Variations in Facial Anthropometric Measurements among Major Ethnic Groups in Nigeria: A 3-Dimentional Stereophotogrammetry Analysis

FACE ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 273250162110290
Author(s):  
Adegbayi Adeola Adekunle ◽  
Abiodun Yusuff Olowo ◽  
Moses Adetona ◽  
Olutayo James ◽  
Olawale Olatubosun Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
3D Photogrammetry

Objectives: The aim of the study is to highlight variations in facial anthropometric measurements among the major ethnic groups in Nigeria using 3D photogrammetry. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria. Acquisition of 3D facial photographs was done using a Vectra H1 portable 3D photogrammetry imaging system. Descriptive analysis of collected data was done and a test of associations performed using independent samples t-test. The level of significance was set at <.05. Results: The total number of participants in this study was 503. The study population was made up of 302 (60%) males and 201 (40%) females. Mean upper facial height among Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, and other ethnic groups were 68.93 ± 5.85, 70.18 ± 5.99, 63.79 ± 4.80, and 69.29 ± 5.95 mm respectively, while mean interpupillary distances were 66.99 ± 3.70, 67.34 ± 3.56, 66.73 ± 3.80, and 67.09 ± 3.72 mm respectively. A Tukey posthoc test revealed significant pairwise differences for upper facial height between the Yoruba and Hausa population with a mean difference of 5.15 mm ( P < .001, 95% CI 2.94-7.35) ( P < .001, 95% CI 2.94-7.35), and Hausa and Igbo population with a mean difference of 6.39 mm ( P < .001, 95% CI 3.75-9.03). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed the presence of significant inter-ethnic differences between Hausa ethnic group and the Yoruba ethnic group for midfacial height ( P < .001), upper lip height ( P = .004), lower lip height ( P = .003), total face height ( P = .010), and orbital fissure width ( P < .001). Conclusion: The result of this study shows that distinct difference does exist in the facial anthropological measurements between the ethnicities included in this study especially in vertical facial measurements.

scholarly journals Perceived Discrimination Difference between the Manjo Minority and Non-Manjo Ethnic Group in Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e626997386
Author(s):  
Bizuayehu Dengechi Dachachi ◽  
Nigatuwa Worku Woyessa ◽  
Fisseha Mikre Weldmeskel
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The South ◽  
Psychosocial Wellbeing ◽  
South West ◽  
Work Intervention

This study has attempted to examine perceived discrimination difference between the Manjo clan and non-manjos in Kaffa zone that is located in the south west of Ethiopia. A total of 298 individuals who belong to the manjo and non-manjo groups were randomly selected and involved in the study. The researchers utilized an independent sample t-test to compare the level of perceived discrimination between the Manjo and the non-Manjos ethnic groups. Seen segregation is the changeability of thought coming because of behavior of isolating group of people that radiates from predisposition and partiality. As revealed in the study, there is a significant mean variation among manjos and non-manjos with respect to perceiving discrimination. The thought of being discriminated showed significant mean difference between the group of manjos and non-manjos. The finding implies the need for further research and social work intervention to minimize the action and sense of being discriminated as this relates to the overall psychosocial wellbeing of persons in a given community.

scholarly journals Assessment of Methaemoglobin in Haemoglobin Variants in Selected Ethnic Groups in Bayelsa State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Victor Tuanwii Ideede ◽  
Jeremiah Awotu Zaccheus ◽  
Everlyn Mercy Eze ◽  
Jonathan Nyebuchi ◽  
Friday Ogidigba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
P Value ◽  
Heme Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Methaemoglobin (Met-Hb) is a type of the oxygen-carrying metalloproteinhemoglobin. The heme group iron exists as ferric (Fe3+) iron, rather than the ferrous (Fe2+) iron of typical hemoglobin. Met-Hb is unable to perform the function of binding to oxygen like oxyhaemoglobin does. The aim of this study was to compare methaemoglobin levels between AA and AS haemoglobin variants among the Ijaw, Igbo and Yoruba ethnic groups residing in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 150 subjects were enrolled for the study. One hundred and sixteen subjects constituted the Ijaws; 21 Igbos and 13 Yorubas. For each subject, 4mls of blood sample collected in EDTA bottle was assayed for methaemoglobin using a spectrophotometric method. Results revealed there was no significant difference in the methaemoglobin mean levels between the AA and AS haemoglobin variants (P-value>0.05) of the ethnic groups except the Igbo ethnic group (P-value <0.05). However, comparing the methaemoglobin mean levels among the ethnic groups showed a significant mean difference of methaemoglobin (P-value <0.05). All Post-hoc groups showed significant difference except the Igbo and Yorubo ethnic groups (P-value >0.05). In conclusion, this study has revealed that methaemoglobin levels changes significantly based on studied tribes but does not change based on studied haemoglobin variants.

ETNOSENTRISME DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN OTONOMI DAERAH DI MALUKU UTARA (STUDI KASUS PEMERINTAH KOTA TERNATE)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanah Upara
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Implication ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Regional Autonomy

<p class="Default">This research was motivated by the widespread recruitment of regional government officials in North Maluku who were ethnocentric in the era of regional autonomy especially the regional government of Ternate City. So that gave birth to unrest in the middle of the community or cause social cohesion among ethnic groups with other ethnic groups in Ternate City.</p><p class="Default">This research uses the ethnocentrism theory of W.G. Summer in 1906 to describe the so-called gambudicial attitudes <em>between in-groupos </em>and <em>out-groupos</em>. The attitude, habits, and behavior of the "us" group are more suprior than the "you" group. Azra in 2001, tends to lead to a decline in national autonomy. Autonomy tends to encourage the strengthening of local sentiments and identities, which in the Indonesian context can be seen from the increasing sentiment of 'sons of the region' in filling positions at the local level. In fact, multi-ethnic nation states will be seriously threatened if provincialism or <em>local nationalism </em>amends with<em> ethnocentrism</em>, so that it becomes <em>ethno-nationalism</em>.</p><p class="Default">This study uses qualitative methods, while the data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis. This study uses two methods of data collection namely: <em>First,</em> in-depth interviews with informants who understand the process of recruiting public officials who are ethnocentric in nature. <em>Second, </em>through documents with data collection, by reading, and analyzing materials that are relevant to research problems, such as books, articles from the internet, texts, and archives related to research topics.</p><p class="Default">The results showed that: <em>First,</em> the recruitment of public officials in Ternate City was ethnocentric. <em>Secondly,</em> the officials recruited to become public officials in Ternate City mostly have Tidore ethnic identity backgrounds. Third, officials from the Tidore ethnic group mostly occupy strategic (wet) positions, while officials outside the Tidore ethnicity occupy dry positions. <em>Fourth,</em> officials outside of the Tidore ethnic group who obtained positions turned out that some wives or husbands had identities as ethnic Tidore.</p><p class="Default">The theoretical implication shows that the recruitment of public officials in the city of Ternate is ethnocentric, because the ruling ethnic groups perceive themselves to be more superior or superior to the non-powerful ethnic groups. In addition, the recruitment of officials who are ethnocentric in nature, so that the ethnic groups in power can give birth to a new leadership cadre so that they can maintain the power of their ethnic identity. However, it turned out that behind this ethnocentrism recruitment of officials, it caused tremendous social upheaval between one ethnic group and another. This has an impact on the system of government in Ternate which runs ineffective and ineffective.</p><p class="Default"><strong> </strong></p><p class="Default"><strong>Keywords: Ethnocentrism, Regional Autonomy</strong></p>

The Inscriptions on the Gravestones in the Croatian Villages of Slovakia, Chunovo and Jarovce: The Specificity of Mixing Graphics Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Darya Yu. Vashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Traditional Spelling ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Village

The article discusses the inscriptions on funerary monuments from the Croatian villages of Cunovo and Jarovce, located in the South of Slovakia, near Bratislava. These inscriptions reflect the complicated sociocultural situation in the region, which is particularly specific due to the fact that this territory was included to Slovakia’s territory only after 1946, while earlier the village was part of Hungary. In addition, the local Croatian ethnic group was actively in close contact with the German and Hungarian communities. At the same time, the orthographic norms of the literary Croatian, German, Hungarian, and Slovak languages, which could potentially be owned by the authors of the inscriptions, differ in many ways, despite the Latin alphabet used on all the gravestones. All this is reflected in the tombstones, representing a high degree of mixing codes. The article identifies the main types of fusion on the monuments: separate orthograms, writing the maiden name of the deceased in the spelling of her native language, the traditional spelling of the family name. In addition, the mixing of codes can be associated with writing feminitives, also order of name and surname within the anthroponym. Moreover, the settlements themselves represent different ethnic groups coexistence within the village. Gravestones from the respective cemeteries also differ from each other in the nature of the prevailing trend of the mixing codes. In Jarovce, where the ethnic groups live compactly, fusion is often presented as a separate foreign language orthograms. In Cunovo, where the ethnic groups constitute a global conglomerate, more traditional presents for a specific family spelling of the names on the monument.

MENAFSIRKAN TEKS SASTRA LISAN BADAMPIANG SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMAKNAI WARISAN BUDAYA BANGSA

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Krisnawati Krisnawati
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Oral Tradition

Minangkabau ethnic group, as other ethnic groups in Indonesia, has many kinds of cultural heritages. Among other is Badampiang, an oral tradition. Badampiang (acting of accompanying) is mutually responding poetry (berbalas pantun) by the time accompanying a groom to a bride’s house to do the procession of wedding. This tradition is currently threatened to extinct, whereas in fact, it has many positive values which are deserved to be inherited to the next generations. Thus, it is important to do a research on Badampiang. This paper discussed about the speakers, the music instruments, the place, the time and the condition of Badampiang utterances. Besides, this paper also discussed the meaning contained in the text of Badampiang. The method used to investigate the tradition of Badampiang is hermeneutics method and theory of values. Therefore, the various elements that exist can be found so that badampiang will realize and the values that contained in the oral tradition.AbstrakSuku bangsa Minangkabau, sebagaimana suku bangsa lainnya di Indonesia, memiliki berbagai warisan budaya. Di antara warisan budaya tersebut adalah tradisi lisan badampiang. Badampiang (melakukan pendampingan) adalah berbalas pantun ketika mendampingi mempelai laki-laki menuju rumah mempelai perempuan ketika hendak melakukan ijab kabul (pernikahan). Tradisi lisan badampiang saat ini terancam punah digerus waktu, padahal banyak nilai positif dalam teks badampiang yang layak diwariskan kepada generasi penerus. Oleh sebab itu, kajian terhadap badampiang sangat penting dilakukan. Melalui makalah ini dibahas pedendang, alat musik pengiring, tempat, waktu, dan suasana pedendangan badampiang. Selain itu, dibahas pula makna yang terkandung dalam teks badampiang. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengkaji tradisi lisan ini adalah metode hermeneutika dan teori tentang nilai-nilai. Dengan demikian, terlihatlah berbagai unsur yang ada sehingga badampiang terwujud dan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam tradisi lisan tersebut.

Validation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire with three Chinese ethnic groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Du
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory

Moral foundations theory is claimed to be universally applicable and is classified into 5 foundations of morality: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, respect/subversion, and purity/degradation. This theory has not been tested in the Eastern cultural context. Therefore, in this study I addressed this lack in the context of China, where there are people of a number of different ethnicities. I adopted the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, which was completed by 761 Chinese of Han, Uygur, and Tibetan ethnicity. The results show that there was no gender difference in morality foundation scores, but the differences among ethnic groups were significant: Tibetans scored lower than did Han and Uygur in care and fairness, and Uygur scored higher than Han and Tibetans did in loyalty, respect, and purity. The interactions between gender and ethnic group were significant for care, fairness, and respect. These findings suggest that moral foundations theory is applicable to China, that the Moral Foundations Questionnaire can also be partially applied to Chinese, and that ethnicity is an influential factor when people make moral judgments.

scholarly journals Night-Time Light Remote Sensing Mapping: Construction and Analysis of Ethnic Minority Development Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2129
Author(s):  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Lu Song ◽  
Zhiyan Peng ◽  
Jianqin Yang ◽  
Guize Luan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Remote Sensing Mapping ◽  
Entire Study Area

Using toponym data, population data, and night-time light data, we visualized the development index of the Yi, Wa, Zhuang, Naxi, Hani, and Dai ethnic groups on ArcGIS as well as the distribution of 25 ethnic minorities in the study area. First, we extracted the toponym data of 25 ethnic minorities in the study area, combined with night-time light data and the population proportion data of each ethnic group, then we obtained the development index of each ethnic group in the study area. We compared the development indexes of the Yi, Wa, Zhuang, Naxi, Hani, and Dai ethnic groups with higher development indexes. The results show that the Yi nationality’s development index was the highest, reaching 28.86 (with two decimal places), and the Dai nationality’s development index was the lowest (15.22). The areas with the highest minority development index were concentrated in the core area of the minority development, and the size varied with the minority’s distance. According to the distribution of ethnic minorities, we found that the Yi ethnic group was distributed in almost the entire study area, while other ethnic minorities had obvious geographical distribution characteristics, and there were multiple ethnic minorities living together. This research is of great significance to the cultural protection of ethnic minorities, the development of ethnic minorities, and the remote sensing mapping of lights at night.

scholarly journals Validation of Scolioscan Air-Portable Radiation-Free Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging Assessment System for Scoliosis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2858
Author(s):  
Kelly Ka-Lee Lai ◽  
Timothy Tin-Yan Lee ◽  
Michael Ka-Shing Lee ◽  
Joseph Chi-Ho Hui ◽  
Yong-Ping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Low Profile

To diagnose scoliosis, the standing radiograph with Cobb’s method is the gold standard for clinical practice. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging, which is radiation-free and inexpensive, has been demonstrated to be reliable for the assessment of scoliosis and validated by several groups. A portable 3D ultrasound system for scoliosis assessment is very much demanded, as it can further extend its potential applications for scoliosis screening, diagnosis, monitoring, treatment outcome measurement, and progress prediction. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of a newly developed portable 3D ultrasound imaging system, Scolioscan Air, for scoliosis assessment using coronal images it generated. The system was comprised of a handheld probe and tablet PC linking with a USB cable, and the probe further included a palm-sized ultrasound module together with a low-profile optical spatial sensor. A plastic phantom with three different angle structures built-in was used to evaluate the accuracy of measurement by positioning in 10 different orientations. Then, 19 volunteers with scoliosis (13F and 6M; Age: 13.6 ± 3.2 years) with different severity of scoliosis were assessed. Each subject underwent scanning by a commercially available 3D ultrasound imaging system, Scolioscan, and the portable 3D ultrasound imaging system, with the same posture on the same date. The spinal process angles (SPA) were measured in the coronal images formed by both systems and compared with each other. The angle phantom measurement showed the measured angles well agreed with the designed values, 59.7 ± 2.9 vs. 60 degrees, 40.8 ± 1.9 vs. 40 degrees, and 20.9 ± 2.1 vs. 20 degrees. For the subject tests, results demonstrated that there was a very good agreement between the angles obtained by the two systems, with a strong correlation (R2 = 0.78) for the 29 curves measured. The absolute difference between the two data sets was 2.9 ± 1.8 degrees. In addition, there was a small mean difference of 1.2 degrees, and the differences were symmetrically distributed around the mean difference according to the Bland–Altman test. Scolioscan Air was sufficiently comparable to Scolioscan in scoliosis assessment, overcoming the space limitation of Scolioscan and thus providing wider applications. Further studies involving a larger number of subjects are worthwhile to demonstrate its potential clinical values for the management of scoliosis.

Scientific Racism in Modern America, 1870s–1990s

Prospects ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 471-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamilton Cravens
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Cultural Authority ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Scientific Racism ◽  
National Population

In post-Darwinian times, Americans have usually thought of the national population as divided into many distinct races and ethnic groups. The notions and definitions they have used for a race and an ethnic group have varied from one age to another. Although Americans have not needed the resources of science to believe that some races and ethnic groups are superior to others, in these times science has become a powerful symbol of cultural authority. For the racist, the assistance of science has often been useful. In this essay, it is important to distinguish between the scientific discourse on race and ethnicity whose participants do not necessarily assume that groups differ in value, and that of scientific racism, whose participants might or might not be scientists, but who have consistently assumed that science proves the existence of permanent group differences and legitimates the assertion that some groups are inherently superior to others. Here we shall discuss the latter.

A study on East-Asian designations of 
pufferfish

2021 ◽  
pp. 251385022098006
Author(s):  
Hyun-suk Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
The Look ◽  
Chinese Term

In ancient Korea, pufferfish were called “복” or “복어,” whereas they have been called “hétún” (河豚) since the Ming dynasty in China, and were called “fugu” in ancient Japan. Since the introduction of the Chinese term “hétún” (河豚) into Korean and Japanese, pufferfish in Korea, China, and Japan have all been named “河豚.” Besides “하돈” (the Korean pronunciation of 河豚), pufferfish have been given various designations, such as the following: “후태” (鯸鮐) or “반어” (斑魚) based upon body patterns; “후이” (鯸鮧)” or “호이” (鰗鮧) by shape; and 
“기포어” (氣泡魚), “취두어” (吹肚魚), and “布久” by the look of its swollen belly. Other designations, such as “검돈” (黔魨), “작돈” (鵲魨), “활돈” (滑魨), “とらふぐ,” “からす,” and “ヒガンフグ,” were derived from pufferfish species, and designations like “진어” (嗔鱼) and “てっぽう” that originated from their habit also exist. As above, “복어” has various designations in each of the three countries, Korea, China, and Japan. These designations, composed of Chinese characters, influenced the others, and each country and ethnic group helped to form or transform new vocabularies. In particular, numerous terms concerning object designations in the forms of Chinese characters reveal hidden definitions of the ethnic groups and cultures in these designations. This study is focused on puffer designations in Korea, China, and Japan, how the puffer was named in each country from ancient through to modern times, and where the designations originated, and tries to determine the characteristics of each country’s puffer designations through investigation of the species and types of “pufferfish.”

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