Properties of soil kaolins from Thailand

Clay Minerals ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Hart ◽  
W. Wiriyakitnateekul ◽  
R. J . Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Australian Soil

AbstractPurified kaolins from Thai soil on diverse parent materials were characterized using analytical transmission electon microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis. The properties of Thai soil kaolins appear to be more diverse than Indonesian and Western Australian soil kaolins investigated using the same analytical procedures; this difference may reflect the greater range of parent materials for the Thai soils. The kaolins show a variety of crystal morphologies including euhedral hexagonal to subhedral platy crystals, tubes and laths and several morphologies were present in most samples. TEM-EDS enabled analysis of single crystals of each morphology present within a sample. Tubular or lath-shaped crystals usually have lower %Fe2O3 contents than hexagonal platy crystals in the same sample. The relationships between crystal size and Fe content within morphological populations were also examined by TEM-EDS. Generally, smaller kaolin crystals display a wider range of Fe concentration than the larger kaolin crystals in the same sample. Increasing Fe concentration in bulk samples is closely correlated to decreasing coherently scattering domain size (R2= 0.57), increasing cation exchange capacity (R2= 0.44) and increasing specific surface area (R2= 0.65). However the properties of the deferrated soil kaolins, including their Fe content, are not related to forms of Fe, (total Fe, amorphous or organic) in the untreated clay fraction of the soil.Inhibited vermiculite is a common minor constituent of these clay fractions and its average structural formula derived from EDS data indicates that it was formed by Al replacing K in muscovite. One Al3+ion occupies the interlayer space previously occupied by three K+ions. As the distances between these Al3+cations in the interlayer space is large it is proposed that isolated or loosely associated hydrated Al3+groups such as Al(OH2)63+exist that resist exchange by other cations due to hydrogen bonding with the adjacent tetrahedral oxygen surfaces

A lithium-bearing aluminian regular mixed layer montmorillonite-chlorite from Huy, Belgium

Clay Minerals ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brown ◽  
P. Bourguignon ◽  
J. Thorez
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturated Clay ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Green Clay

AbstractA bluish-green clay found in veins cutting across brecciated slates of the Llanvirnian stage at Huy, Belgium, is shown by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis to be a lithium-bearing, aluminium-rich, regular mixed layer montmorillonite-chlorite with associated pyrophyllite, nacrite and quartz and smaller amounts of calcite and ankerite. The cation exchange capacity of the purified air-dry magnesium saturated clay is 49 mEq/100 g and its structural formula isThe problem of the nomenclature of regular mixed layer montmorillonite-chlorites is discussed.

The chemical composition and structure of a 14 Å intergradient mineral in a Korean Ultisol

Clay Minerals ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wada ◽  
Y. Kakuto ◽  
M. A. Wilson ◽  
J. V. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Layer Silicate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Octahedral Sheet ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Dominant Cation

AbstractAn intergradient 14 Å mineral showing X-ray diffraction features of “chloritized” vermiculite in a Korean Ultisol was studied. The structural formula of the whole 2:1 layer-silicate (14 Å mineral and mica) in the Na+-saturated 0·2–0·5 µm fraction was obtained by elemental, thermogravimetric and 29Si and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses in combination with extraction of the interlayer material from the 14 Å mineral by hot 1/3 m sodium citrate treatment. This formula showed: (1) the 2 : 1 layer contains nearly one Al3+ in four tetrahedral positions, and Al3+ is the dominant cation in the octahedral sheet; (2) K+, exchangeable Na+ and sodium citrate extractable 1 : 1 layer occupy the interlayer space of the 14 Å mineral in similar proportions. Very little interlayer K was replaced by Na+ during the citrate treatment. Possible schemes of alteration of the 2 : 1 layer to the 1 : 1 layer as its interlayer material are discussed.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis in the Barreiras Formation Under Climates of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Lunara G. da S. Rêgo ◽  
Jéssia J. A. da Silva ◽  
Carolina M. M. Souza ◽  
Jeane C. Portela ◽  
Isadora N. B. M. de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

In Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has an important coastal zone and coastal Tableland areas along the Barreiras Formation, but there are few studies to locate and characterize soils with cohesive character. Therefore, this work was carried out to characterize pedons in the western and eastern mesoregions of the state, located in the Barreiras Formation and with different climatic conditions. The profile description and sample collection were carried out in March and April 2016. The characteristics of the profile identified were the sequence of horizons and their depth, soil color, texture, structure, consistency, and transition between horizons. The physical analyzes were of soil density and texture. The chemical analyzes consisted of: pH in water and in KCl, contents of available P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, potential acidity, and total organic carbon. Indices obtained were: base sum, effective cation exchange capacity, cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, base saturation, exchangeable aluminum saturation, and exchangeable sodium percentage. The profiles were classified up to the fourth categorical level. The mineralogical assembly was identified in the clay fraction of the diagnostic horizons. The identification of the minerals was performed by X-ray diffraction. The pedons of the two regions presented distinct characteristics and pedogenesis, occurring laterization in the pedons of the western mesoregion and podzolization in the pedons of the eastern mesoregion, both without presence of cohesive character as a diagnostic attribute.

MINERALOGY OF THE QUEENS LOAM AND QUEENS CLAY LOAM SOILS OF EASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
S. W. Reeder ◽  
H. G. Dion ◽  
A. L. McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Petrographic Examination ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Geological Formations

On the basis of petrographic examination of the sand fraction and the X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, electron microscope, ethylene glycol retention, base exchange capacity and fusion analyses of the clay fraction it was concluded that these soils were developed on similar parent materials, were derived from common geological formations, and have been subjected to similar weathering and development processes since time of deposition.

STABILITY OF FE2+-BEARING MINERALS DURING OXIDATION PRETREATMENT FOR SOIL ANALYSIS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-436
Author(s):  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
N. MILES ◽  
D. CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Valence State ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Four minerals, thuringite, hornblende, biotite and magnetite, in which Fe2+ content represents 91, 83, 78 and 33% of the total Fe content, respectively, were treated with 0 plasma to evaluate the effect of this oxidizing agent on the valence state of the iron. X-ray diffraction analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated that these minerals were not affected by the treatment within the detection limits of the instruments. The method is thereby acceptable for the decomposition of organic matter in soils; the dry environment inherent in the 0 plasma treatment cannot transport cations susceptible to substitution for those present in the interlayer space. Key words: XRD patterns, Mössbauer spectra, hornblende, thuringite, biotite, magnetite

Pedogenic formation of smectites in a vertisol developed from granitic rock from Kaélé (Cameroon, Central Africa)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Nguetnkam ◽  
R. Kamga ◽  
F. Villiéras ◽  
G. E. Ekodeck ◽  
J. Yvon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Common Source ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mixed Layers ◽  
Granite Mass

AbstractSmectite formation in a vertisol developed from a granitic parent rock in the Kaélé region of Cameroon in a tropical, dry climate was studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), chemical analyses, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and low temperature gas adsorption. The soil profile comprises three horizons (from base to top): (1) a saprolite, (2) an intermediate horizon, and (3) an upper dark grey horizon. In the saprolite, the progressive alteration of feldspars gave rise to the exclusive neoformation of beidellite exhibiting a typical honeycomb fabric. This process resulted in Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti and Mn enrichment, a depletion of Si and Na and a significant negative Eu anomaly. In the upper horizons, beidellite evolves and is transformed into montmorillonite and kaolinite, probably through a series of smectite-kaolinite mixed layers. This transformation, from the saprolite to the upper horizons, causes the observed decrease in the CEC and the increase in specific surface area and mesoporosity of the clay. The REE patterns of the bulk soil and clay fraction display similar behaviour, indicating that the three horizons, and hence the clay minerals, have a common source in the underlying granite. Mass-balance calculations show that the intense weathering of the granite leads to a mass reduction of ~80–90%.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Material Interlayer di Mineral Lempung Smekit di Tanah Leptic Hapludert yang Berkembang di atas Ca-Bentonit di Nanggulan Kulon Progo

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nurcholis ◽  
Aris Buntoro
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Oriented Samples ◽  
Successive Heating ◽  
Clay Materials

The objective of this study was to understand the mineralogical characteristics of the bentonite and its upper developed soil, at Nanggulan Kulonprogo. Separation and collection of clay fraction were done by fractionation on suspension at pH 10 after organic matter was oxidized using H2O2. Characteristics of clay mineral was analyzed using X-ray diffraction on parallel oriented samples after Mg saturation, glycerol solvation, or K saturation, and its following successive heating at 100°C, 300°C and 550°C. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable bases were analyzed using saturation of NH4OAc 1N pH 7. Results showed that clay materials of both samples were Ca-bentonite. Comparing with clay from soil, bentonite had peak intensity of the semctite minerals and low value of CEC and exchangeable Ca. Potassium saturation caused incompletely shrinkage of the studied smectite minerals, and it was reflected by a broader peaks at 13,11 Å. The presence of these broader peaks was interpreted as a growth of interlayer materials that it may alter to smectite-chlorite intergrade minerals.

scholarly journals Structural-phase transformations in bentonite after acid treatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vlasova ◽  
G. Dominguez-Patiño ◽  
N. Kakazey ◽  
M. Dominguez-Patiño ◽  
D. Juarez-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Structural Phase ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hcl Medium ◽  
Structural Phase Transformations

The methods of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray microanalysis, electron microscopy, BET and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were used for investigation of the structural-phase transformations in bentonite under the influence of hydrochloric acid and temperature treatment (100-800?C). It is established that in HCl medium during temperature treatment, dehydration and dehydroxilation of montmorillonite occur. The presence of gypsum and barium chloride results in an intercalation of interlayer space of montmorillonite by Ca and Ba ions Temperature treatment of intercalated montmorillonite leads to the formation of pores.

THE NATURE OF SMECTITES IN SOME FINE TEXTURED LACUSTRINE PARENT MATERIALS IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MERMUT ◽  
K. GHEBRE-EGZIABHIER ◽  
R. J. St. ARNAUD
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Average Chemical Composition ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Composition Formula ◽  
Soil Complex ◽  
Fine Clay

Detailed mineralogy and chemistry of the clay fraction of five glacio-lacustrine deposits and of one Cretaceous marine shale (Ashville) were studied. Fine clay separates (< 0.2 μm) of the five parent materials were predominantly smectite with an average chemical composition:[Formula: see text]X-ray diffraction, dehydration, infrared, and chemical analyses, and the Greene-Kelly test showed that the smectite was an iron rich montmorillonite. Similarities in the crystal structure of the five soil parent material clays suggest that they were likely transported from the same source. Despite the differences in percentage of clay minerals, similarities between chemical composition of the coarse and the fine clays is interpreted as an indication of close diagenetic relationships between the predominant smectite and soil mica. High silicate bound iron may have caused a distortion in the crystal lattice and a slightly favorable weathering condition of smectites. However, presence of high exchangeable and soluble magnesium in the soil complex is likely retarding the smectite alteration. Thus, weathering by elemental substitution may have been restricted to the smectite end member only. Key words: Swelling clay soils, iron montmorillonite, chemical composition of smectites, dehydration of smectites

Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of smectites from the Ventzia basin, western Macedonia, Greece

Clay Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Kaufhold ◽  
George D. Chryssikos ◽  
George Kacandes ◽  
Vassilis Gionis ◽  
Kristian Ufer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Rietveld Method ◽  
Special Property ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Charge Densities ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Three Samples

AbstractThree samples of bulk smectite clay from the Pilori and Velanida bentonite deposits of the Ventzia basin, western Macedonia, Greece, were characterized in detail. Chemical analyses and X-ray diffraction (XRD; Rietveld method) showed that the samples are rich in Fe and Mg (8–13 mass% and 6–10 mass% as oxides, respectively) and contain ~60–65 mass% smectite. The high Fe and Mg content as well as the high Cr (0.3–0.5 mass%) and Ni content (0.1–0.3 mass%) are consistent with the formation of these clays from ultramafic precursor sediments of the Vourinos ophiolite complex. Both XRD and infrared spectroscopy indicate the presence of other clay minerals besides smectite, such as minor amounts of kaolinite, trioctahedral-rich palygorskite, serpentine and talc (depending on the sample). The position of the d060 reflection (1.51–1.52 Å) is compatible with either high Fe content or partial trioctahedral character, or probably both. The predominance of ferruginous smectite or nontronite was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, but the minor presence of a trioctahedral magnesian smectite in some of the samples cannot be excluded. Layer charge densities, determined by the νO-D (oxygen-deuterium IR-stretching) method calibrated against the structural formula method, are in the 0.48–0.52 eq/FU range. Various methods point to the existence of a significant amount of tetrahedral charge, which is typical of ferruginous smectites. The major exchangeable cation is Mg2+ (73–90%), which represents a special property of these materials compared with other bentonites.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document