scholarly journals The Episodic Prototypes Model (EPM): On the nature and genesis of facial representations

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 204166952110541
Author(s):  
Tobias Matthias Schneider ◽  
Claus-Christian Carbon
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Efficient Storage ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Changes Over Time

Faces undergo massive changes over time and life events. We need a mental representation which is flexible enough to cope with the existing visual varieties, but which is also stable enough to be the basis for valid recognition. Two main theoretical frameworks exist to describe facial representations: prototype models assuming one central item comprising all visual experiences of a face, and exemplar models assuming single representations of each visual experience of a face. We introduce a much more ecological valid model dealing with episodic prototypes (the Episodic Prototypes Model—EPM), where faces are represented by a low number of prototypes that refer to specific Episodes of Life (EoL, e.g., early adulthood, mature age) during which the facial appearance shows only moderate variation. Such an episodic view of mental representation allows for efficient storage, as the number of needed prototypes is relatively low, and it allows for the needed variation within a prototype that keeps the everyday and steadily ongoing changes across a certain period of time. Studies 1–3 provide evidence that facial representations are highly dependent on temporal aspects which is in accord with EoL, and that individual learning history generates the structure and content of respective prototypes. In Study 4, we used implicit measures (RT) in a face verification task to investigate the postulated power of the EPM. We could demonstrate that episodic prototypes clearly outperformed visual depictions of exhaustive prototypes, supporting the general idea of our approach.

scholarly journals Time for care: exploring time use by carers of older people

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1735-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Bowes ◽  
Alison Dawson ◽  
Rosalie Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Care Requirements ◽  
Changes Over Time

AbstractThe paper focuses on temporal aspects of informal caring for older people. Limitations of large-scale surveys in capturing such data are noted and time-use methodology, despite its own limitations, is proposed as a promising alternative. Adopting a critical perspective on time that includes carers’ own conceptualisations, we report the findings of a qualitative study of carers’ time use. Sixty-two interviews with carers, male/female, co-resident/not co-resident, employed/not employed, and located across Great Britain were conducted. Analysis considered people's own diverse and ambiguous views of their care activities. Carers’ accounts of their time revealed non-linear experiences and a sense of being permanently on call. Interviewees often travelled distances to engage in support activities with or for older people. Changes over time were pervasive, increasing or reducing care requirements. Unanticipated events could precipitate radical changes in time use. Managing time, exercising temporal agency, was particularly apparent in accounts of care, employment, other family responsibilities and choices about friendship. Measurement of carers’ time use which draws on the conceptual foundation of carers’ own perspectives on time may provide more effective quantitative understanding of the temporal aspects of caring. It should not pre-define time, must grasp a variety of tasks, take account of intermittent activity, incorporate the 24–7 experience of many carers and demonstrate how caring time interacts with other time.

Occupational therapy

2013 ◽  
pp. 590-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisa Holsti ◽  
Catherine L. Backman ◽  
Joyce M. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Health Care Team ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Treatment Goals ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Everyday

Occupational therapists specialize in how pain impacts the development and maintenance of the occupations (self-care, productivity, leisure) of the daily lives of infants and youth in pain. Occupational therapists, working with families and other members of the health care team, use both generic and specific theoretical frameworks and models to guide clinical practice. These models ensure that a client-centred approach is used. In the everyday settings of the child, and using evidence-based practice, occupational therapists facilitate the treatment goals of children and families by integrating specific strategies, such as feeding, positioning, energy conservation, and adaptive equipment.

scholarly journals Dichotomous roles of leptin and adiponectin as enforcers against lipotoxicity during feast and famine

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3011-3015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Unger ◽  
Philipp E. Scherer ◽  
William L. Holland
Keyword(s):  
General Idea ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Efficient Storage ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Local Accumulation

Science is marked by the death of dogmas; the discovery that adipocytes are more than just lipid-storing cells but rather produce potent hormones is one such example that caught physiologists by surprise and reshaped our views of metabolism. While we once considered the adipocyte as a passive storage organ for efficient storage of long-term energy reserves in the form of triglyceride, we now appreciate the general idea (once a radical one) that adipocytes are sophisticated enough to have potent endocrine functions. Over the past two decades, the discoveries of these adipose-derived factors (“adipokines”) and their mechanistic actions have left us marveling at and struggling to understand the role these factors serve in physiology and the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes. These hormones may serve an integral role in protecting nonadipose tissues from lipid-induced damage during nutrient-deprived or replete states. As such, adipocytes deliver not only potentially cytotoxic free fatty acids but, along with these lipids, antilipotoxic adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and fibroblast growth factor 21 that potently eliminate excessive local accumulation of these lipids or their conversion to unfavorable sphingolipid intermediates.

scholarly journals An anthropological comparison between two studies of everyday life

2003 ◽  
pp. 195-209
Author(s):  
Ivana Petkovic
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Political Survival ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Warrior Culture ◽  
Global World

The paper is based on the experiences of a fieldwork researcher. Two studies of everyday life are compared. In spite of the differences in theoretical frameworks and methodologies, important similarities are identified, leading to identical basic results. These similarities are to be found in the (exclusive) dependence of the everyday survival on political survival, of everyday life on political life, of coping on political developments. The similarity is proved by pointing to the shared broader socio-historical framework in which both studies have been located, and to the uniqueness of the environment/area in which both have taken place. This leads to the final conclusion on the relation between the character of everyday life and the collective character/mentality, where the key mediator is political life and the character shaped within its domain. In a culture basically structured as a warrior culture, in the circumstances of huge civilizational changes at the global world scene, the local political mentality assumes specific features, somewhat modified in comparison with the traditional ethos. These features in turn directly shape the everyday, particularly of ordinary people, beyond the centers of power and global decision-making.

scholarly journals Hybridity in Action and Crossing Ethnic Boundaries in the Films Ngenest and Cek Toko Sebelah

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Budi Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Ethnic Boundaries ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Research Questions

This research observed and analyzed both films entitled; “Ngenest” and “Cek Toko Sebelah” to find the manifested hybrid Chineese related to inter-ethnic relationships by drawing on the concept of hybridity. “Ngenest” and “Cek Toko Sebelah” were two successful films that were both written and directed by Ernest Prakasa, a Chinese Indonesian, and also featured Ernest Prakasa in a leading role. Close readings of both films were conducted to identify relevant and recurring themes related to the research questions. The theoretical frameworks of hybridity and essentialism/stereotyping were used to help in gaining a deeper understanding of the essence of the films. The results indicate that race still plays an important role in othering and building ethnic boundaries. Many stereotypes and counter stereotypes against both the Chinese and pribumi exist in the films. In terms of lessening ethnic boundaries, both films present hybridity in action in the form of inter-ethnic marriage and the everyday relationships of the Chinese and other ethnic groups. Although the essentialized Chinese identities are present, they are constantly in negotiation with other identities, in forming a hybridized version of Chineseness.

Sibling Relationships in Adolescence and Early Adulthood With People Who Have Intellectual Disability

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Floyd ◽  
Catherine L. Costigan ◽  
Shana S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Changes Over Time

Abstract Cross-sectional (N = 106) and longitudinal (N = 35) samples of siblings (ages 11–38) reported on closeness and conflict in their relationships with sisters and brothers with intellectual disability. For closeness, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) distinguished feelings of emotional closeness from reciprocal sharing behaviors for these siblings. Age effects and changes over time indicated increasing emotional closeness and a general reduction in conflict from adolescence to young adulthood, with stable reciprocal sharing. Cross-sectionally, closeness was greater when siblings were involved in caregiving, and conflict was less when siblings no longer co-resided. Sibling constellation features (sex, birth order, age spacing) had limited effects at this developmental period. Findings support a combination of life-span developmental change and enduring attachment in these sibling relationships.

Above and beyond the content: Feelings influence mental simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellen Mrkva ◽  
Luca Cian ◽  
Leaf Van Boven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Prediction Errors

Abstract Gilead et al. present a rich account of abstraction. Though the account describes several elements which influence mental representation, it is worth also delineating how feelings, such as fluency and emotion, influence mental simulation. Additionally, though past experience can sometimes make simulations more accurate and worthwhile (as Gilead et al. suggest), many systematic prediction errors persist despite substantial experience.

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