scholarly journals Towards Victim-oriented Police? Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and Their Implications for Victim-oriented Police Reform

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Paterson ◽  
Andrew Williams
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Common Understanding

The global policy drift towards community policing and an enhanced philosophical and practical orientation towards victims of crime has been slow but incrementally successful in some jurisdictions. This article uses a comparative approach to review the different conceptual and theoretical assumptions that underpin thinking about policing to tentatively identify the factors that support victim-oriented police reform. The article draws on evidence from India and Argentina plus England and Wales to assess how different policing models have translated victim-oriented language into practice. It is notable that while police forces across the globe often share a common understanding of police functions, there is less agreement when referring to how to engage with citizens and balancing the broader panoply of policing priorities. Conceptual understandings of policing often contain unarticulated assumptions about how policing should be done, and this partly explains why placing citizenship and victims at the core in rhetorical terms does not always translate into practice. The article concludes with a call for a concerted effort to articulate a clear philosophical and conceptual understanding of victim-oriented policing as an enabler of police reform.

scholarly journals What Future for Policing? Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and Their Implications for Police Reform in England and Wales

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Williams ◽  
Craig Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Security Models ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

Policing develops in different ways at different times and to differing demands in states around the world. Thus, policing and security models are established and evolve in the context of the host society. In England and Wales, modern bureaucratic policing emerged from a locally focused and administered system. Following on from this, contemporary Anglo-American policing aligns, to varying degrees, with the political, socio-cultural, legal and ideological aspects of contemporary liberal democratic society with its emphasis on democratic localism and decentralised accountability. Policing is also a field where Anglo-American and other western states provide support to transitional states with often different developmental paths. The transitional states seek, or have imposed on them (depending upon your perspective), western democratic models of policing and the policies, programmes, institutions and tactics associated with these models. This paper reviews the conceptual and theoretical assumptions that underpin thinking about policing and asks whether there is a sufficiently common philosophical and conceptual understanding of policing across nation states to support the development of policing rather than just a common understanding of police functions. This is profoundly important when considering different conceptual understandings of policing and how that is applied in support of the reform of policing in transitional states. The paper calls for a concerted effort to conceptualise a philosophical understanding of policing and its relationship to social development.

Social Development and Police Reform: Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and the Implications for Reform in the UK and USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Williams ◽  
Craig Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Common Understanding

Abstract The increase in calls for police reform following the death of George Floyd has led to renewed debate about social inequality and the role of policing in society. Modern bureaucratic police systems emerged from locally administered structures and Anglo-American policing models continue to be aligned, to varying degrees, with the political, socio-cultural, legal, and ideological aspects of contemporary liberal democratic society with its emphasis on democratic localism and decentralised accountability. However, at a time when society is reimagining itself and technology, government, and nations are radically re-shaping themselves, a critical question is whether there is a sufficiently common philosophical and conceptual understanding of policing to support its development rather than just a common understanding of police functions. This is profoundly important when considering the current calls for reform of policing in the USA and other western democratic states. The article argues that there is an urgent need to reconsider how we conceptualize policing and its relationship with social development.

The PSNI and ‘Community Policing’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Hearty
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Memory Politics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Irish Republicanism ◽  
Reform Processes ◽  
The Impact

This chapter critically evaluates how the interaction between memory politics and police reform processes shapes current views of community policing within Irish republican communities. Establishing the overarching context of post-conflict police reform within which opposing narratives on community policing are pieced together, the chapter critiques the impact that changes in police symbolism, police composition and the nature of the core policing function fulfilled by the PSNI has had on views of policing within working class republican communities. It examines how the Patten programme of police reform has interacted with individual and collective memory to fashion opposing narratives on community policing. The chapter suggests that there are currently two competing master narratives on community policing that prevail within modern Irish republicanism; the ‘critical engagement’ narrative proffered by those in favour of policing that uses the memory of past ‘suspect community’ policing by the RUC to frame itself with assertions of newness, change and of the primary policing function now being to provide a policing service to local communities and the ‘cosmetic reform’ narrative espoused by those who continue to reject post-Patten policing in Northern Ireland that uses memory in a more ideologised manner in order to dismiss police reform as an attempt to normalise ‘British’ policing in Ireland.

scholarly journals ‘The Hero Stuff’ and the ‘Softer Side of Things’:  Exploring Masculinities in Gendered Police Reform in  Timor-Leste

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Marianne Bevan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Gender Policies ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Capacity Building Programme

<p>This thesis investigates how New Zealand and East Timorese police officers involved in United Nations’ police reform understand and conceptualise masculinities. It explores how these conceptualisations compare to how masculinities are defined and outlined in United Nations’ gender policies. The United Nations have increasingly attempted to address gender in their policing work; however, within these policies, gender has continued to be equated with women and women’s issues while men’s gender identities remain invisible. My research contributes to emerging discussions about how an understanding of masculinities could be better incorporated into gendered police reform. I explore this through the case of the New Zealand Police Community Policing Pilot Programme (CPPP), a capacity building programme carried out within the wider United Nations Police mission in Timor-Leste. By speaking to New Zealand and East Timorese police officers, this research articulates how police officers themselves conceptualise policing masculinities and interpret how masculinities are framed in gender policy. My research finds that within both the East Timorese Police and the New Zealand Police involved in the CPPP, there is evidence of a variety of policing masculinities. These findings highlight the fluidity of masculinity and the processes that police officers can go through in order to challenge problematic constructions of masculinity. This provides important theoretical and practical insights into how positive masculinities can be promoted through gendered approaches to police reform. By investigating the ways in which the police interpret the United Nations’ approach to gender, this research finds that the continued framing of gender as a women’s issue in policy acts as a barrier to the police seeing masculinities as part of gendered reform.</p>

Droughts: The impact of semantics and perceptions

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir U. Smakhtin ◽  
E. Lisa F. Schipper
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Land Degradation And Desertification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Source Duration

Global environmental change coupled with increased demand for food and competition for diminishing water places the issue of disaster risk management high on the global political agenda. Drought is one of the most complex natural hazards, affecting natural resources and human development recurrently. Drought affects agricultural production globally, triggering significant food and health insecurity and habitat loss through land degradation and desertification. While the consequences of droughts can usually be predicted, preventive action is frequently absent or insufficient to prevent serious impacts in many regions of the world. We believe that lack of a common understanding of what drought is stands in the way of cohesive anti-drought action. This paper examines drought definitions emerging from influential scholarship, practitioners' discourse and multilateral policy processes that emphasise diverging aspects of the phenomena of dry periods, including the source, duration, spatial extent, impact and affected stakeholders. This paper begins by examining the concepts of hazard and disaster. It then explores the various perceptions associated with drought and the problems posed by inconsistency in definitions. It concludes that a common conceptual understanding of drought is essential for effective action to address the growing need for reliable food supply, poverty alleviation and increased agricultural productivity globally.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy K. Smith ◽  
Marianne W. Lewis ◽  
Paula Jarzabkowski ◽  
Ann Langley
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Organizational Paradox ◽  
Insight Into

While dating back to ancient philosophy, only recently have organizational scholars started to explore paradox. Drawing from insights across disciplines including psychoanalysis and macro sociology, some provocative theorists urged researchers to take seriously the study of paradox and deepen understanding of plurality, tensions, and contradictions. Scholars responded. Studies of organizational paradox have grown exponentially over twenty years, canvassing varied phenomena, methods, and levels of analysis. As paradox studies grow, new insights challenge foundational ideas, and raise questions around definitions, overlapping lenses, and varied research and managerial approaches. Alternative perspectives highlight divides while inviting complementary approaches. Reflecting on the state of paradox studies, the editors became aware that they were surfacing the paradoxes of paradoxes—contradictory, yet interdependent perspectives on paradox enveloped in the core theoretical assumptions. The introduction surfaces these paradoxes of paradoxes, noting how the chapters in this handbook both engage these tensions, while expanding insight into the field.

Islamic Governance: Strategies for Relevance

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Chee Yung
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Core ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Do So

Even though Islam is the official religion of Brunei Darussalam, more efforts are still needed to bolster functionality and relevance of Islam to the country, and implement an Islamic system of governance. This paper sets out to devise strategies in order to do so, to be implemented by three main stakeholders: Government civil service, the public and the international community. Five specific strategies are devised: formulate a single common understanding of Islamic governance; ensure commitment from top management; train and develop competence; engage the public; and engage the international community. The first three strategies relate to the Government, the fourth to the public, and the fifth to the international community. And at the core, of course, is Tauḥīd, or strong Faith, which would act as a guide to help individuals, the main agents of change, make appropriate decisions in accordance to the teachings of Islam, implement the five strategies to strengthen functional relevance of Islam in Brunei, and be able to work towards achieving the Maqāṣid of the Sharī’ah.

scholarly journals Reflections on core concepts for undergraduate physiology programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny L. McFarland ◽  
Joel A. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Undergraduate Education ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
The Core ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Concept Inventories ◽  
Core Concepts

Undergraduate education should help students build a deep, conceptual understanding of their discipline, not merely compel them to acquire factual knowledge. The core concepts for physiology (described in 2011), conceptual frameworks, and conceptual assessments are available to focus undergraduate physiology education on helping students understand and apply principles that govern and describe physiological processes. We review the context in which physiology core concepts were identified by a community of physiology educators. We explain the structure of conceptual frameworks and concept inventories and their benefit. We describe how core concepts have been used in physiology courses and departments, as communicated in publications, through presentations at physiology and biology education meetings, and within the Physiology Majors Interest Group (P-MIG). Finally, we share our recommendations and hopes for the next decade.

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