Neolithic diet at the Brochtorff Circle, Malta

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Richards ◽  
R.E.M. Hedges ◽  
I. Walton ◽  
S. Stoddart ◽  
C. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Resource Stress ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Marine Protein

From Neolithic Malta, there is evidence of increasing population size accompanied by increasingly elaborate material culture, including the famous megalithic architecture. Stoddart et al. (1993) argued that social tensions and controls increased as food resources diminished. One important requirement of this argument is that the Neolithic inhabitants of Malta depended entirely on domesticated plants and animals for subsistence and therefore, with increased population sizes, the poor agricultural potential of these islands was stretched. However, it is possible that the consumption of wild foods, particularly marine resources, in the Neolithic would make up any shortfall in the agricultural foods. A direct way of measuring the amounts of marine protein in human diets is through chemical analysis of human bone. Stable isotope analyses undertaken on seven Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dated humans from the Neolithic at the Brochtorff Circle indicated that there is no evidence for the significant use of marine foods by these Neolithic individuals. These new data indicate that agricultural foods were the dietary staple for this sample of the Maltese Neolithic population and therefore support the argument that increasing population during the Neolithic could have resulted in increasing resource stress.

Subsistence Continuity Linked to Consumption of Marine Protein in the Formative Period in the Interfluvic Coast of Northern Chile: Re-Assessing Contacts with Agropastoral Groups from Highlands

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Andrade ◽  
Ricardo Fernandes ◽  
Katia Codjambassis ◽  
Josefina Urrea ◽  
Laura Olguín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Radiocarbon Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Bone Remains ◽  
Marine Protein

From material culture evidence dating as early as 7500 cal BC, it has been established that populations from the interfluvic coast in northern Chile adapted to a maritime economic livelihood. During the 2nd millennium BC, local populations began to experience major social changes arising mainly from an increase in contacts with agropastoral populations from the highlands of the Andes. New radiocarbon data and stable isotope (δ15Ncol, δ13Ccol, and δ13Cap) analyses of human bone remains from interfluvic coastal individuals were obtained. The data showed that these individuals, at the time of contact with highland populations, maintained a mode of subsistence relying principally on marine protein. This suggests that, although instances of social change may have arisen, the livelihoods linked to the consumption of marine resources would have remained constant, demonstrating a high degree of resistance in changing local lifestyles.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir (PEMP) Sebagai Upaya Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Kecamatan Batudaa Pantai Kabupaten Gorontalo

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Harson Gasim
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Selection Mechanism ◽  
Evaluative Study ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Maximum Contribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Existing Data

The potential of marine resources that is large enough owned by Gorontalo Regency in reality has not been able to give maximum contribution for improving coastal community welfare. The most dominant issue facing coastal areas is the problem of poverty. The purpose of this study is to find out how far the impact of this PEMP program on poverty alleviation in District Batudaa Pantai Gorontalo. The type of this study is an evaluative study. The type of evaluation study used is a descriptive evaluation of assessing and analyzing data by describing or describing existing data and analyzing the results. The results show that the KMP selection mechanism has not yet given room for participation in decision-making and empowerment of the poor; Disbursement mechanism and fund management less effective, not transparent; Strengthening of socio-economic organization of society not yet effective and process of assistance less than optimal Potensi sumber daya laut yang cukup besar yang dimiliki Kabupaten Gorontalo dalam kenyataannya belum mampu memberikan kontribusi secara maksimal bagi peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. Persoalan yang paling dominan yang dihadapi wilayah pesisir justru masalah kemiskinan. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh dampak program PEMP ini terhadap penanggulangan kemiskinan di Kecamatan Batudaa Pantai Kabupaten Gorontalo.Adapun tipe penelitian ini merupakan suatu studi evaluatif. Jenis studi evaluasi yang digunakan adalah evaluasi deskriftif yaitu menilai dan menganalisa data dengan cara menggambarkan atau mendeskripsikan data yang telah ada dan menganalisanya Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Mekanisme pemilihan KMP belumlah memberi ruang partisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin; Mekanisme pencairan dan pengelolaan dana kurang efektif, tidak transparan; Penguatan organisasi sosial ekonomi masyarakat belum efektif serta proses pendampingan kurang optimal

How Environmental Degradation Impoverishes the Poor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B. Barbier
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Poor Soil

Globally, around 1.5 billion people in developing countries, or approximately 35% of the rural population, can be found on less-favored agricultural land (LFAL), which is susceptible to low productivity and degradation because the agricultural potential is constrained biophysically by terrain, poor soil quality, or limited rainfall. Around 323 million people in such areas also live in locations that are highly remote, and thus have limited access to infrastructure and markets. The households in such locations often face a vicious cycle of declining livelihoods, increased ecological degradation and loss of resource commons, and declining ecosystem services on which they depend. In short, these poor households are prone to a poverty-environment trap. Policies to eradicate poverty, therefore, need to be targeted to improve the economic livelihood, productivity, and income of the households located on remote LFAL. The specific elements of such a strategy include involving the poor in paying for ecosystem service schemes and other measures that enhance the environments on which the poor depend; targeting investments directly to improving the livelihoods of the rural poor, thus reducing their dependence on exploiting environmental resources; and tackling the lack of access by the rural poor in less-favored areas to well-functioning and affordable markets for credit, insurance, and land, as well as the high transportation and transaction costs that prohibit the poorest households in remote areas to engage in off-farm employment and limit smallholder participation in national and global markets.

scholarly journals THE ORIGINS OF TRADESCANT’S ‘INDIA OCCIDENTALI’ WOODEN CLUBS:14C DATING, MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPE STUDIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 187-218
Author(s):  
Joanna Ostapkowicz ◽  
Alison Roberts ◽  
Jevon Thistlewood ◽  
Fiona Brock ◽  
Alex C Wiedenhoeft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Wood Identification ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Isotope Studies ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Material Study

This paper focuses on the material study (radiocarbon dating, wood identification and strontium isotope analyses) of four large ‘India occidentali’ clubs, part of the founding collections of the Ashmolean Museum, in Oxford, and originally part of John Tradescant’s ‘Ark’, in Lambeth (1656). During the seventeenth century, the term ‘India occidentali/occidentales’ referred not only to the ‘West Indies’ (its literal translation), but to the Americas as a whole; hence, the Ashmolean clubs and, indeed, thecforty examples of similarly large, decorated clubs known in international museum collections had no firm provenance and lacked even the most basic information. Previous attempts at attribution, based on stylistic comparisons with nineteenth- to twentieth-century Brazilian and Guyanese clubs, have proved inconclusive given the unique features of this club style, raising the intriguing possibility that these may be exceptionally rare examples of ‘Island Carib’ (Kalinago) material culture, particularly as images of such clubs appear in seventeenth-century ethnographic accounts from the Lesser Antilles. This paper provides new data for these poorly known objects from early collections, revealing not only the type of wood from which they were carved (Platymisciumsp. andBrosimumcfguianense) and their probable dates of manufacture (c AD1300–1640), but also their possible provenance (strontium results are consistent with a possible range from Trinidad south to French Guiana).

The Maghreb al-Aqsa

2020 ◽  
pp. 266-285
Author(s):  
Abdallah Fili
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
Rural Archaeology ◽  
Poor Relation

Islamic archaeology in Morocco has its roots in the colonial period and developed in concert with architectural and urban studies of the imperial cities of Fes, Marrakech, and Meknes. For many years, it remained the poor relation to classical archaeology, and it was only in the 1970s and 1980s that systematic excavations began at Islamic sites. Since then, there has been a significant rise in the number of projects and amount of evidence available for urban and rural sites, particularly between the 8th and 14th centuries, though many challenges remain in terms of funding, training, finds analysis, and the use of new scientific technologies. This chapter charts the development of Islamic archaeology and lays out the key developments in urban and rural archaeology and the study of material culture in Morocco.

Spectral Analysis of Metal Articles from Archaeological Monuments of the Caucasus

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Selimkhanov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Ancient Metallurgy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

For a long time the study of the history of ancient metallurgy and mining in the Caucasus could not be conducted satisfactorily in the USSR due to the lack of adequate scientific analysis of metallic complexes from archaeological sites.In his work devoted to the history of metallurgy in the Caucasus a well-known archaeologist A. A. Yessen justly remarks that for solving a number of problems connected with those questions the then existing data on chemical analysis was insufficient, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Because of this indeed it later became apparent that a number of questions investigated by A. A. Yessen were not always correctly elucidated. Even so, it should be certainly mentioned here that his monograph provided a rich historical material and already indicated the direction to be followed by further investigation of the history of ancient metallurgy and mining in the Caucasus, always assuming that sufficient chemical investigation was carried out.Systematic investigation of metallic objects from the monuments in the Caucasus began in 1933. It was at this time that work on chemical analysis began to develop at Leningrad in the Institute of Historic Technology at the then existing Academy of Material Culture named after N. J. Marr. The purpose of this research, carried out under the guidance of A. A. Yessen and V. V. Danilevsky, was to find out the history of the use of tin.

scholarly journals Tracing mobility patterns through the 6th-5th millennia BC in the Carpathian Basin with strontium and oxygen stable isotope analyses

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaux L. C. Depaermentier ◽  
Michael Kempf ◽  
Eszter Bánffy ◽  
Kurt W. Alt
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Carpathian Basin ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Stable Isotope Analyses ◽  
Oxygen Stable Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analyses

The complexity of Neolithic population movements and their interpretation through material culture have been the subject of archaeological research for decades. One of the dominant narratives proposes that groups from the Starčevo-Körös-Criş complex spread from the central towards the northern Balkans in the Early Neolithic and eventually brought the Neolithic lifestyle into present-day Hungary. Broad geographical migrations were considered to shape the continuous expansion of Neolithic groups and individuals. However, recent archaeological research, aDNA, and isotope analyses challenged the synchronous appearance of specific material culture distributions and human movement dynamics through emphasizing communication networks and socio-cultural transformation processes. This paper seeks to retrace the complexity of Neolithic mobility patterns across Hungary by means of strontium and oxygen stable isotope analyses, which were performed on a total of 718 human dental enamel samples from 55 Neolithic sites spanning the period from the Starčevo to the Balaton-Lasinja culture in Transdanubia and from the Körös to the Tiszapolgár cultural groups on the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld). This study presents the largest strontium and oxygen isotope sample size for the Neolithic Carpathian Basin and discusses human mobility patterns on various geographical scales and throughout archaeological cultures, chronological periods, and sex and gender categories in a multiproxy analysis. Based on our results, we discuss the main stages of the Neolithisation processes and particularly trace individual movement behaviour such as exogamy patterns within extensive social networks. Furthermore, this paper presents an innovative differentiation between mobility patterns on small, micro-regional, and supra-regional scales, which provides new insights into the complex organisation of Neolithic communities.

Virginia's Workhouses for the Poor: Care for “Divers Idle and Disorderly Persons”

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-303
Author(s):  
Martha W. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Social Experiment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Parish Churches ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Poor Care

Commencing in 1661, the responsibility for providing welfare assistance to the poor was assigned to the colony's parish churches, whose members rendered care, for which they were paid. During the mid-18th century, as the ranks of the poor swelled and the cost of providing for them became increasingly burdensome, parish churches embarked upon a major social experiment: they began operating workhouses, where the indigent could be sheltered and, in theory, also earn their keep. Archaeological research at Bruton Parish poorhouse provided a glimpse into the material culture of one such workhouse.

Archaeometallurgy: Evidence of a Paradigm Shift?

1990 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Goodway
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Parallel Shift ◽  
Technical Examination ◽  
And Performance

Abtract:Practitioners of archaeological and historical metallurgy have begun to identify their discipline by a new term: “archaeometallurgy.” Tracing the roots of this discipline shows that up to about 1980 the focus of study was on the technical examination of metal objects and determining site plans of metallurgical installations. Essentially it was a study of ancient metals of interest to historians of art or of technology. The focus then shifted to other materials and their archaeological contexts, processing byproducts such as slag, matte, furnace linings and furnace bottoms, crucibles, molds, cupels and tuyeres which are often more abundant on sites than metal. Thus the field of study has been enlarged beyond metallurgy to an interdisciplinary undertaking of materials science, archaeology, and material culture. Simultaneously with this shift in focus came the application of newly-developed instrumentation which supported a parallel shift in methodology from one emphasizing chemical analysis and microstructure to one of materials charactexrization, emphasising properties and performance.

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