scholarly journals A Review of the Different Methods Applied in Ginsenoside Extraction From Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius Roots

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1986839
Author(s):  
Jonghwan Jegal ◽  
Eun Ju Jeong ◽  
Min Hye Yang
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Ultrahigh Pressure ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Ginseng Saponin ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Pressure Extraction

Ginseng saponins, also called ginsenosides, are the main active ingredients of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius and are often used as qualitative and quantitative markers in the regulation of ginseng products. Various methods have been used to extract the major ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rf from P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. The objective of this paper is to review the studies regarding the influence of different extraction systems on ginsenoside amount and pattern in P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius roots. Although traditional extraction methods, Soxhlet and heat reflux extractions, have many disadvantages, including long extraction times and low extraction efficiency, they are the most widely used methods for ginseng saponin extraction. The amount and pattern of ginsenosides found in P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius roots differ depending on the method of extraction. In particular, the total ginsenoside amount and extraction efficiency can be significantly increased with the use of advanced extraction techniques that apply the conditions of high temperature and/or high pressure, such as pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction. Among several advanced extraction procedures, ultrahigh-pressure extraction is thought to offer the most advanced and efficient technology in that it requires only a few minutes for ginseng saponin extraction.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for the Recovery of Olive Leaves Polyphenols

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Dobrinčić ◽  
Maja Repajić ◽  
Ivona Elez Garofulić ◽  
Lucija Tuđen ◽  
Verica Dragović-Uzelac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Cell Wall Disruption

In the present study, advanced extraction techniques, microwave (MAE), ultrasound (UAE), and high pressure (HPAE)-assisted extraction, were applied to improve extraction efficiency of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves polyphenols. The effect of sample mass (1.5 and 3 g), MAE—time (2, 8.5, and 15 min) and temperature (45 and 80 °C), UAE—time (7, 14, and 21 min) and amplitude (50 and 100%) and HPAE—time (1, 5.5, and 10 min) and pressure (300 and 500 MPa) on the concentration of each analyzed polyphenol compound was examined. Identified polyphenols were oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, verbascoside, and rutin. All three advanced extraction techniques yielded higher content of total polyphenols when compared to the conventional heat-reflux extraction (CE) along with a significant reduction of extraction time from 60 (CE) to 2, 21, and 5.5 min in MAE, UAE, and HPAE, respectively. The most intensive values of tested parameters in each technique were the ones that promoted cell wall disruption, e.g., temperature of 80 °C in MAE, 100% amplitude in UAE and 500 MPa in HPAE. MAE and UAE were more efficient in total polyphenols’ recovery than HPAE.

scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Industrial Scale Cannabis Extraction

Technologies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Marilena Radoiu ◽  
Harmandeep Kaur ◽  
Anna Bakowska-Barczak ◽  
Steven Splinter
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Assisted Extraction

Cannabis is a flowering plant that has long been used for medicinal, therapeutic, and recreational purposes. Cannabis contains more than 500 different compounds, including a unique class of terpeno-phenolic compounds known as cannabinoids. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most extensively studied cannabinoids. They have been associated with the therapeutic and medicinal properties of the cannabis plant and also with its popularity as a recreational drug. In this paper, an industrial method for cannabis extraction using 915 MHz microwaves coupled with continuous flow operation is presented. The main advantages of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are associated to the continuous-flow operation at atmospheric pressure which allows for higher volumes of biomass to be processed in less time than existing extraction methods, with improved extraction efficiency leading to increased final product yields, improved extract consistency and quality because the process does not require stopping and restarting material flows, and ease of scale-up to industrial scale without the use of pressurised batch vessels. Moreover, due to the flexibility of changing the operation conditions, MAE eliminates additional steps required in most extraction methods, such as biomass decarboxylation or winterisation, which typically adds at least a half day to the extraction process. Another factor that sets MAE apart is the ability to achieve high extraction efficiency, i.e., up to 95% of the active compounds from cannabis biomass can be recovered at industrial scale.

scholarly journals Microwave Extraction vs. Other Techniques for Industrial Scale Cannabis Extraction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilena Radoiu ◽  
Harmandeep Kaur ◽  
Anna Bakowska-Barczak ◽  
Steven Splinter
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Assisted Extraction

Cannabis is a flowering plant that has long been used for medicinal, therapeutic, and recreational purposes. Cannabis contains more than 500 different compounds, including a unique class of terpeno-phenolic compounds known as cannabinoids; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most prevalent cannabinoids and have been associated with the therapeutic and medicinal properties of the cannabis plant. In this paper, continuous flow microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is presented and compared with other methods for commercial cannabis extraction. The practical issues of each extraction method are discussed. The main advantages of MAE are: continuous-flow method which allows for higher volumes of biomass to be processed in less time than existing extraction methods, improved extraction efficiency leading to increased final product yields, improved extract consistency and quality because the process does not require stopping and restarting material flows, and ease of scale-up to industrial scale without the use of pressurised batch vessels. Moreover, due to the flexibility of changing the operation conditions, MAE eliminates additional steps required in most extraction methods, such as biomass decarboxylation, winterisation, which typically adds at least a half day to the extraction process. Another factor that sets MAE apart is the ability to achieve high extraction efficiency even at the industrial scale. Whereas the typical recovery of active compounds using supercritical CO¬2 remains around 70-80%, via MAE up to 95% of the active compounds from cannabis biomass can be recovered at the industrial scale.

Fractionation of sea buckthorn pomace and seeds into valuable components by using high pressure and enzyme-assisted extraction methods

LWT ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 534-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaida Kitrytė ◽  
Darius Povilaitis ◽  
Vaida Kraujalienė ◽  
Vaida Šulniūtė ◽  
Audrius Pukalskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Sea Buckthorn ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Enzyme Assisted Extraction

scholarly journals Identification and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids Extracted from Xinjiang Jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) Leaves with Ultra-High Pressure Extraction Technology

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Pengzhan Liu ◽  
Linlin Li ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Yunfeng Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Pressure Extraction

In this study, the ultra-high pressure extraction (UHPE) conditions for obtaining the maximum flavonoid yield from Xinjiang jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) leaves (XJL) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to evaluate the effects of four variables (extraction temperature, pressure, time and liquid-to-solid ratio) on flavonoid yield. The results showed that the optimal flavonoid yield (25.45 ± 0.21 mg/g) was derived at 50.0 °C, 342.39 MPa, 11.56 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 43.95 mL/g. Eight compounds were tentatively identified and quantified as kaempferol and quercetin glycosides with UPLC-ESI-MS. Compared to ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), UHPE can obtain higher concentrations of total flavonoids and stronger DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities in a much shorter time. Therefore, UHPE is an alternative to UAE for obtaining flavonoids from XJL, which may be an optional method for large-scale industrial flavonoid extraction from XJL.

scholarly journals Development and optimization of technology for the extraction and conversion of micro algal lipids to biodiesel

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Krishan Ramluckan
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Soxhlet Method

Fossil fuel reserves have been diminishing worldwide thus making them very scarce in the long term. These fuel sources and their by-products which are used commercially tend to produce large quantities of emissions. Some of them are believed to be toxic to flora and fauna. It is primarily for this reason that researchers worldwide have begun to seek out alternative sources of environmentally safe fuel. Biodiesel from algae is one of these sources that have been examined over the last few decades. Biodiesel has been produced from other plant-based material and waste oils in countries like America and Japan. However, the use of food based crops for biodiesel production has been challenged as it has an impact on food production on an international scale. Algae have only recently been investigated for their feasibility for biodiesel production on a large scale. The aim of this study was to investigate and develop technologies for biodiesel production from algae. The species of algae chosen were chlorella sp and scenedesmus sp., since they are indigeneous to Kwazulu Natal in South Africa. Samples were obtained from a local raceway pond and prepared for analysis. Drying protocols used freeze, oven and sun drying for initial preparation of the samples for analysis. Sun drying was the least energy intensive but most time consuming. At laboratory scale, oven drying was chosen as the best alternative. Lipid extraction methods investigated were the separating funnel method, the soxhlet method, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and the expeller press. Thirteen solvents covering a range of polarities were used with the extraction methods to determine the efficiency of the solvent with these methods. Optimization of the MAE method was conducted using both the one factor at a time (OFAT) method and a design of experiment (DOE) statistical method. The shelf life of algal biomass was determined by ageing the samples for approximately three months. Direct and in-situ transesterification of lipid extracts to produce biodiesel was investigated using both acid and base catalysis. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC). Chemical and physical characterization of the biodiesel produced from the algal lipid extracts were compared to both local and international standard specifications for biodiesel. In terms of extraction efficiency, it was found that soxhlet and microwave assisted extraction methods were almost equally good. This was proved by the MAE method yielding an average of 10.0% lipids for chloroform, ethanol and hexane after 30 mL of solvent was used in an extraction time of 10 minutes, while the soxhlet method yielded 10.36% lipids using an extraction volume of 100 mL of solvent with an extraction time of 3 hours. Chloroform, ethanol and hexane were more efficient than the other ten solvents used. This was shown by these three solvents producing lipid quantities between 10% to 11% while all the other solvents produced lipid quantities between 2 and 10 %. The best extraction efficiency was achieved by the binary solvent mixture made up of chloroform and ethanol in a 1:1 ratio. Under the conditions optimized, this solvent ratio yielded a lipid content of 11.76%. The methods chosen and optimized for extraction are very efficient, but the actual cost of production of biodiesel need to be determined. Physical methods like the expeller press are not feasible for extraction of the type of biomass produced unless algae are pelletized to improve extraction. This will impact on the cost of producing biodiesel. The transesterification protocols investigated show that the base catalysis produced biodiesel with a ratio of saturates to unsaturates conducive to a good fuel product. The direct esterification method in this study proved to be better than the in-situ method for biodiesel production. The in-situ method was also more labour intensive. Chromatography was found to be a fast and efficient method for qualitative and quantitative determination of biodiesel. Characterization tests showed that the quality of biodiesel produced was satisfactory. It also showed that the methods used in this study were feasible for the satisfactory production of biodiesel which meets local and international specifications.

scholarly journals Analysis of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng in high pressure microwave-assisted extraction

2008 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutang Wang ◽  
Jingyan You ◽  
Yong Yu ◽  
Chenling Qu ◽  
Huarong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction

scholarly journals Potential Risk of Higenamine Misuse in Sports: Evaluation of Lotus Plumule Extract Products and a Human Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Chi Yen ◽  
Chun-Wei Tung ◽  
Chih-Wei Chang ◽  
Chin-Chuan Tsai ◽  
Mei-Chich Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Phytochemical Components ◽  
Β2 Agonist

Since 2017, higenamine has been added to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list as a β2-agonist prohibited at all times for sportspersons. According to WADA’s report, positive cases of higenamine misuse have been increasing yearly. However, higenamine occurs naturally in the Chinese herb lotus plumule—the green embryo of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) seeds—commercially available as concentrated powder on the Asian market. This study evaluated the major phytochemical components of lotus plumule products using an appropriate extraction method, followed by a human study in which the products were orally administered in multiple doses to investigate the risk of doping violations. Comparing various extraction methods revealed that optimized microwave-assisted extraction exhibited the highest extraction efficiency (extraction time, 26 min; power, 1046 W; and temperature, 120 °C). Subsequently, the alkaloids in lotus plumule products were quantitatively confirmed and compared. Human study participants (n = 6) consumed 0.8 g of lotus plumule (equivalent to 679.6 μg of higenamine) three times daily for three consecutive days. All participants’ urinary higenamine concentrations exceeded the WADA reporting cut-off of 10.0 ng/mL. Accordingly, lotus plumule consumption may engender adverse analytical findings regarding higenamine. Athletes should avoid consuming lotus plumule-containing products during in- and out-of-competition periods.

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