Synthesis of calcium monosilicide nanowires by reactive deposition technique

The CaSi nanowires were synthesized on Si substrate by reactive deposition technique. A great amount of Ca vapor reacted with surface of cleaned Si substrate, and CaSi nanowires was grown on the as-synthesized CaSi film. The diameter of nanowires could achieve with a minimum value about 25 nm. The CaSi nanowire was self-orient along the <001> direction. We can control the length of nanowires by experimental parameter settings, such as quantity of Ca source, duration time and temperature. The formation mechanism of Ca-silicides on Si substrate was discussed in detail. Raman spectroscopy shows that the nanosized character for CaSi phase was confirmed. Meanwhile, the Ca-silicides layer showed a strong absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the solar spectrum, indicating their potential applications.

Source Time Function Clustering Reveals Patterns in Earthquake Dynamics

We cluster a global database of 3529 Mw&gt;5.5 earthquakes in 1995–2018 based on a dynamic time warping distance between earthquake source time functions (STFs). The clustering exhibits different degrees of complexity of the STF shapes and suggests an association between STF complexity and earthquake source parameters. Most of the thrust events have simple STF shapes across all depths. In contrast, earthquakes with complex STF shapes tend to be located at shallow depths in complicated tectonic regions, exhibit long source duration compared with others of similar magnitude, and tend to have strike-slip mechanisms. With 2D dynamic modeling of dynamic ruptures on heterogeneous fault properties, we find a systematic variation of the simulated STF complexity with frictional properties. Comparison between the observed and synthetic clustering distributions provides useful constraints on frictional properties. In particular, the characteristic slip-weakening distance could be constrained to be short (&lt;0.1 m) and depth dependent if stress drop is in general constant.

Ground motion of the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake

Eighty-eight free-field strong ground motion observation datasets obtained by the National Strong Motion Observation Network System of China for the Jiuzhaigou Ms7.0 earthquake were used to study the characteristics of the strong ground motion and the site response. In this study, we calculated the VS30 of the near field station and compared the observed values of the horizontal peak acceleration and peak velocity with the CB2014 ground motion prediction models developed by Campbell et al. (2014). The results indicate that the observed values of the horizontal peak acceleration and peak velocity of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake are both smaller than the predicted values obtained from the ground motion prediction equations. By regressing the spatial variation curves of the D SR (5–95%) and D SR (5–75%) ground motion durations, and comparing them with Bommer’s (2009) ground motion duration prediction curve, it was found that the duration of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake was greater than that obtained from the global empirical prediction equation. The scope of the source duration corresponding to the D SR (5–75%) duration is 2.76–4.28 s, and the scope of the source duration corresponding to the D SR (5–95%) duration is 8.88–10.36 s, which are close to the peak time and completion time of the seismic moment release during the source rupture process. The linear elastic acceleration response spectra of 11 stations within 100 km of the fault were calculated for comparison with the design spectrum. It was concluded that the range of the predominant period of the response spectrum was 0.05–0.26 s, which is less than the natural vibration period of the local multistory building. However, the response spectrum value recorded by station 51JZZ is greater than the design spectrum of the 8° rare earthquake and the observation values of the nearby strong ground motion stations. Through analysis of the H/V spectrum ratio and the case of station 51JZZ, which is closest to the epicenter, this phenomenon was concluded to be related to the magnification effect of the near-surface soil layer and the nonlinear response of the site under the action of strong earthquakes.

Rupture kinematics of 2020 January 24 Mw 6.7 Doğanyol-Sivrice, Turkey earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault Zone imaged by space geodesy

SUMMARY Here, we present the results of a kinematic slip model of the 2020 Mw 6.7 Doğanyol-Sivrice, Turkey Earthquake, the most important event in the last 50 yr on the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Our slip model is constrained by two Sentinel-1 interferograms and by 5 three-component high-rate GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) recordings close to the earthquake source. We find that most of the slip occurs predominantly in three regions, two of them at between 2 and 10 km depth and a deeper slip region extending down to 20 km depth. We also relocate the first two weeks of aftershocks and find a distribution of events that agrees with these slip features. The HR-GNSS recordings suggest a predominantly unilateral rupture with the effects of a directivity pulse clearly seen in the waveforms and in the measure peak ground velocities. The slip model supports rupture propagation from northeast to southwest at a relatively slow speed of 2.2 km s−1 and a total source duration of ∼20 s. In the absence of near-source seismic stations, space geodetic data provide the best constraint on the spatial distribution of slip and on its time evolution.

Evaluasi Kinerja Penyediaan Air Bersih di Kelurahan Baru Ulu, Kecamatan Balikpapan Barat, Kota Balikpapan

Kelurahan Baru Ulu is a coastal area in Kecamatan Balikpapan Barat. This area is dominated by the settlement activities; therefore, it relies on high demand of clean water. However, the society’s need of clean water that lives in this area is not fulfilled completely. This research aims on evaluating the performance of supplying clean water in the mentioned area using the Importance Performance Analysis so that the result of this research will be the main indicator in fulfilling clean water supply at Kelurahan Baru Ulu. According to the analysis, the indicators of clean water supply which has the high importance followed by the low performance are the bacterial substance, saltiness, smell in the water, water discharge, amount of water from the source, duration of water flowing per day, water supply in the morning, and residents’ agreement on water tariff.

Pattern of Admissions in the Department of Pediatrics at Benha Teaching Hospital, Egypt

Objectives: To determine pattern of admissions and to study the types of illness and their outcomes in relation to disease at General Pediatric Ward at Benha Teaching Hospital (BTH). Subjects and Methods: This study was a retrospective study. The study was conducted from 1st of May 2016 until end of December 2016. The study was done in the General Pediatric Ward at Benha Teaching Hospital (BTH). The medical record of all admissions searching for age, gender, address, mode of admission, referral source, duration of hospital stay and outcome. Results: Mean + SD of Duration of stays in days was (7.90 + 4.07). 28.2% of patients were admitted due to respiratory system related causes, 32.4% due to digestive system related causes, 6.5% due to cardiac system related causes, 6.5% due to neurological system related causes ,1.2% due to hepatic system related causes, 5.9% due to nutritional system related causes, 14.7% due to renal system related causes, 4.7% due to endocrinal system related causes. Conclusions: This study gives an overview of the pattern of Pediatric Medical admissions, catchment area and referral mode. The findings of this study increased the understanding of admission trends, referral area and source. Admissions load mainly contributed by under five years children with infection and they are directly approaching the Hospital.

Physically Parameterized Prediction Equations for Significant Duration in Active Crustal Regions

We develop prediction equations for the median and standard deviation of the significant duration of earthquake ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. We consider significant duration parameters for 5–75%, 5–95%, and 20–80% of the normalized Arias intensity. The equations were derived from a global database with M 3.0–7.9 events. We find significant noise effects on duration parameters that compel us to exclude some records that had been used previously to develop models for amplitude parameters. Our equations include an M-dependent source duration term that also depends on focal mechanism. At small M, the data suggest approximately M-independent source durations that are close to 1 sec. The increase of source durations with M is slower over the range ∼5 to 7.2–7.4 than for larger magnitudes. We adopt an additive path term with breaks in distance scaling at 10 km and 50 km. We include site terms that increase duration for decreasing V S30 and increasing basin depth. Our aleatory variability model captures decreasing between- and within-event standard deviation terms with increasing M.