scholarly journals Radicalization as cause and consequence of violence in genocides and mass killings

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-143
Author(s):  
Omar Shahabudin McDoom
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Victim Group ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Mass Killings ◽  
Dissonance Reduction

Major theories of participation in genocides and mass killings offer seemingly opposing explanatory logics for how and why individuals come to commit violence. The long-standing consensus on “perpetrator ordinariness” contrasts with explanations that continue to highlight the prior, intensely held negative attitudes and beliefs about the victim group. I propose a theoretical reconciliation. Radicalization would be better theorized not only as an antecedent to the act of violence but also as a consequence of it. Killing transforms individuals. A well-established point in social psychology, not only do attitudes drive behaviors, but behaviors also shape attitudes. Some perpetrators dehumanize their victims, internalize exclusionary ideologies, and otherwise develop negative sentiments toward their victims following their participation in the violence. Attitudinal shift becomes a form of dissonance-reduction. Perpetrators come to espouse radical beliefs in order to justify their actions. This revised theorization has implications for our understanding of (1) perpetrator heterogeneity: individuals must vary in their vulnerability to radicalization, and (2) non-instrumental violence: why we often observe the infliction of gratuitous pain and suffering on victims. I re-interpret testimony of perpetrators from Rwanda, the Holocaust, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Cambodia to support the article’s central theoretical proposition.

scholarly journals Students’ and Instructors’ Understandings, Attitudes and Beliefs about Educational Theories: Results of a Mixed-Methods Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Stefan T. Siegel ◽  
Martin Daumiller
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Educational Theories ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Constitutive Element ◽  
Educational Studies

(1) Background: Educational theories are a constitutive element of educational studies. Despite their theoretical relevance, little is still known about students’ and instructors’ understandings of educational theories and their theory-related attitudes and beliefs. (2) Methods: To elucidate these constructs and to test their relevance, we conducted a mixed-methods study with 32 students and 12 instructors of educational studies at a German university. (3) Results: We found that both groups perceived educational theories as rather abstract concepts. Students reported rather negative attitudes and naive beliefs. For both groups, we found that attitudes and beliefs were strongly tied to motivational and affective aspects when dealing with educational theories, which stresses their relevance for educational studies. (4) Conclusions: We suggest a systematic theoretical clarification of the term educational theories. Furthermore, consideration of students’ and instructors’ theory-related attitudes and beliefs can give rise to meaningful practical implications (e.g., through self-reflection).

Psychometric Testing of the Pap Smear Belief Questionnaire: Measuring Women’s Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Cervical Cancer Screening

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Ackerson ◽  
Lisa Stines Doane
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Psychometric Scales ◽  
Measure Methods ◽  
Good Internal Consistency

Background and Purpose: Some women avoid routine Pap testing because of negative attitudes and beliefs. The ability to measure these factors is limited by lack of valid and reliable tools. Therefore, this article describes steps taken to test a measure. Methods: Validity and reliability testing of psychometric scales was conducted. Results: Sample consisted of 344 women. Using principal component analysis resulted in 4 components: Exam-Related Factors, Benefits, Vulnerability, and Risks and Barriers. Revised scale included 28 items explaining 46% variance, with good internal consistency (α = .84). Women who did not routinely screen exhibited significantly more negativity. Conclusions: The measure demonstrates validity and reliability across different groups of women and can be used to inform the design of individualized interventions to promote repeat screening.

scholarly journals Paediatricians’ attitudes and beliefs towards transgender people: a cross-sectional survey in Israel

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e031569
Author(s):  
Nitsan Landau ◽  
Uri Hamiel ◽  
Itay Tokatly Latzer ◽  
Elinor Mauda ◽  
Noah Levek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Gender Beliefs ◽  
Human Value ◽  
And Gender

ObjectiveThe number of transgender and gender non-conforming children is on the rise. For these children, the timing of medical intervention is crucial, yet transgender children report poorer overall physical and mental health outcomes compared with their cisgender peers. We aim to describe how paediatricians perceive transgender people.SettingThe ‘Transgender Attitudes and Beliefs Scale’, which consists of 29 items in three domains—human value, interpersonal comfort and sex/gender beliefs—was administered to 391 senior and resident paediatricians in Israel. The responses on a 7-point Likert scale were collapsed into two categories: a mean score of ≥6 for each domain was a ‘Favourable’ perception and <6 ‘Unfavourable’.ResultsOf 355 respondents (91% response rate), 221 (62%) were females, 132 (37%) were males and 2 identified as ‘other’; 290 (82%) were born in ‘trans-respect countries’, 274 (77%) identified as secular, 223 (63%) were senior physicians and 132 (27%) were residents. Overall, 90% of the cohort scored favourably on the ‘Human value’ domain, 68% on ‘Interpersonal comfort’ and 40% on ‘Sex/gender beliefs’. In the ‘Interpersonal comfort’ domain, being a man, birthplace in a transphobic country, identification as religious and being a senior physician were all associated with increased ORs for an unfavourable score: 2.1 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.4), 3.4 (95% CI 1.9 to 6.3), 2.4 (95% CI 1.4 to 4.2) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.0), respectively. In the ‘Sex/gender beliefs’ domain, being a man and identifying as religious had significantly increased ORs for unfavourable scores: 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.5) and 10.6 (95% CI 4.7 to 24.1), respectively.ConclusionsNegative attitudes towards transgender people are still widespread among paediatricians. Interventions are warranted to positively impact these attitudes.

Social Psychology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Mastroianni
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Third ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Critical Literature

Chapter 9 examines social-psychological approaches to understanding the Holocaust. Since Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments were published in the early 1960s, social-psychological formulations based on obedience and social influence have dominated the psychology of the Holocaust. There is also a significant critical literature that challenges some of the findings and interpretation of Milgram and Phillip Zimbardo as they apply to the Holocaust. Social cognition is the study of thinking as situated in a social milieu and offers a fruitful framework for considering the ways Germans thought about one another during the Third Reich. Modern approaches to prejudice and racism, especially the study of unconscious or implicit biases, may provide insight into anti-Semitic attitudes prevalent in Germany (and elsewhere) during the Nazi years.

scholarly journals Clinical Holistic Medicine: Holistic Treatment of Mental Disorders

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 427-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Ventegodt ◽  
Niels Jørgen Andersen ◽  
Shimshon Neikrug ◽  
Isack Kandel ◽  
Joav Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Holistic Medicine ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Holistic Treatment ◽  
The Core ◽  
Death Denial ◽  
Responsibility Scale

We believe that holistic medicine can be used for patient's with mental health disorders. With holistic psychiatry, it is possible to help the mentally ill patient to heal existentially. As in holistic medicine, the methods are love or intense care, winning the trust of the patient, getting permission to give support and holding, and daring to be fully at the patient's service. Our clinical experiences have led us to believe that mental health patient's can heal if only you can make him or her feel the existential pain at its full depth, understand what the message of the suffering is, and let go of all the negative attitudes and beliefs connected with the disease. Many mentally ill young people would benefit from a few hours of existential holistic processing in order to confront the core existential pains. To help the mentally ill patient, you must understand the level of responsibility and help process the old traumas that made the patient escape responsibility for his or her own life and destiny. To guide the work, we have developed a responsibility scale going from (1) free perception over (2) emotional pain to (3) psychic death (denial of life purpose) further down to (4) escape and (5) denial to (6) destruction of own perception and (7) hallucination further down to (8) coma, suicide, and unconsciousness. This scale seems to be a valuable tool to understand the state of consciousness and the nature of the process of healing that the patient must go through.

Attitudes toward Psychotropic Medications

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Fife ◽  
Kay E. Ketzenberger ◽  
James N. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Psychotropic Medication ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Psychiatric Outpatients ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Beliefs About Medicines ◽  
Attitude Inventory ◽  
Drug Attitude Inventory ◽  
Buprenorphine Treatment

Attitudes and beliefs towards psychotropic medication were evaluated among psychiatric outpatients, patients receiving buprenorphine treatment for substance abuse, and a group who reported never having used psychotropic medications (non-users). The Drug Attitude Inventory scale and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire General were used to assess attitudes and beliefs of 49 participants. Non-users exhibited more negative attitudes and beliefs toward psychotropic medication than both psychiatric groups.

scholarly journals Attitudes and Beliefs of Students and Lecturers about Educational Theories: Results of a Mixed Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan T. Siegel ◽  
Martin Daumiller
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Educational Theories

Educational theories are central for teacher education. Despite their theoretical relevance, students’ and lecturers’ understandings of educational theories and their theory-related attitudes and beliefs thereof are hardly understood. To elucidate these constructs and to test their relevance, we conducted a mixed methods study with 32 students and 12 lecturers. We found that both groups perceived educational theories as rather abstract concepts. Students reported rather negative attitudes and naïve beliefs. For both populations, we found that attitudes and beliefs were strongly tied to motivational and affective aspects when dealing with educational theories, which stresses their relevance for teaching and teacher education.

Personality and Social Psychology Factors Explaining Sexism

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar Akrami ◽  
Bo Ekehammar ◽  
Fan Yang-Wallentin
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Psychology Perspective

Previous research has almost exclusively examined sexism (negative attitudes toward women) from either a personality or a social-psychology perspective. In two studies (N = 379 and 182, respectively), we combine these perspectives and examine whether sexism is best explained by personality (Big-Five factors, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism) or by social-psychological (group membership and group identification) variables – or by a combination of both approaches. Causal modeling and multiple regression analyses showed that, with the present set of variables, sexism was best explained by considering the combined influence of both personality- and social-psychology constructs. The findings imply that it is necessary to integrate various approaches to explain prejudice.

scholarly journals Age Differences in Attitudes towards Older People in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6869
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Krajewska-Kułak ◽  
Mateusz Cybulski ◽  
Paulina Aniśko ◽  
Magda Popławska
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Group I

Introduction: The attitudes towards older people is essential. Society’s perception of older adults is often unpleasant. Inappropriate treatment of older people in society causes a decrease in self-esteem, a sense of control over one’s own life, a decrease in the quality of life, an increase in anxiety, depression, anger, and sadness. The aim of this study was to compare the attitudes of young people and seniors towards older people in relation to their satisfaction with life and self-esteem. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted online in groups of young adults under 35 years of age (Group I) and over 65 years of age (group II), with 177 people each. Method: The study used the following questionnaires: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Self-Assessment of Own Person (SOP), and Kogan’s Attitude Towards Old People Scale (KATOPS). Results: The satisfaction of life in both groups was average. The mean value of self-esteem was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the group of seniors. Both groups of respondents had negative attitudes towards seniors in the KATOPS. There was a statistically significant correlation between life satisfaction and self-esteem in seniors. Gender, age, education, or place of residence of respondents had no impact on negative attitudes in both groups. Conclusions: Both groups showed negative attitudes towards seniors. No significant correlation was found between the groups and gender of the respondents, and the influence of the respondent’s age, education, marital status, or place of residence. There was a correlation between the respondents’ attitudes in the subscale of negative attitudes and their satisfaction with life. No correlation between self-esteem and age and marital status were found with no dependence on gender, education, or place of residence.

Holocaust Research in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. An Inventory

Südosteuropa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Vulesica
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Holocaust Studies ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mass Killings ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe Holocaust and other mass killings committed during the Second World War in the Yugoslav territories play a more significant role in current public debates than they do in education and research. 85% of Yugoslavia’s Jews were annihilated in the period between 1941 and 1945. In socialist Yugoslavia, it was Holocaust survivors in particular who collected materials that documented the execution of exterminist policies. How has the examination of the Holocaust changed since the dissolution of Yugoslavia; and how have the newly established states of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Serbia coped with this part of their history? The author asks whether an exclusive exploration of Jewish suffering is possible—or even desirable—in today’s post-Yugoslav societies. She gives an overview of the evolution of a specific ‘Yugoslav’ approach to the history of the Holocaust, and depicts recent Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian efforts in this field. Furthermore, she looks at what kind of attention the Holocaust in Yugoslavia has received in international Holocaust Studies.

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