scholarly journals Clinical features and surgical treatment of epilepsy after viral encephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiou Liu ◽  
Wenjing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures

Encephalitis is an acute inflammatory process of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infection. It is an vital cause of acute symptomatic seizures and subsequent epilepsy. The incidence of unprovoked and recurrent seizures after previous infections of the central nervous system is high and accounts for 1%~5% of the cases of epilepsy. Viral encephalitis (VE) is directly caused by viral infection. The occurrence of seizures after VE is associated with poor prognosis. In survivors of VE, among other neurological sequelae, the risk of developing epilepsy is increased 10-fold. The risk of severe neurological sequelae after VE is particularly high in very young children. Studies on seizure occurrence, possible underlying mechanisms, clinical characteristics, and clinical treatment (especially surgical treatment) of VE have yielded only limited detailed data. We reviewed the most recent literature on the clinical features and surgical treatment of post-VE epilepsy.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular Disease; A Leading Cause of Epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Obata ◽  
Kazuaki Sato ◽  
Hiroya Ohara ◽  
Masako Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Subdural Hematoma ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Superficial Siderosis ◽  
Cerebrovascular Lesions ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Subcortical Infarction

Various types of cerebrovascular diseases can result in epilepsy in any age, especially in the elderly. Besides well-known cause of epilepsy as large cerebral infarction involving cerebral cortex and intracerebral hemorrhage, there are growing evidences of roles of subcortical infarction, chronic subdural hematoma, and superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We review here the epidemiology and possible predictors of epilepsy in each type of cerebrovascular lesions and summarize the characteristics of semiology and electroencephalography findings in order to take early treatment strategy. Additionally, relevance of acute-symptomatic seizures and status epilepticus to epilepsy is discussed.

Herpetic Meningoencephalitis by Vertical Transmission: A Case Report and Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Julia Teles Triglia Pinto ◽  
◽  
Ana Carolina Tomasella Auad ◽  
Gabrielle Menegucci ◽  
Marília Gabriela Palácio Galbiatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Herpetic Encephalitis ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Brain

Objective: To report a case of vertical herpetic meningoencephalitis. Results: The involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in infection by HSV (herpes simplex virus), HSV-1 or HSV-2, causes an acute inflammatory process in the brain parenchyma, leading to herpetic encephalitis. It is a feared form of the disease due to its severity and its high rate of morbidity and mortality. Its rapid fatal progression can be prevented from early suspicion and treatment, which is essential when taking into account their neurological sequelae since survivors have motor sequelae, behavioral disorders, or epilepsy. The present work reports the case of a newborn male with spontaneous vaginal delivery who, at 19 days of age, started to experience fever, irritability, difficulty in eating, spasms, tremors of the upper limbs, deviation of the eyes, and seizures of difficult to control, together with CFE and serological changes, in addition to imaging tests compatible with herpetic meningoencephalitis, progressing with a very serious evolution despite the institution of specific treatment for CNS herpetic infection, evolving with important neurological sequelae. Conclusion: The sequels resulting from herpetic encephalitis not properly diagnosed, or even late, leads from severe neurological damage to death. Therefore, it is extremely important to start empirical treatment with antiviral drugs to reduce the sequelae mentioned above.

scholarly journals Clinical Heterogeneity in Acute Symptomatic Seizures due to Autoimmune Encephalitis Related to GAD65 Antibodies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Xuemei Fan ◽  
Xinxin Li ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Yafei Zhu ◽  
Songyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Ocular Movement ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Gad 65 ◽  
Gad 65 Antibodies ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Gad65 Antibodies

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> This study aimed to explore the diversity and clinical features of acute symptomatic seizures due to autoimmune encephalitis related to anti-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65 antibodies. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Clinical data of a series of 6 patients positive for anti-GAD65 antibodies were retrospectively analyzed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Five of the patients were male and 1 was a female, with a median age of 44.1 years (range 18–70 years). Seizure forms were varied in 6 patients when they were admitted to the hospital: 3 cases of seizures only and 3 accompanied by other symptoms, such as mental disorder, cognitive impairment, cerebellar ataxia, and ocular movement disorder. Three patients (50%) had coexisting systemic autoimmune diseases, including diabetes mellitus, vitiligo, and hyperthyroidism. Five patients (83%) had abnormal brain MRI findings. They were all treated by immunotherapy, 5 of 6 patients improved significantly but relapsed after withdrawing methylprednisolone, and 1 patient got deteriorated. None of them were diagnosed with tumors. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Clinical features of acute symptomatic seizures related to GAD65 antibodies are diverse, and early and continuous immunotherapy is necessary for patients.

scholarly journals Neonatal Seizures Revisited

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Konrad Kaminiów ◽  
Sylwia Kozak ◽  
Justyna Paprocka
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

Seizures are the most common neurological disorder in newborns and are most prevalent in the neonatal period. They are mostly caused by severe disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, they can also be a sign of the immaturity of the infant’s brain, which is characterized by the presence of specific factors that increase excitation and reduce inhibition. The most common disorders which result in acute brain damage and can manifest as seizures in neonates include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, infections of the CNS as well as electrolyte and biochemical disturbances. The therapeutic management of neonates and the prognosis are different depending on the etiology of the disorders that cause seizures which can lead to death or disability. Therefore, establishing a prompt diagnosis and implementing appropriate treatment are significant, as they can limit adverse long-term effects and improve outcomes. In this review paper, we present the latest reports on the etiology, pathomechanism, clinical symptoms and guidelines for the management of neonates with acute symptomatic seizures.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study on hospitalizations for viral encephalitis in Brazil between january 2010 to december 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruan Teixeira Lessa ◽  
Daniel Pedrosa Cassiano ◽  
Yasmin Jawhari da Silva ◽  
Sebastião José de Almeida Júnior ◽  
Adrianny Freitas Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Infectious Origin ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Introduction: Viral encephalitis (VE) is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma that progresses to neurological dysfunction of infectious origin. It occurs after hematogenous dissemination into the Central Nervous System and the most common agents are herpes virus, influenza, enterovirus, arbovirus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr. The signs and symptoms are headache, fever, decreased level of consciousness, seizures, focal deficits and behavioral changes. Objective: Recognize the epidemiological pattern of hospitalizations for VE in Brazil, between 2010 and 2020. Methods: A search for original articles and statistical information was performed in the databases Scielo, PUBMED, Medline and DATASUS, the latter related hospitalizations for VE with region, age, gender and year. Results: Hospitalizations are greater between 0 and 14 Y.O. (59.6%) in both genders, being 1.38M: 1F. The data indicate: <1 Y.O. (15%), 1-4 Y.O. (18.1%), 5-9 Y.O. (16.2%), 10-14 Y.O. (10.2%), totalizing 59.5% (21,004) of hospitalizations (35,188) in these groups, also intensified, between 20-29 Y.O., with 3,956 cases (11.2%). Comparing 2010 and 2020 there was a 63.4% reduction in hospitalizations for VE and the Southeast had the highest rate of the disease (42.1%). Conclusion: The epidemiological pattern of VE in the last decade represented higher prevalence in the interval between 0 and 14 Y.O.; mainly from 1 to 4. The decrease in the last 11 years may be due to adherence to vaccination campaigns and increased vector control, while the hypothesis for the higher incidence in the Southeast is because it is the most populous region, with favorable geographical areas for viral dissemination.

Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
pp. 719-721
Author(s):  
David B. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The United States ◽  
System P ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Active Epilepsy ◽  
Acute Symptomatic Seizures

About 10% of people in the United States have 1 seizure in their lifetime; less than 4% have recurrent seizures or epilepsy. Currently, more than 3.4 million people in the United States have active epilepsy, making it one of the most common neurologic disorders. Seizures can develop at any age, but the most common times are during childhood and after age 60 years. The greatest incidence is in elderly patients. Acute symptomatic seizures (also called provoked seizures or reactive seizures) result from new and active insults to the central nervous system.

scholarly journals The roles of microglia in viral encephalitis: from sensome to therapeutic targeting

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Chintan Chhatbar ◽  
Marco Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractViral encephalitis is a devastating disease with high mortality, and survivors often suffer from severe neurological complications. Microglia are innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma whose turnover is reliant on local proliferation. Microglia express a diverse range of proteins, which allows them to continuously sense the environment and quickly react to changes. Under inflammatory conditions such as CNS viral infection, microglia promote innate and adaptive immune responses to protect the host. However, during viral infection, a dysregulated microglia-T-cell interplay may result in altered phagocytosis of neuronal synapses by microglia that causes neurocognitive impairment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of microglia in viral encephalitis, propose questions to be answered in the future and suggest possible therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4081
Author(s):  
Ghaydaa A. Shehata ◽  
Kevin C. Lord ◽  
Michaela C. Grudzinski ◽  
Mohamed Elsayed ◽  
Ramy Abdelnaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Taste And Smell

COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the newly identified human coronavirus (HCoV) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was discovered in December 2019, and in March 2020, the disease was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to a high number of cases. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, several studies have reported neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. Headache, dizziness, loss of taste and smell, encephalitis, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common neurological complications that are associated with COVID-19. In addition, seizures, neuromuscular junctions’ disorders, and Guillain–Barré syndrome were reported as complications of COVID-19, as well as neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. However, the management of these conditions remains a challenge. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of these neurological sequelae that are secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to update neurologists and healthcare workers on the possible neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and the management of these disease conditions.

scholarly journals The neuropathological impact of COVID-19: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
Keyword(s):  
Main Body ◽  
Respiratory Dysfunction ◽  
Behavior Understanding ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Disorders ◽  
High Adaptation ◽  
Viral Outbreak

Abstract Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a challenging global issue after its emergence in December 2019. Due to the high adaptation of the virus, COVID-19 demonstrated a high transmission and infectivity potentials. Several studies demonstrated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induce deleterious neurological manifestations through interacting with the central nervous system (CNS). Main body The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 might contribute to its fatal behavior. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of this novel neuropathogen might contribute to the development of effective therapeutic strategies. The manifestations of neural damage in COVID-19 patients ranged from headache to severe encephalopathy and progression of preexisting neural disorders, it is speculated that neuroinvasion is strongly linked to the fatal respiratory dysfunction. The underlying neuropathological impact of emerging pneumonia (COVID-19) is still unclear. Conclusion This review demonstrated the urgent need to understand the neuropathology of COVID-19, to manage the current borderless viral outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and its comorbidities. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 could be regarded as an opportunistic neuropathogen that affects several vital functions in the human body.

scholarly journals Infectious disease-associated encephalopathies

Critical Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Barbosa-Silva ◽  
Maiara N. Lima ◽  
Denise Battaglini ◽  
Chiara Robba ◽  
Paolo Pelosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Glial Cell Activation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractInfectious diseases may affect brain function and cause encephalopathy even when the pathogen does not directly infect the central nervous system, known as infectious disease-associated encephalopathy. The systemic inflammatory process may result in neuroinflammation, with glial cell activation and increased levels of cytokines, reduced neurotrophic factors, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, neurotransmitter metabolism imbalances, and neurotoxicity, and behavioral and cognitive impairments often occur in the late course. Even though infectious disease-associated encephalopathies may cause devastating neurologic and cognitive deficits, the concept of infectious disease-associated encephalopathies is still under-investigated; knowledge of the underlying mechanisms, which may be distinct from those of encephalopathies of non-infectious cause, is still limited. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of encephalopathies associated with peripheral (sepsis, malaria, influenza, and COVID-19), emerging therapeutic strategies, and the role of neuroinflammation. Graphic abstract

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document