Improving Hashimoto’s thyroiditis by eradicating Blastocystis hominis: Relation to IL-17

Background: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disorder that causes significant morbidity. Interleukin (IL)-17 was identified as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of HT. Blastocystis hominis (BH) is a very common infection and has been shown to be associated with several diseases. Our aim was to determine serum IL-17 level in HT patients with and without BH infection and the effect of eradicating BH in patients with HT. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 20 HT patients not infected with BH (group I), 20 HT patients infected with BH (group II), and 20 healthy patients (group III). Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), and IL-17 were performed by ELISA method and were repeated in group II after 6 weeks of eradication of BH. Results: Patients with HT showed a significantly higher serum IL-17 compared with controls. IL-17 was significantly higher in HT patients infected with BH compared with HT patients not BH infected (mean 6.93 ± 2.83 pg/ml versus 3.25 ± 1.55 pg/ml, p = 0.003). After BH eradication TSH, anti-TPO, and IL-17 were significantly decreased (mean 14.76 ± 11.11 µIU/ml versus 9.39 ± 7.11 µIU/ml, p < 0.001; mean 308 ± 175.6 IU/ml versus 295.4 ± 167.1 IU/ml, p = 0.006; and mean 6.93 ± 2.83 pg/ml versus 6.45 ± 2.48 pg/ml, p < 0.001), respectively. Multivariate analysis after treating BH infection showed that IL-17 was significantly negatively correlated with FT3 (adjusted p = 0.002) and significantly positively correlated with anti-TPO (adjusted p = 0.045). Conclusion: Treatment of BH infection ameliorates HT through reduction in IL-17, anti-TPO, and TSH. Clinical trial registration number: PACTR201909495111649

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Relationship Between Thyroid Hormonal Status in Patients with a Hypothyroid Form of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Iodine Concentrations in Drinking Water

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-021-02640-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Olha Kasiyan ◽

Halyna Tkachenko ◽

Natalia Kurhaluk ◽

Svitlana Yurchenko ◽

Alek Manenko

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Supply Network ◽

Thyroid Status ◽

Thyroglobulin Antibodies ◽

Regressive Analysis

AbstractThe current study aimed to identify correlative and regressive dependencies between the water iodine concentration and the levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), and thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) in the serum of 168 in patients (34 men and 134 women) with a hypothyroid form of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis who use water from the supply network and individual wells. Based on the water iodine concentration, low and moderate degrees of iodine endemia in the location of the patients were determined. In the groups of men and women using water from different water supply sources, there were direct correlations between the water iodine concentrations and the TgAbs and TPOAb titers as well as an inverse dependence between iodine and TSH levels. Multivariate regressive analysis indicated that TgAb and TSH in the group of women using water from a supply network and TPOAb titers in the group of women using well water were independent factors associated with water iodine concentrations. Statistically significant correlations and regressive dependencies between the water iodine concentrations and the biomarkers of the thyroid status of the patients indicate the risk of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis progression, especially among women with additional iodine intake.

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Salivary gland function in women with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis without xerostomia and the correlation with auto-thyroid antibodies

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/a-1204-9748 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiao-an Pang ◽

Zhi-xiao Wei ◽

Jun-hong Li ◽

Xiao-qi Pang

Keyword(s):

Salivary Gland ◽

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Control Group ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Thyroid Autoantibody ◽

Submandibular Glands ◽

Quantitative Parameters ◽

Salivary Function

Abstract Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) may cause salivary dysfunction in patients resulting in xerostomia, but little is known about changes in salivary function in patients with no obvious dry mouth symptoms. In this study we assessed salivary function in women with HT, who had not experienced xerostomia and, for the first time, evaluated the effects of thyroid auto-antibodies on this function. Methods Sixty consecutive subjects were included, comprising 32 women (mean age, 36 ± 12 years) diagnosed with HT accompanied by differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in the study group (HT group), along with a control group (DTC group) of 28 women (mean age, 40 ± 12 years) diagnosed with DTC only. Salivary gland scintigraphy was used to assess salivary function with the semi-quantitative parameters of maximum absorption ratio and maximum secretion ratio, the decrease of which indicate impaired salivary function. Moreover, the HT and DTC groups were divided into four subgroups (Anti– HT, Anti+ HT, Anti– DTC, and Anti+ DTC), based on the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Finally, salivary gland semi-quantitative parameters were correlated with levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), TGAb, and TPOAb in the HT and DTC groups. Results None of the semi-quantitative parameters examined in parotid or submandibular glands differed significantly between the HT and DTC groups. However, the maximum secretion ratio for the parotid and submandibular glands were significantly different in the subgroup comparison (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the TgAb, TPOAb, and TSH values correlated significantly with salivary excretive function (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Women with HT without xerostomia may not have salivary functional impairment during hypothyroidism. Serum thyroid autoantibody and TSH levels may mainly influence salivary excretive function but not uptake function.

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The Effect of Hypolipidemic Agents on Thyroid Autoimmunity in Women with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Treated with Levothyroxine and Selenomethionine

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-0043-120342 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 126 (05) ◽

pp. 321-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Krysiak ◽

Witold Szkróbka ◽

Bogusław Okopień

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Hypolipidemic Agents ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Group B

Abstract Background Levothyroxine and selenomethionine were found to reduce thyroid antibody titers in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The same effect was produced by intensive statin therapy. The aim of the present study was to assess whether hypolipidemic agents modulate the impact of thyroid hormone supplementation and selenomethionine on thyroid autoimmunity. Methods The study included 62 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis treated for at least 6 months with levothyroxine and selenomethionine. On the basis of plasma lipids, women were divided into three groups: women with isolated hypercholesterolemia (group A; n=20), women with isolated hypertriglyceridemia (group B; n=17), and women with normal plasma lipids (group C; n=25). Group A were then treated with atorvastatin (20 mg daily), while group B received micronized fenofibrate (200 mg daily). Serum titers of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies, as well as serum levels of thyrotropin, free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine were measured at the beginning of the study and 6 months later. Results Fenofibrate decreased triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol, while simvastatin decreased total and LDL cholesterol. Fenofibrate reduced titers of thyroid peroxidase and, to a lesser extent, thyroglobulin antibodies. Atorvastatin tended to increase thyroid peroxidase antibodies. No changes in thyrotropin, free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine were observed in any treatment group. Fenofibrate-induced changes in thyroid antibody titers correlated with baseline antibody titers, as well as with treatment-induced changes in HDL cholesterol and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions The obtained results indicate that only fibrates may potentiate the effect of selenomethionine and levothyroxine on thyroid autoimmunity in women.

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Role of interlekin-35 as a biomarker in patients with newly diagnosed Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Endocrine Regulations ◽

10.1515/enr-2016-0009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 55-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hakki Yilmaz ◽

M. Cakmak ◽

B. Ceydilek ◽

C. Demir ◽

A. Aktas

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Critical Role ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Interleukin 12 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

AbstractObjective. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), an interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family member, is shown to be a potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine. Inducible regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce IL-35 that mediates the immune inhibitory function of Tregs. Growing evidence revealed that upregulation of IL-35 expression may play a critical role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases in various experimental autoimmunity models and vice versa. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is considered to be a Treg cell-related autoimmune disease with loss of self-tolerance. Methods. One hundred-twenty eight subjects, newly diagnosed hypothyroid HT patients [56 overt (Group 1), 72 subclinical hypothyroid (Group 2)] and 38 healthy controls (Group 3) were enrolled in the study. The levels of serum IL-35 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. Serum IL-35 levels were lower in the HT group when compared with subclinical HT group [304.5 (834.6) pg/ml vs. 636.1 (1542.0) pg/ml, p=0.004] and control cases [304.5 (834.6) pg/ml vs. 1064.7 (2526.8) pg/ml, p<0.001]. Serum IL-35 levels were inversely associated with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; rs=-0.396, p<0.001) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb; rs=-0.571, p<0.001) in whole group. Serum IL-35 were negatively associated with TSH (rs=-0.264, p=0.003) and TPOAb (rs=-0.735, p<0.001) in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (Group 1 + Group 2). Conclusion. The results suggest that IL-35 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HT.

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Comparison of the sonography index of thyroid gland with serum level of Anti-thyroid peroxidase, Anti-thyroglobulin and thyroid function test in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-835595/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Eftekharian ◽

Gholamhossein Ranjbar Omrani ◽

Mohammad Hossein Dabbaghmanesh ◽

Reza Sahraei ◽

Marzieh Bakhshayeshkaram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Thyroid Function Test ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Antibody Titers

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the association of sonographic parameters with the serum levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (Tg), and thyroid hormones in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Methods 149 patients (118 females, 31 males; aged 18–60 years; mean age: 38.60 ± 8.03 years) who were diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were enrolled in the study. Blood sample was taken to measure the serum levels of free T3 and T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-TPO antibody titers, and anti-Tg antibody titers. The thyroid sonography of each patient was classified into one of the five grades by real-time ultrasonography (US) based on echogenicity, thyroid size, and thyroid pattern. We evaluated whether a correlation existed between thyroid characteristics on US and serum levels of thyroid hormones, anti-TPO and anti-Tg. Results Nodular structures were detected in 54 (36.2%) patients (38 micronodular and 16 macros nodular). Echogenicity was recorded as isoechoic in 15 (10.07%) and hypoechoic in 119 (79.87%) subjects. Euthyroid ‎subjects had significantly thicker isthmus than overt and subclinical hypothyroid patients (p = 0.018). Mean serum TSH, anti-Tg and anti-TPO titers was significantly higher in patients with micronodules than those with micronodules and subjects without nodules (P < 0.05). Isthmus thickness had a significant negative correlation with FT4 and FT3 (P = 0.046; r = 0.11& P = 0.017; r = 0.15, respectively). Thyroid autoantibodies had positive significant correlations with different parameters of the thyroid volume (P < 0.05). Conclusions Thyroid’s US findings in addition to serum levels of anti-Tg and anti-TPO titers would be useful in diagnosis and evaluation of the severity and extent of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but further evaluations are needed. Trial registration: Trial registry identifier IR.SUMS.REC.1395.S161 (2015/11/30).

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Amelioration of iodine supply is notably associated with thyroid function in healthy subjects and in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Slovenian Medical Journal ◽

10.6016/zdravvestn.1750 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 85 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Nadja Novak ◽

Ajda Biček ◽

Katja Zaletel ◽

Simona Gaberšček

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Tertiary Referral Centre ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Iodine Supply ◽

First Time

Background: Our aim was to establish how healthy subjects (HS) and patients with euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis (EuHT) faced the increase in mandatory salt iodization in Slovenia in 1999 from previous 10 mg of potassium iodide to 25 mg per kg since data about thyroid function with respect to iodine supply are scant.Methods: In this retrospective study we reviewed records of 24,899 patients referred for the first time between 1995 and 2002 to our tertiary referral centre with a stable catchment area for more than 20 years. HS were negative and patients with EuHT positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies and/or thyroglobulin antibodies. Thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels were obtained. The fT4/fT3 ratio was calculated.Results: In the period 1995-1998, 917 HS had significantly lower fT4/fT3 ratio than 644 HS in the period 1999-2002 (2.6±0.6 and 2.9±0.9, respectively, p<0.001) on account of significantly higher fT3 (median 5.7 and 5.2 pmol/L, p<0.001). Similarly, in 1995-1998, 482 patients with EuHT had a lower fT4/fT3 ratio than 846 EuHT in 1999-2002 (2.4±0.6 and 2.8±0.7, respectively, p<0.001) on account of significantly higher fT3 (median 5.8 and 4.9, respectively, p=0.018). HS had a higher fT4/fT3 ratio than patients with EuHT in 1995-1998 but not in 1999-2002 (p<0.001 and p=0.206, respectively).Conclusions: Amelioration of iodine supply is associated with an increase in the fT4/fT3 ratio on account of lower fT3, and with a similar thyroid function in HS and in patients with EuHT.

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Graves' Disease Associated with Histologic Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988509300117 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 86-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stephen A. Falk ◽

Eric A. Birken ◽

A. H. Ronquillo

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Subtotal Thyroidectomy ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Group Iii ◽

Histologic Evidence ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Infiltrative Ophthalmopathy ◽

Group 1

The microscopic slides of 16 patients who underwent bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroid Graves' disease were reviewed and classified into three groups: I, Hashimoto's thyroiditis; II, Graves' disease; and III, both Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Three patients were classified as group 1, 10 as group II, and three as group III. In 38% of the patients with clinical Graves' disease the histologic evidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis could be found either alone or in combination with histologic evidence of Graves' disease (groups I and III). One patient in group I, four in group II, and three in group III had infiltrative ophthalmopathy (50% of total). Hyperthyroid Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis can occur all together, in duads, or individually at a specific time in a patient's life.

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Serum Resolvin E1 Levels and Its Relationship with Thyroid Autoimmunity in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-80993/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Song ◽

Rongxin Sun ◽

Yuanyuan Zhang ◽

Jing Ke ◽

Dong Zhao

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Clinical Indicators ◽

Thyroglobulin Antibody ◽

Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis

Abstract Objective: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can produce lipid mediators with both anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties, including resolvins. Resolvins have been associated with autoimmune disorders. This study aimed to measure the level of resolvin E1 (RVE1) in the serum of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients and healthy controls (HCs) and to further analyze its correlation with thyroid autoantibodies and other clinical indicators.Design, patients and measurements: Fifty-seven participants were recruited—30 untreated HT patients and 27 sex‐ and age‐matched HCs. Levels of serum RVE1 were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Serum total T3 (TT3), TT4, free T3 (FT3), FT4, thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Routine biochemical and hemogram tests were performed on each sample.Results: Serum RVE1 levels in HT patients (24.09, 15.76-34.38 pg/mL) were significantly lower than those in HCs (28.51, 20.76-51.23 pg/mL) (P=0.027). As the TgAb level increased, the RVE1 content showed a decreasing trend (P for trend=0.001). Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that RVE1 was negatively correlated with increasing TgAb in both the unadjusted (OR=0.9446, 95% CI=0.9111-0.9782, P=0.002) and adjusted models (OR=0.9380, 95% CI=0.8967-0.9811, P=0.005).Conclusions: Decreased RVE1 levels indicate impaired resolution of inflammation in HT patients. RVE1 may be a protective factor for elevated TgAb levels.

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Clinical and biochemical manifestations of undiagnosed Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

International Journal of Case Reports ◽

10.28933/ijcr-2021-01-1505 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 200

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Fluid Restriction ◽

Functional Abilities ◽

Cognitive Assessments ◽

Free T4 ◽

Cold Intolerance ◽

Biochemical Features

We report the case of a 69 year old female who presented with mild cognitive impairment and difficulty mobilising in the setting of profound hypothyroidism secondary to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with associated elevated creatine kinase (CK), hyponatraemia, anaemia, renal impairment, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertryglyceridaemia. On initial investigations the patient had a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 49 mU/L, free T4 <5.4 pmol/L, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody positive, CK 1628 units/L, sodium 120 mmol/L, haemoglobin 87 g/L, creatinine 109 mcmol/L, total cholesterol 8.1 mmol/L and tryglycerides 4.7 mmol/L. On examination the patient had no features of myxoedema coma but was found to have delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes, puffy facies with loss of outer one third of eyebrows, coarse hair, brittle nails and slowing of speech and movement with obvious cold intolerance. There was no muscle weakness on examination to suggest myositis although the patient complained of generalised aches and lethargy. The patient was initially treated with 100mcg oral thyroxine daily however this was increased and oral liothyronine introduced following an inadequate improvement. Eleven days post admission the TSH was 6.26 mU/L and the free T4 was 12.4pmol/L following a total of 1500mcg oral thyroxine replacement and 60mcg oral liothyronine replacement. The hyponatraemia improved with a strict fluid restriction of 500 millilitres daily to sodium 133 mmol/L and the renal function improved to a creatinine of 70 mcmol/L on discharge. Atorvastatin was withheld due to the elevated CK which improved to 370 units/L and the anaemia remained stable throughout the admission. Although the patient refused formal cognitive assessments her functional abilities improved with treatment. This case highlights the clinical and biochemical features of severe hypothyroidism in the setting of undiagnosed Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

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Serum cystatin C is closely associated with euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adult female Chinese patients

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060520952973 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (8) ◽

pp. 030006052095297

Author(s):

Qiaojing Qin ◽

Min Yang ◽

Wencai Ke ◽

Jinying Zhao ◽

Heyuan Ding

Keyword(s):

Cystatin C ◽

Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Serum Cystatin C ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Serum Cystatin ◽

Thyroglobulin Antibody ◽

The Status

Objective The aim of our study was to explore the association between serum cystatin C (CysC) and euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Methods There were 119 female euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients and 225 healthy controls who were recruited. Serum CysC, thyroid function, thyroid autoantibodies, fasting glucose, liver enzymes, and lipid profile were determined. Clinical parameters were compared between two groups. Results Serum CysC levels were significantly higher in euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients compared with controls. In the lowest, middle, and highest tertile groups of CysC, the percentage of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was 15.9%, 34.2%, and 53.5%, respectively. The percentage of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was significantly higher in the highest tertile than in the lowest and middle tertiles. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that serum CysC levels were negatively correlated with free triiodothyronine (FT3), and positively correlated with serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb). Logistic regression analysis showed that serum CysC was independently related to the status of euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Conclusions The present study shows the first evidence suggesting that serum CysC levels are positively correlated with TPOAb and TGAb. Serum CysC might underlie the pathophysiologic features of euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

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