scholarly journals Causality and Blame Judgments of Negative Side Effects of Actions May Differ for Different Institutional Domains

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402097094
Author(s):  
Inna F. Deviatko ◽  
Kirill A. Gavrilov
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Dress Code ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Institutional Action ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
A Domains ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Full Factorial

Cognitive factors are known to influence lay assessments of causality and blame for negative side effects of intentional actions but specific social determinants of such assessments remain relatively unexplored. In a full-factorial, intraindividual experiment using two blocks of analogous vignettes constructed for two particular institutional action domains (“medical” and “corporate dress code”), we tested the propositions that causality and blame judgments differ between (a) domains and depend on (b) the type of action originator; (c) the type of damage; and (d) the “remoteness” of damage from the originator. Our data demonstrate a significant difference between two institutional action domains: actors in “medical”-related vignettes are generally estimated to be more causally effective and blameworthy than actors in “dress code”–related vignettes. In addition to the pronounced main effects of institutional domain as a factor influencing cause and blame judgments, we revealed few significant interaction effects of the latter with other experimental factors used for vignettes construction.

Using Psychophysics to Measure Negative Side Effects in Immersive Virtual Environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (21) ◽  
pp. 1501-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. McGee
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Immersive Virtual Environments ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Main Effects

A study was done to determine the effectiveness of using free modulus magnitude estimation, a psychophysical measurement technique, to assess the experience of negative side effects in users of immersive virtual environments (VEs). Two different task environments, a maze and an office, were factorially combined with head-tracking on or off to provide multiple levels of side effect inducing conditions. Sixteen subjects participated in a four day experiment. Both head-tracking and task environment showed significant main effects. The experiment showed that magnitude estimation is a sensitive, efficient, and effective measure of negative side effects experienced in users of immersive VEs.

scholarly journals Acceptance and Intake of COVID-19 Vaccines among Older Germans

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Marta Malesza ◽  
Erich Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
Negative Side Effects

The main aim of this study was to investigate the various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and actual intake among older Germans aged over 75 years old (n = 1037). We found that the intention to get vaccinated or intake of the COVID-19 vaccine were positively related to the perceptions of becoming infected, perceptions of the severity of the potential long-term effects, the vaccine’s efficacy, and the benefits of vaccination. Meanwhile, the intention to get the vaccine or vaccine intake were decreased by perceptions of the negative side-effects and the general impediments to vaccination.

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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
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Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
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Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Official Site ◽  
Diet Pills ◽  
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Essential CBD Extract Gummies [Australia] AU Reviews – Hidden Negative Side Effects Or Real Benefits? v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hengstla not provided
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
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scholarly journals A Multi-Objective Approach to Mitigate Negative Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Saisubramanian ◽  
Ece Kamar ◽  
Shlomo Zilberstein
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact

Agents operating in unstructured environments often create negative side effects (NSE) that may not be easy to identify at design time. We examine how various forms of human feedback or autonomous exploration can be used to learn a penalty function associated with NSE during system deployment. We formulate the problem of mitigating the impact of NSE as a multi-objective Markov decision process with lexicographic reward preferences and slack. The slack denotes the maximum deviation from an optimal policy with respect to the agent's primary objective allowed in order to mitigate NSE as a secondary objective. Empirical evaluation of our approach shows that the proposed framework can successfully mitigate NSE and that different feedback mechanisms introduce different biases, which influence the identification of NSE.

Metaphor and (Dis)belief

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Jeanne Gaakeer
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Legal Rule ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Professional Needs ◽  
Belief Perseverance ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

In chapter 7 the importance of insight into how metaphor works in law (“seeing resemblance” according to Ricoeur) is elaborated upon in relation to the legal professional’s development of practical wisdom. The chapter discusses how metaphoric insight is both cognitive and perceptual. It argues that the professional needs to develop his or her legal imagination to be able to perceive similarity in what is initially thought of as dissimilarity to bridge the gap between the generality of the legal rule and the particularity of the individual situation in the case at hand. The chapter also connects the topic of metaphor to an understanding the psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance and its negative side-effects such as the confirmation bias and belief perseverance as the obverse phenomena of what Coleridge called poetic faith, i.e. the ability to comprehend contraries and to deal with uncertainties before jumping to conclusions.

Why Municipal Cooperation Matters

2016 ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Teles ◽  
Pekka Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

It is a common phenomenon that municipalities cooperate with each other. Cooperation eventually brings about the gains of efficiency or makes it possible to deliver services. We can however assume that cooperation may also fail, cause unwarranted negative side-effects and diminish the democratic capacity of the participating municipalities. The aim of this paper is to present the literature and available scholarship on the topic, and discuss the research agenda on inter-municipal cooperation, especially through the analysis of its scope, motivations, and perceived costs and benefits. The approach to the problem will be based in multidisciplinary contributions of existing research, which involves theoretical arguments related to the advantages of cooperation, the impact on democracy and accountability, as well as the discussion of public vs private provision of services. The conclusions should enable a serious reflection about Inter-Municipal Cooperation state of the art.

Therapeutic issues

2019 ◽  
pp. 993-1040
Author(s):  
David Semple ◽  
Roger Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
In Pregnancy

This chapter covers therapeutic issues in psychiatry, from medication adherence, off-label prescribing and associated legal considerations, negative side effects such as weight gain and sexual dysfunction in different forms of psychiatric medicines, potential interactions or contraindications for prescribing, and specific side effects. Special prescribing cases, such as psychiatric medicine in pregnancy and breastfeeding patients or those with heart, liver, or kidney disease, are explained.

scholarly journals World Agricultural Markets: Implications for U.S. Food and Agricultural Policy

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
T. Kelley White
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Food And Agricultural Policy ◽  
The U.S

In the absence of agricultural policy, the behavior of the agricultural sector is dictated by market forces. Any agricultural policy, other than one of “hands off—let the market forces rule,” is dependent upon programmatic tools which in one way or another attempt to interfere or modify behavior of the sector. If it is government's objective to design and implement a set of programs which will distort market behavior so as to achieve policy goals with minimum negative side effects, it is essential that policymakers understand the kind of market environment within which the U.S. farm sector exists and how this market is likely to behave, given alternative interferences.

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