist (WAY-100635) may influence some of the anxiolytic-relaxant effects of BEO in Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze tests.

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Effects of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Alpinia zerumbet on Behavioral Alterations in Mice

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0900400128 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1934578X0900400 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Shio Murakami ◽

Mariko Matsuura ◽

Tadaaki Satou ◽

Shinichiro Hayashi ◽

Kazuo Koike

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Mass Spectra ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽

Retention Indices ◽

Reproductive Hormone ◽

Behavioral Alterations ◽

Maze Task ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Alpinia Zerumbet

In phytotherapy, the essential oil from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet ( Alpinia speciosa K. Schum.) (EOAZ) is used for neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression, stress and anxiety, and chronic problems that are associated with reproductive hormone imbalances in women. The chemical composition of EOAZ was analyzed by GC/MS, and the EOAZ properties inducing behavioral alterations in mice were examined by behavioral observations (BO) and an elevated plus-maze task (EPM), widely used as a method for assessing anxiolytic-like behaviors. Five major compounds, p-cymene (28.0 ± 5.0%), 1,8-cineole (17.9 ± 4.2%), terpinen-4-ol (11.9 ± 6.3%), limonene (6.3 ± 2.2%), and camphor (5.2 ± 2.1%) were identified by retention indices, mass spectra and comparison with standards. Inhalational administration of EOAZ (8.7 ppm) induced unique jumping behaviors in mice. To further investigate the behavioral regulatory mechanisms of EOAZ, we administered an intraperitoneal injection of either 10 mg/kg 5-HTP or 10 mg/kg fluoxetine prior to the EOAZ inhalations. By 5-HTP or fluoxetine pretreatments, the jumping frequencies were significantly decreased. In EPM, EOAZ (0.087 and 8.7 ppm) obviously showed the anxiolytic-like activity in mice.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Solvent Extracts from Zieria species (Rutaceae)

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800615 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800

Author(s):

Nicholas J. Sadgrove ◽

Graham L. Jones

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Essential Oil Composition ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Pharmaceutical Development ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽

Broth Dilution ◽

Nutraceutical Products

Essential oils were hydrodistilled from six Zieria species, including two previously not investigated: Z. floydii and Z. odorifera subsp. williamsii, and characterized using GC-MS. Additionally, solvent extracts of leaf material from five of these species were prepared using n-hexane, acetone and methanol as solvents, respectively. These solvent extracts were examined, along with essential oils, for antibacterial activity using micro titer plate broth dilution assays. Antifungal activity against pathogenic Trichophyton species responsible for dermal infections such as Tinea and Kangaroo Pox (uncommon), was examined using a similar method. Results of essential oil characterizations are relatively consistent with those previously reported. Interestingly, the essential oil composition of Z. floydii showed car-3-en-2-one at a concentration of 71%, similar to that observed in a previous study for Z. furfuracea and Z. granulata, thus complementing the observations of A.G. Floyd that Z. floydii is morphologically allied with these two species (CANB 598758). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated relatively high antibacterial and antifungal activity, using both essential oils and solvent extracts. This is particularly true for the n-hexane extract from Z. smithii. We therefore conclude that Zieria species may be a useful source for the development of antiseptic, cosmaceutical and/or topical nutraceutical products. In addition, they may well serve as a source of further novel, purified compounds providing scaffolds for pharmaceutical development in the future.

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