Symptoms as Black Boxes: Time to Look Inside the Box

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262198972
Author(s):  
Carolyn E. Wilshire ◽  
Tony Ward ◽  
Samuel Clack
Keyword(s):  
Black Box ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Core Questions

In our original article (this issue, p. ♦♦♦), we argued that focusing research on individual symptoms of psychopathology might provide valuable information about their underlying nature and result in better classification systems, explanations, and treatment. To this end, we formulated five core questions that were intended to guide subsequent research and symptom conceptualizations in the psychopathology domain. In this article, we respond to two commentaries on our article. We conclude that it is time to open the black box of symptoms and to take seriously their status as complex constructs.

Rough Tolerance Equality and Tolerance Black Boxes

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Juhani Nieminen
Keyword(s):  
Black Box ◽  
Black Boxes

The rough equality concept of Z. Pawlak is modified and the rough top and the rough bottom tolerance equalities are given and characterized. The same tolerance idea is applied also to black box notion introduced by Novotný and Pawlak; the concept thus obtained is called tolerance black box. Tolerance black boxes are characterized and their properties are described.

scholarly journals Artificial Cognition: How Experimental Psychology Can Help Generate Explainable Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric T. Taylor ◽  
Graham Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence powered by deep neural networks has reached a levelof complexity where it can be difficult or impossible to express how a modelmakes its decisions. This black-box problem is especially concerning when themodel makes decisions with consequences for human well-being. In response,an emerging field called explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to increasethe interpretability, fairness, and transparency of machine learning. In thispaper, we describe how cognitive psychologists can make contributions to XAI.The human mind is also a black box, and cognitive psychologists have overone hundred and fifty years of experience modeling it through experimentation.We ought to translate the methods and rigour of cognitive psychology to thestudy of artificial black boxes in the service of explainability. We provide areview of XAI for psychologists, arguing that current methods possess a blindspot that can be complemented by the experimental cognitive tradition. Wealso provide a framework for research in XAI, highlight exemplary cases ofexperimentation within XAI inspired by psychological science, and provide atutorial on experimenting with machines. We end by noting the advantages ofan experimental approach and invite other psychologists to conduct research inthis exciting new field.

Validating Drug Court Collaboration Instrument: Differences in Model Adherence Between Adult and Juvenile Drug Courts

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1990-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohan Mei ◽  
Jacqueline G. van Wormer ◽  
Ruibin Lu ◽  
Mia J. Abboud ◽  
Faith E. Lutze
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Court ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Drug Courts ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Guiding Principles ◽  
Better Than

Drug courts aim to significantly address drug abuse and drug-related criminality. However, the effectiveness of drug courts varies from court to court. The variation of success demands insights regarding what is going on inside the “black box” of drug court practices. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate to what extent drug courts are operated in adherence with guiding principles and strategies. Using a national sample and validated measures, the current article examines the “black boxes” of adult and juvenile drug courts across the country. We found that, in general, adult drug courts face less model adherence challenges in comparison with juvenile courts, which may, in part, explain why adult drug courts perform better than juvenile drug courts overall.

scholarly journals “CAIXAS PRETAS”: AS CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA TEORIA DAVILIANA PARA A SEMIÓTICA DE GREIMAS “BLACK BOXES”: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DAVILIAN THEORY FOR THE GREIMAS’S SEMIOTICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdenido Dos SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
De Se

 RESUMO: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a obra “Semiótica Sincrética Aplicada. Novas Tendências (2007) de Nícia Ribas D’Ávila no sentido de se verificar se sua proposta, de fato, preenche uma pressuposta “caixa preta” deixada por Algirdas Julien Greimas em sua semiótica. Quanto à metodologia, partiu-se de pesquisas preliminares de ordem descritiva de iniciação científica assumindo um caráter teórico (2014), desde as leituras que dizem respeito à metodologia de pesquisa (GIL, 2002) às leituras mais específicas quanto à teoria em questão, com um relato detalhado das atividades que se estenderão até 2018. Com a participação de alunos da graduação e pós-graduação de um grupo de pesquisas em Ensino e Aprendizado de Línguas e Leituras Semióticas, os resultados parciais, uma vez que esta é uma parte de uma pesquisa maior, indicam que D’Ávila tem contribuído de forma decisiva para se não o desvelamento, a ampliação do legado deixado por Greimas no tocante à figuralidade que precede a figuratividade vastamente explorada e aplicada por vários semioticistas greimasianos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Semiótica, Greimas, “Caixas Pretas”, Figuratividade Visual. ABSTRACT: This work presents a study on the work “Semiótica Sincrética Aplicada. Novas Tendências (2007)" by Nícia Ribas D'Ávila in order to verify if her proposal, in fact, fills a supposed "black box" left by Algirdas Julien Greimas in his semiotics. As for the methodology, it was based on preliminary researches of descriptive order of scientific initiation assuming a theoretical character (2014), from the readings that refer to the research methodology (GIL, 2002) to the more specific readings regarding the theory in question, with a detailed account of the activities that will extend until 2018. With the participation of undergraduate and graduate students of a research group in Teaching and Learning of Languages and Semiotic Readings, the partial results, since this is a part of a bigger research, indicates that D'Ávila has contributed decisively if not to the unveiling, but at least for the enlargement of the legacy left by Greimas in the figurality mode that precedes the figurativity mode vastly exploited and applied by several greimasian semioticists.KEY-WORDS: Semiotics, Greimas, “Black Boxes”, Visual Figurativity.

scholarly journals Analysis of Explainers of Black Box Deep Neural Networks for Computer Vision: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-989
Author(s):  
Vanessa Buhrmester ◽  
David Münch ◽  
Michael Arens
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Nonlinear Structure ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Insight Into

Deep Learning is a state-of-the-art technique to make inference on extensive or complex data. As a black box model due to their multilayer nonlinear structure, Deep Neural Networks are often criticized as being non-transparent and their predictions not traceable by humans. Furthermore, the models learn from artificially generated datasets, which often do not reflect reality. By basing decision-making algorithms on Deep Neural Networks, prejudice and unfairness may be promoted unknowingly due to a lack of transparency. Hence, several so-called explanators, or explainers, have been developed. Explainers try to give insight into the inner structure of machine learning black boxes by analyzing the connection between the input and output. In this survey, we present the mechanisms and properties of explaining systems for Deep Neural Networks for Computer Vision tasks. We give a comprehensive overview about the taxonomy of related studies and compare several survey papers that deal with explainability in general. We work out the drawbacks and gaps and summarize further research ideas.

Black Boxes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Psychology And Economics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Productive Role

Textbooks and other popular venues commonly present science as a progressive “brick-by-brick” accumulation of knowledge and facts. Despite its hallowed history and familiar ring, this depiction is nowadays rejected by most specialists. Then why are books and articles, written by these same experts, actively promoting such a distorted characterization? The short answer is that no better alternative is available. There currently are two competing models of the scientific enterprise: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old metaphor of the “wall” of knowledge. This book explores an original conception of the nature and advancement of science. The proposed shift brings attention to a prominent, albeit often neglected, construct—the black box—which underlies a well-oiled technique for incorporating a productive role of ignorance and failure into the acquisition of empirical knowledge. What is a black box? How does it work? How is it constructed? How does one determine what to include and what to leave out? What role do boxes play in contemporary scientific practice? By detailing some fascinating episodes in the history of biology, psychology, and economics, Nathan revisits foundational questions about causation, explanation, emergence, and progress, showing how the insights of both reductionism and antireductionism can be reconciled into a fresh and exciting approach to science.

Lessons from the History of Science

Black Boxes ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 49-81
Author(s):  
Marco J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

This chapter provides four historical illustrations of black boxes. The first two originate from two intellectual giants in the field of biology. Darwin acknowledged the existence and significance of the mechanisms of inheritance. But he had no adequate proposal to offer. How could his explanations work so well, given that a crucial piece of the puzzle was missing? A similar shadow is cast on the work of Mendel and his early-twentieth-century followers, the so-called classical geneticists, who posited genes having little to no evidence of the nature, structure, or even the physical reality of these theoretical constructs. Another illustration is found in the elimination of mental states from the stimulus-response models advanced by psychological behaviorism. A final example comes from neoclassical economics, whose “as if” approach presupposes that the brain can be treated as a black box, essentially setting neuropsychological realism aside. The history of science, the chapter concludes, is essentially a history of black boxes.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROGRAM STUDI UNIVERSITAS DHYANA PURA MENGGUNAKAN METODE TCSD

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Trisna Padmawati ◽  
Gerson Feoh ◽  
Putu Wida Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Management System ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Content Management ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Content Management System ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
System Task ◽  
System Program

ABSTRACT<br /><br />Dhyana Pura University is one of the Universities in Bali, which has 2 faculties and<br />consists of 14 courses. At Dhyana University Pura already has a website that is used to provide<br />information to students and the general public. However, in every study program Dhyana Pura<br />University does not have standardization of Content Management System for study program<br />information system. One of the steps that can be taken is to design the content management system<br />of study program to standardize every website of study program of Dhyana Pura University.<br />Task Centered System Design method is a method in Human Computer Interaction <br />(<br />HCI<br />)<br />that is used to identify user needs and task needs. Where identification results are used as the basis<br />of interface improvements supported by direct observation.<br />Testing this system using Black Box method and it can be concluded that the content<br />management system was successfully designed and implemented. So from the test results, the<br />purpose of making this system has been achieved where the user task needs have been in<br />accordance with the task and user type on the content management system of the study program of<br />Dhyana Pura University.<br />Keywords: Dhyana Pura University, Content Management System, Task Centered System Design,<br />Black Boxes.<br />ABSTRAK<br />Universitas Dhyana Pura adalah salah satu Universitas di Bali, yang mempunyai 2 fakultas<br />dan terdiri dari 14 program studi. Di Universitas Dhyana Pura sudah mempunyai website yang<br />digunakan untuk memberikan informasi kepada mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum. Akan tetapi di<br />setiap program studi Universitas Dhyana Pura belum memiliki standardisasi Content Management<br />System untuk system informasi program studi. Salah satu langkah yang bisa ditempuh adalah<br />dengan merancang content management system program studi untuk menstandardisasikan setiap<br />website program studi Universitas Dhyana Pura.<br />Metode Task Centered System Design adalah sebuah metode dalam Human Computer<br />Interaction <br />(<br />HCI<br />)<br /> yang digunakan untuk menegidentifikasikan kebutuhan user dan kebutuhan<br />task. Dimana hasil identifikasi digunakan sebagai dasar perbaikan interface yang didukung<br />dengan observasi langsung.<br />Pengujian system ini menggunakan metode Black Box dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa<br />content management system ini berhasil dirancang dan diimplementasikan. Sehingga dari hasil<br />pengujian, tujuan dari pembuatan system ini telah tercapai dimana kebutuhan task pengguna telah<br />sesuai dengan task dan tipe pengguna pada content management system program studi Universitas<br />Dhyana Pura.<br />Kata kunci : Universitas Dhyana Pura, Content Managemen System, Task Centered System<br />Design, Black box

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI APLIKASI PENGELOLAAN SURAT MASUK DAN KELUAR BERBASIS WEB DI PRODI SISTEM INFORMASI

JURTEKSI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Dian Nurdiana
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Management Application ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Waterfall Model ◽  
Academic Services

Abstract: The Information Systems Study Program is one of the study programs at the Open University. The duties and responsibilities of the study program are managing academic and non-academic services. Management of incoming and outgoing mail is one of the tasks that must be carried out so that the service process is maximized. But the management is still manually so that problems occur such as difficulty in finding incoming or outgoing mail because it is still stored in folders, can only be accessed by one person because it is still stored on a computer and it is difficult to classify incoming mail. Therefore there must be a web-based incoming and outgoing mail management application. The purpose of this research is to implement a web-based incoming and outgoing mail application in the Information Systems Study Program. The model used for its development uses the waterfall model, while the testing model uses a black box. The results of this study are knowing the usability of implementing incoming and outgoing letters in the Information Systems Study Program.                  Keywords: Black Boxes; Outgoing Letters; Incoming Letters; Waterfalls; Web Applications.  Abstrak: Program Studi Sistem Informasi merupakan salah satu program studi yang ada di Universitas Terbuka. Tugas dan tanggung jawab program studi adalah mengelola layanan akademik maupun non akademik. Pengelolaan surat masuk dan surat keluar merupakan salah satu tugas yang harus dijalankan agar proses layanan menjadi maksimal. Namun pengelolaannya masih secara manual sehingga terjadi permasalahan seperti sulitnya mencari surat yang masuk atau surat yang keluar karena masih di simpan dalam folder-folder, hanya bisa di akses oleh satu orang karena masih disimpan dalam sebuah komputer dan sulit mengklasifikasikan surat yang masuk. Oleh sebab itu harus ada sebuah aplikasi pengelolaan surat masuk dan surat keluar berbasis web. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengimplementasikan aplikasi surat masuk dan surat keluar berbasis web di Program Studi Sistem Informasi. Model yang digunakan untuk pengembangannya menggunakan model watelfall, sedangkan model pengujiannya menggunakan black box. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui usability dari implementasi surat masuk dan surat keluar di Program Studi Sistem Informasi Kata kunci: Aplikasi Web; Black Box; Surat Keluar; Surat Masuk; Waterfall.

scholarly journals Entre Sonido y Sentido. Acusmática y Blackboxing.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Oihane Iraguen Zabala
Keyword(s):  
Visual Representation ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Sound Image ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Personal Research

This personal research understands the concept of acousmatic as a contemporary praxis in sound art. This ancient Pythagorean practice, -utilized to a strange sound, - shares the essence of nowadays virtuality. As devices’ screens for example share features and processes with the old Pythagorean curtain. Although acousmatic practice avoids any visual representation, and hides the internal functioning of communication, behaving like a black box. External stimuli directly affect it, triggering sound-image feelings and emotions that are (un)known to us. Rather than investigating the response triggered by these inputs, the research aims to analyse the internal resonances of these black boxes. The more complex machines become, the simpler our relations to them are. The devices and formats used in sound-intermedia practice act as “black boxes”, but this apparent “blackboxing” caused by the use of the technological in the codes of the sensible performs as a catalyst for the apprehension of sound and its esthesic exploration.

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