scholarly journals Clinical and Radiographic Differentiation of Pediatric Patellar Sleeve Fractures and Other Inferior Pole Pathologies (165)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0028
Author(s):  
Sai Devana ◽  
Andromahi Trivellas ◽  
Abbie Bennett ◽  
Nicholas Jackson ◽  
Jennifer Beck
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Size ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Skeletally Immature ◽  
Inferior Pole ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Radiographic Features ◽  
Knee Effusion ◽  
Straight Leg Raise ◽  
Fragment Displacement

Objectives: Inferior pole patellar sleeve fractures (PSF) are rare injuries that occur in skeletally immature patients with sparse literature on the diagnosis, management, and outcomes of this injury. Diagnosis of PSF can be difficult based on radiographs alone, as only a small bony fragment is often seen. Consequently, PSFs may be missed or falsely diagnosed as an inferior pole fracture (IPF) or Sinding-Larson-Johansson syndrome (SLJS) possibly leading to improper treatment and poor outcomes (Figure 1). The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare clinical and radiographic features of patients with PSF, IPF and SLJS to help improve diagnostic accuracy. Methods: This was a retrospective review of skeletally immature patients diagnosed with inferior pole patellar pathology between 2011-2019 at a single urban academic center. Patients were identified using both International Classification of Diseases 9th and 10th edition (ICD-9 and ICD-10) codes and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Data from medical records (demographics, injury mechanism and physical exam) and lateral knee radiographs (fragment size, fragment displacement, number of fragments, Insall-Salvati, Caton-Deschamps, pre-patellar effusion, intra-articular effusion) was collected. ANOVA, Student’s t-test and Fisher’s exact test were used for comparisons between the three groups. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. This study was approved by our institutional review board. Results: A total of 125 patients were included: 82% male, average age 10.7 years (SD 2), 16 PSF, 51 IPF, 58 SLJS patients. There were no significant differences in patient demographics between the three groups (Table 1). Only 24% of SLJS patients presented with acute trauma compared to 100% of the PSF and IPF patients. Fewer PSF patients had an intact straight leg raise (37.5%) compared to IPF (94.1%) and SLJS (98.3%) (p<0.001). SLJS patients were less likely to present with knee swelling (41.4%) compared to PSF (93.8%) and IPF (94.1%) (p<0.001) . Knee effusion was more frequently seen in PSF (81.2%) compared to IPF (37.3%) and SLJS (3.4%) (p<0.001). More patients with SLJS were able to bear weight (87.9%) compared to IPF (11.8%) and PSF (0%) (p<0.001) (Table 2). Radiographically, compared to those with IFP and SLJS, patients with PSFs had increased mean prepatellar swelling (6.1 and 6.5 versus 12.9mm, p<0.001), intra-articular effusion (6.1 and 4.9 versus 9.2mm, p<0.001), maximum fragment size (26 and 17.7 versus 45.3mm, p<0.001) and maximum fragment displacement (1.24 and 1.45 versus 13.30mm, p<0.003) respectively. Compared to SLJS, PSF and IPF patients had higher patella alta with mean Insall-Salvati ratios > 1.2 (Table 3). Conclusions: Differences in clinical features such as straight leg raise, knee swelling, knee effusion, ability to bear weight and radiographic features such as prepatellar swelling, intra-articular effusion, fragment displacement/size/shape/location can all be helpful in improving the accuracy of diagnosing inferior pole injuries in pediatric patients.

Use of SAMe-TT₂R₂ Score to Predict the Quality of Anticoagulation Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Warfarin in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 548-552
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Therapeutic Range ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Time In Therapeutic Range ◽  
Anticoagulation Control

Objective: To predict the quality of anticoagulation control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving warfarin in Thailand. Materials and Methods: The present study retrospectively recruited Thai AF patients receiving warfarin for three months or longer between June 2012 and December 2017 in Central Chest Institute of Thailand. The patients were classified into those with SAMe-TT₂R₂ of 2 or less, and 3 or more. The Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the proportion of the patients with poor time in therapeutic range (TTR) between the two groups of SAMe-TT₂R₂ score. The discrimination performance of SAMe-TT₂R₂ score was demonstrated with c-statistics. Results: Ninety AF patients were enrolled. An average age was 69.89±10.04 years. Most patients were persistent AF. An average CHA₂DS₂-VASc, SAMe-TT₂R₂, and HAS-BLED score were 3.68±1.51, 3.26±0.88, and 1.98±0.85, respectively. The present study showed the increased proportion of AF patients with poor TTR with higher SAMe-TT₂R₂ score. The AF patients with SAMe-TT₂R₂ score of 3 or more had a larger proportion of patients with poor TTR than those with SAMe-TT₂R₂ score of 2 or less with statistical significance when TTR was below 70% (p=0.03) and 65% (p=0.04), respectively. The discrimination performance of SAMe-TT₂R₂ score was demonstrated with c-statistics of 0.60, 0.59, and 0.55 when TTR was below 70%, 65% and 60%, respectively. Conclusion: Thai AF patients receiving warfarin had a larger proportion of patients with poor TTR when the SAMe-TT₂R₂ score was higher. The score of 3 or more could predict poor quality of anticoagulation control in those patients. Keywords: Time in therapeutic range, Poor quality of anticoagulation control, Warfarin, SAMe-TT₂R₂, Labile INR

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and gonorrhoea treatment in the Republic of Belarus, Eastern Europe, 2009–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliaksandra Aniskevich ◽  
Iryna Shimanskaya ◽  
Iryna Boiko ◽  
Tatyana Golubovskaya ◽  
Daniel Golparian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
First Line ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
The Republic

Abstract Background Limited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae are available in Eastern Europe. We investigated AMR in N. gonorrhoeae isolates in the Republic of Belarus from 2009 to 2019, antimicrobial treatment recommended nationally, and treatment given to patients with gonorrhoea. Methods N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 522) cultured in three regions of Belarus in 2009–2019 were examined. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antimicrobials was performed using Etest. Resistance breakpoints from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing were applied where available. A Nitrocefin test identified β-lactamase production. Gonorrhoea treatment for 1652 patients was also analysed. Statistical significance was determined by the Z-test, Fisher’s exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test with p-values of < 0.05 indicating significance. Results In total, 27.8% of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 24.7% to ciprofloxacin, 7.0% to benzylpenicillin, 2.7% to cefixime, and 0.8% to azithromycin. No isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, or gentamicin. However, 14 (2.7%) isolates had a ceftriaxone MIC of 0.125 mg/L, exactly at the resistance breakpoint (MIC > 0.125 mg/L). Only one (0.2%) isolate, from 2013, produced β-lactamase. From 2009 to 2019, the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline were relatively high and stable. Resistance to cefixime was not identified before 2013 but peaked at 22.2% in 2017. Only sporadic isolates with resistance to azithromycin were found in 2009 (n = 1), 2012 (n = 1), and 2018–2019 (n = 2). Overall, 862 (52.2%) patients received first-line treatment according to national guidelines (ceftriaxone 1 g). However, 154 (9.3%) patients received a nationally recommended alternative treatment (cefixime 400 mg or ofloxacin 400 mg), and 636 (38.5%) were given non-recommended treatment. Conclusions The gonococcal resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was high, however, the resistance to azithromycin was low and no resistance to ceftriaxone was identified. Ceftriaxone 1 g can continuously be recommended as empiric first-line gonorrhoea therapy in Belarus. Fluoroquinolones should not be prescribed for treatment if susceptibility has not been confirmed by testing. Timely updating and high compliance with national evidence-based gonorrhoea treatment guidelines based on quality-assured AMR data are imperative. The need for continued, improved and enhanced surveillance of gonococcal AMR in Belarus is evident.

Do longitudinal orthodontic trials use appropriate statistical analyses? A meta-epidemiological study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Mheissen ◽  
Haris Khan ◽  
Mohammed Almuzian ◽  
Emad Eddin Alzoubi ◽  
Nikolaos Pandis
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Optimal Analysis ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measure Analysis

Summary Background In orthodontic trials, longitudinal designs with multiple outcome measurements over time are common. The aim of this epidemiological study was to examine whether optimal statistical analysis approaches have been used in longitudinal orthodontic trials. Methods Pubmed was searched in August 2021 for longitudinal orthodontic trials with at least three time points of outcome assessment published in the 2017–20 period. Study selection and data extraction were done independently and in duplicate. The analysis approaches undertaken were tabulated and associations between study characteristics and the use of optimal analysis or not were assessed using Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression. Results One hundred forty-seven out of 563 unique records were deemed eligible for inclusion. Only 26.50% of these trials used an optimal statistical analysis for longitudinal data where the data structure is accounted for. None of the study characteristics except the statistical significance of the results were associated with the appropriateness of the statistical analysis. The odds of significant results in studies with suboptimal analyses were higher than that in studies with optimal longitudinal analyses (odds ratio: 3.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.62, 7.46, P = 0.001). For the studies with optimal analysis, the most frequent test was repeated-measure analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). The reporting of the statistical analysis section was suboptimal in the majority of the trials. Conclusion Most longitudinal orthodontic trials are not analysed using optimal statistical approaches. Inferences and interpretation of their results are likely to be compromised.

scholarly journals Which Factors Increase the Risk of Re-Operation after Meniscus Surgery in the Skeletally Immature?

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0006
Author(s):  
Neeraj M. Patel ◽  
Surya Mundluru ◽  
Nicholas Beck ◽  
Theodore J. Ganley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Skeletally Immature ◽  
Initial Surgery ◽  
Repeat Operation ◽  
Operation Rate ◽  
Meniscus Surgery

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine which factors heighten the risk for subsequent operations in skeletally immature patients undergoing meniscus surgery. Methods: A retrospective institutional database of 1,063 meniscus surgeries performed between 2000 and 2015 was reviewed. All procedures were performed in skeletally immature patients. Demographic and intra-operative information was recorded, as were concurrent injuries or operations and subsequent surgeries. Univariate analysis consisted of chi-square and independent-samples t-tests. Multivariate logistic regression was then performed to control for confounding factors. Results: The mean age at initial surgery was 13.4 years (standard deviation, SD, 2.2 years) and the average follow-up duration was 47 months (SD 54 months). Overall, 314 patients (29.5%) required repeat surgical intervention. 36% of all females required subsequent surgery compared to 26% of males (p<0.01). Discoid menisci underwent repeat operation more frequently than non-discoid menisci (35% vs. 27%, p=0.01). After accounting for confounders in a multivariate model, females had 2.2 times the odds of repeat surgery than males (95% CI 1.4-3.3, p<0.01) and each year of increasing age resulted in 1.3 times higher odds (95% CI 1.1 -1.4, p<0.01). The odds of subsequent surgeries were 4.2 times higher in those with flap tears (95% CI 1.8-9.7, p<0.01) and 2.9 times higher for discoid menisci (95% CI 1.4-6.0, p<0.01). Concomitant anterior cruciate ligament rupture or tibial spine fracture decreased the risk of needing additional surgeries in univariate analysis, but lost statistical significance in the multivariate model. Conclusion: Even when accounting for other factors in a multivariate model, female sex, increasing age, flap tears, and discoid meniscus were risk factors for subsequent procedures after meniscus surgery in skeletally immature patients. The re-operation rate in this population may be higher than previously reported. This study describes, for the first time, risk factors for repeat operations in skeletally immature patients undergoing meniscus surgery. These results can be used to counsel and monitor patients accordingly.

Clinical manifestations in patients with acute and transient psychosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S363-S364
Author(s):  
Á. López Díaz ◽  
A. Soler Iborte ◽  
S. Galiano Rus ◽  
J.L. Fernández González ◽  
J.I. Aznarte López
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThe term, acute and transient psychosis, is comprehended as a heterogeneous group of disorders, which share, as a common feature, the abrupt and brief deployment of typical psychotic behaviour, either polymorph, delusional, or schizophreniform. This diversity of symptoms may also be present in other psychotic disorders, for which, some authors question its reliability.ObjetiveTo analyse the clinical manifestations present in acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), and determine the differences between its different subcategories.MethodRetrospective chart review study of adult patients admitted in our psychiatric unit between 2011 and 2015, with a mean diagnosis of ATPD at hospital discharge. Diagnostic criteria was according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Symptoms were divided under operative procedures, as set out in psychopatologic descriptions. For methodological reasons, statistical analysis was conducted between polymorphic features group (PM) and nonpolymorphic group (NPM). Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test (as appropriate) were performed, using MedCalc software.ResultsThirty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with and without symptoms of schizophrenia (39%), acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder (20%), acute predominantly delusional psychotic disorder (23%), other and NOS (18%). There were statistically significant differences between PM and NPM groups in emotional turmoil (>PM, P = 0.0006), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behaviour (>PM, P = 0.0038), and type of onset (sudden >PM, P = 0.0145).ConclusionCurrently, the same concept encompasses two categories (PM and NPM) to be differentiated. The ATPD construct is under review, due its long-term instability.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Effect of Pitch Size on Technical-Tactical Actions of the Goalkeeper in Small-Sided Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Jara ◽  
Enrique Ortega ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Gómez ◽  
Pilar Sainz de Baranda
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Zone Length ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Fisher's Exact Test ◽  
Observational Tool ◽  
Fisher’S Exact Test

Abstract The aim of this paper was to determine how the size of the pitch affected technical and tactical actions of the goalkeeper when playing small-sided games. The participants were 13 male youth players, including 3 goalkeepers. Three different pitch sizes were used (62 x 44 m; 50 x 35 m; 32 x 23 m). On each pitch, the players played three matches of 8 minutes, with 5-minute breaks between matches. Numerous variables were recorded and examined: defensive and offensive technical and tactical actions, opponent’s shooting zone, length and zone of the offensive action, and goal zone where the shoot was directed. An ad hoc observational tool was used. A descriptive analysis was described. The Fisher’s exact test was used when the expected distribution was below 5 or included values below 1%. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The results showed that the technical-tactical actions of the goalkeeper differed among pitch sizes. In defensive actions, when the pitch was larger, the 1-on-1 situations took precedence, whereas when the pitch was smaller, the proportion of blocks increased. In offensive actions, the goalkeepers did not show a wide variety of actions when the pitch was larger, but when the pitch was smaller, passes with a hand or foot increased. These results show that the size should be taken into account when planning and designing tasks.

scholarly journals A Reappraisal of Rhythmic Coma Patterns in Children

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh RamachandranNair ◽  
Rohit Sharma ◽  
Shelly K. Weiss ◽  
Hiroshi Otsubo ◽  
Miguel A. Cortez
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Favourable Outcome ◽  
Category Scale ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Performance Category ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT:Objective:This study was designed to determine the prevalence of rhythmic coma patterns in comatose children and to ascertain the prognostic significance of reactive rhythmic coma patterns.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed and classified electroencephalogram (EEGs) in comatose children between two months and 18 years of age during the period 1996 - 2003 according to modified Young's classification. Outcome at one-year was scored according to the Paediatric Cerebral and Overall Performance Category Scale. Outcomes were compared using Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test.Results:Analysis of 63 electroencephalogram (EEG) records in 38 patients showed rhythmic patterns in 19 records (30.2%; 9 alpha, 4 spindle, 4 theta and 2 beta coma patterns, total number of children = 14). Aetiology and outcome of alpha coma patterns and other rhythmic coma patterns were similar. In five children, one type of rhythmic pattern changed to another. Records with reactive rhythmic coma 66.7% (6/9), were associated with favourable outcome. Sixty percent of the records (6/10 records in seven children) with non-reactive pattern were associated with unfavourable outcome. This clinically significant difference did not reach statistical significance (lower Paediatric Cerebral and Overall Performance Category Scale score p= 0.14; favourable outcome p=0.19).Conclusion:Rhythmic coma patterns in comatose children are not uncommon. Aetiology, reactivity and outcome of individual patterns are similar and thus make the rhythmic coma patterns distinct EEG signatures in comatose children. There was a clinically significant better outcome with reactive rhythmic coma patterns.

Factors Affecting the Clinical Outcomes of Surgically Treated Ankle Fractures Associated with the Posterior Malleolar Fragment

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Kuyumcu ◽  
Emre Bilgin ◽  
Hasan Bombacı
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Ankle Osteoarthritis ◽  
Posterior Malleolus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Functional Scores ◽  
The Mean

Background This study was performed to determine the factors that influence the clinical outcomes of surgically treated ankle fractures associated with the posterior malleolus (PM). Methods We evaluated 42 fractures of 42 patients. Posterior malleolus fracture size was calculated using computed tomography. Posterior malleolar fractures with a size less than 10% were left nonfixated. The decision for larger fragments was performed using fluoroscopy following the fixation of other components. If the joint was found to be congruent, the PM was left nonfixated. Otherwise, the PM was reduced and fixated. Clinical outcomes were evaluated based on Weber, Freiburg, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scores. Ankle osteoarthritis was determined according to the Canadian Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society classification. The effect of PM fixation, age, PM fragment size, waiting period before surgery, presence of ankle dislocation, and number of injured malleoli on clinical outcomes were assessed. Statistical significance was set at a value of P &lt; .05. Results The mean patients age was 48.5 ± 14.9 years (range, 20–84 years) and the mean follow-up was 23.7 ± 8.6 months (range, 12–56 months). Fixation of the PM was performed solely in 12 patients. Postoperative displacement of the PM and articular step were less than 2 mm in all fractures. Statistically significant worse outcomes were demonstrated based on functional scores in the patients with a PM size greater than or equal to 25% (P = .042, P = .038, and P = .048, respectively) and in patients aged 60 years or older (P = .005, P = .007, and P = .018, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between functional scores and the other factors. Ankle osteoarthritis was observed at a higher rate in patients with PM size greater than or equal to 25% and in patients aged 60 years or older. Conclusions Clinical outcomes of the patients are mainly influenced by the patient's age and PM fragment size. However, if the tibiotalar joint is congruent, comparable results can be obtained in PM fixated or nonfixated patients.

Association between 10 Microsatellite Markers and Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip Palate in the Chilean Population

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Blanco ◽  
José Suazo ◽  
JoséLuis Santos ◽  
Mónica Paredes ◽  
Hsiao Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Case Control ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Cleft Lip Palate ◽  
Chilean Population

Objective The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate the possible association between nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCLP) and 10 genetic markers in four chromosomal regions in the admixed Spanish-Amerindian Chilean population. Setting Study participants included 56 patients with NSCLP identified and interviewed for positive family history during the course of clinical examinations at different rehabilitation centers in the cities of Santiago and Talca, Chile. A control group of 59 normal individuals without known familial antecedents of clefting was obtained from blood bank donors of the University Hospital, University of Chile. Cases and controls belonged to low- to low-middle socioeconomic strata. Results Ten markers from chromosome 4p, 4q, 6p, 17q, and 19q were assessed (MSX1, D4S175, D4S192, F13A1, EDN1, D6S89, D6S105, D6S109, D17S579, BCL3). Four of them showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in controls, according to the exact test (D4S192, BCL3, F13A1, and D6S89). The case-control comparison by means of the CLUMP program showed significant differences only in BCL3, and D6S109 almost reached statistical significance. Conclusions Most of the genetic regions with positive results in Caucasian populations may not be involved in NSCLP in Chile, regardless of the positive evidence for the candidate region on chromosome 19. Similar findings have been reported recently in the Chinese population.

scholarly journals Clinical and surgical risk factors for consecutive exotropia

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Bryselbout ◽  
Veronique Promelle ◽  
Florent Pracca ◽  
Solange Milazzo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ocular Motility ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Surgical Risk ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Consecutive Exotropia ◽  
Angle Of Deviation

Introduction: Consecutive exotropia is one of the complications of esotropia surgery. Its prevalence is estimated at 4%–27%. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for consecutive exotropia in the aftermath of surgical treatment of esotropia. Methods: Seventy-four patients examined in our strabismus consultation for a consecutive exotropia from January 2010 to June 2016 were retrospectively included. The age of onset of esotropia, the presence of amblyopia, the age of esotropia surgery and chosen procedure, the refractive errors, the anomalies of ocular motility, the age of onset of the consecutive exotropia and its angle of deviation were reported. Statistical analyses were performed with Student’s test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Esotropia occurred in 65% of cases before the age of 1 year, was associated with amblyopia in 51%, hyperopia in 55% or anisometropia in 31%. Surgery was performed before the age of 6 years for 55% of the patients and involved for 52% the both medial recti. The angle of deviation of consecutive exotropia was ≤20 prism dioptres (PD) in 39%, 21-40 PD in 39% and ≥ 40 PD in 22%, related to amblyopia (p = 0.028), and to high hypermetropia (p = 0.05). Discussion: Amblyopia and hyperopia were the most important risk factors of consecutive exotropia in our series. Early onset esotropia, stereopsis abnormalities, anisometropia, oblique dysfunction, convergence insufficiency appeared but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Amblyopia is a major risk factor that should be taken into consideration during surgery of an esotropia.

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