Acid-sulphate hydrothermal alteration of andesitic tuffs and genesis of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Biga Peninsula, Turkey

Clay Minerals ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ö. I. Ece ◽  
P. A. Schroeder ◽  
M. J. Smilley ◽  
J. M. Wampler
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Biga Peninsula ◽  
The North ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Nw Turkey

AbstractThe Biga Peninsula of NW Turkey is host to six major halloysite deposits in the Go¨nen, Yenice and Balya districts. Mineralization took place in areas of Permian limestone blocks where the Triassic Karakaya Complex is in contact with early Miocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. Hypogene halloysite mineralization was controlled by the intersection of minor faults in the vicinity of clay deposits. During the Pleistocene, activity of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) brought ascending geothermal solutions through the fault zones to the surface, which led to hydrothermal alteration and halloysite formation. N-MORB normalized element values for each halloysite deposit and the volcanic rocks suggest genetic links. Alunite and halloysite were formed in the Turplu area where upwelling hydrothermal waters contained major H2S and SO2acids. Only halloysite mineralization occurred in outflow areas of the same fossil geothermal field.Pyrite and alunite samples from the Turplu deposits have δ34S values of 0.6–1.8% and 4.8–7.9%, respectively, with values for gypsum of 3.1–3.5%. The δ34S values of pyrite suggest that local meteoric waters had partially mixed with the dominant fluid during the closure stage of fossil hydrothermal activities. The range of δD values of halloysite samples from Turplu is –58.4 to –68.6%. The δ18O values for halloysite are in the range 16.7–18.1%. All halloysite deposits in the study areas are either overlying or adjacent to limestone blocks, and these provide excellent drainage for the discharging geothermal waters. Subsurface drainage systems in the karstic environment and the SO2-bearing thermal waters indicate the importance of acidic waters and the continuous leaching of elements in forming relatively pure hydrated halloysite. A steam-heated dissolution-precipitation model is proposed for the occurrence of all halloysite and alunite deposits. Sulphur gases (H2S-SO2) of hypogene origin rose from deep in the fault zone to the surface where they encountered oxygenated groundwater at the water table. The occurrence of H2SO4in this hydrothermal system enhanced the acidity of geothermal waters provoking advanced argillic alteration. Hypogene alunite deposits also have large P2O5contents, suggesting a parent material with a magmatic origin deeper than the alkaline tuffs. Halloysite is a fast-forming metastable precursor to kaolinite.

A rock magnetic fingerprint of hydrothermal alteration in volcanic rocks - An example from the Los Azufres Geothermal Field, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Kailasa Pandarinath ◽  
Rajasekhariah Shankar ◽  
E. Santoyo ◽  
Shwetha B. Shetty ◽  
America Yosiris García-Soto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Geothermal Field

Geochemical features of the geothermal and mineral waters from Apuseni Mountains, Romania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alin-Marius Nicula ◽  
Artur Ionescu ◽  
Cristian-Ioan Pop ◽  
Carmen Roba ◽  
Walter D’Alessandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pannonian Basin ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western

<p><strong>Geochemical features of the geothermal and mineral waters from Apuseni Mountains, Romania</strong></p><p>Alin-Marius Nicula<sup>1</sup>, Artur Ionescu<sup>1,2</sup>, Cristian-Ioan Pop<sup>1</sup>, Carmen Roba<sup>1</sup>, Walter D’Alessandro<sup>3</sup>, Ferenc Lazar Forray<sup>4</sup>, Iancu Oraseanu<sup>5</sup>, Calin Baciu<sup>1</sup></p><p><sup> </sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Str. Fantanele nr. 30, 400294, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ([email protected])</p><p><sup>2</sup>University of Perugia, Department of Physics and Geology, Via A. Pascoli 06123, Perugia, Italy</p><p><sup>3</sup>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo la Malfa, 153,</p><p>90146 Palermo, Italy</p><p><sup>4</sup>Department of Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</p><p><sup>5</sup>Romanian Association of Hydrogeologists, Bucuresti, Romania</p><p> </p><p>The Apuseni Mountains are located in the western part of Romania and separate the Pannonian Basin from the Transylvanian Basin. These mountains are famous and intensely studied for their important non-ferrous metal resources. Few data were published about the geothermal potential of this area. More works have been dedicated to mineral waters, while the geothermal waters are only briefly described, without sufficient emphasis on them. The current research is focusing on the two categories, cold mineral and geothermal water in the Apuseni Mountains, compared to the surrounding areas, in order to better understand their genesis and the general context of the geothermalism in the study region. A preliminary survey of these waters was done in 2019 taking water and gas samples from 41 sources.</p><p>The pH varies between 6.00 and 9.02 and, the lowest values have been measured in the CO<sub>2</sub>-rich waters of the Southern Apuseni Mountains. Water temperatures vary between 11.1 <sup>â—‹</sup>C and 81 <sup>â—‹</sup>C. In the southern part of the Apuseni Mountains, the geothermal waters are of the calcium bicarbonate type (Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub>), while in the north-western part, the sodium bicarbonate type (Na-HCO<sub>3</sub>) is more common. The water sources from the north-western part are close to the Pannonian Basin and show features comparable to the thermal waters of this basin. Conductivity values show significant variations between 142 and 2040 µS/cm, but regional homogeneities were observed. The highest concentration of bicarbonate was measured in one of the localities of the northern study area (BeiuÅŸ Depression - 3318.4 mg/L). The dissolved heavy metal concentrations (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe) in the water samples were also measured. For all the investigated waters, the heavy metal content was low. The highest concentrations were recorded for Fe 342.90 µg/L and Zn 86.14 µg/L. The isotopic data (δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H) demonstrate the meteoric origin of the thermal waters.</p><p>Some springs and wells release free gases. The gas chromatographic analyses show the prevalence of N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, with minor amounts of CH<sub>4 </sub>in the water sources close to the Pannonian Basin. The isotope composition of Helium shows values between 0.9 and 2.18 R/Ra indicating a prevailing crustal source with a significant mantle component. In the case of δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> the values range between -12.7 and -6.1 ‰ vs.V-PDB, indicating that the CO<sub>2</sub> originates possibly from a limestone source.</p>

scholarly journals Applying spectral analysis for identification of alteration zones in north Saveh area, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Rangzan ◽  
Somayeh Beyranvand ◽  
Hoshang Pourkaseb ◽  
Hojjatollah Ranjbar ◽  
Alireza Zarasvandi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Spectral Angle Mapper ◽  
Alteration Zones ◽  
The North

An extensive series of volcanic rocks are exposed in the north of Saveh city, Iran, which consist of phyllic, argillic and propylitic hydrothermal alteration types. For the purpose of the investigation, a FieldSpec3® spectroradiometer was used to measure the spectral response of the mineral content of these rocks. The spectral analyses of reflectance curve by The Spectral Geologist (TSG) software could discriminate kaolinite and montmorillonite (argillic), illite, muscovite, phengite and paragonite (phyllic), hornblende and chlorite, siderite (propylitic), hematite and goethite from the gossans. It also detected gypsum of hydrothermal alteration zones. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) image, which was used for mapping the hydrothermal alteration minerals, contains the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) wavelengths between 0.52 µm and 0.86 µm, Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) wavelengths between 1.6 µm and 2.43 µm and Thermal Infrared (TIR) wavelengths between 8.125 µm and 11.65 µm with 15, 30 and 90 m spatial resolutions, respectively. For calibration of the ASTER images, the extracted spectra of different rocks and minerals were used for atmospheric and radiometric corrections. Mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) were applied on ASTER data to map the hydrothermal alteration of minerals. The use of the spectroradiometry techniques in conjunction with other data exhibits the ability of these new methods for non-destructive and rapid identification of mineral types for more detailed investigation. The results show that the area has undergone different levels of hydrothermal alteration, so much so that phyllic, argillic and propylitic types of hydrothermal alteration are present in the study area. This may point to high potential and promising zones for the exploration of porphyry mineralisation.

scholarly journals Late Miocene transcurrent tectonics in NW Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetism and 40Ar–39Ar dating of alkaline volcanic rocks

2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. KAYMAKCI ◽  
E. ALDANMAZ ◽  
C. LANGEREIS ◽  
T. L. SPELL ◽  
O. F. GURER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
North Anatolian Fault Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Nw Turkey

A number of intra-continental alkaline volcanic sequences in NW Turkey were emplaced along localized extensional gaps within dextral strike-slip fault zones prior to the initiation of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. This study presents new palaeomagnetic and 40Ar–39Ar geochronological results from the lava flows of NW Turkey as a contribution towards understanding the Neogene–Quaternary tectonic evolution of the region and possible roles of block rotations in the kinematic history of the region. 40Ar–39Ar analyses of basalt groundmass indicate that the major volume of alkaline lavas of NW Turkey spans about 4 million years of episodic volcanic activity. Palaeomagnetic results reveal clockwise rotations as high as 73° in Thrace and 33° anticlockwise rotations in the Biga Peninsula. Movement of some of the faults delimiting the areas of lava flows and the timing of volcanic eruptions are both older than the initiation age of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, implying that the region experienced transcurrent tectonics during Late Miocene to Pliocene times and that some of the presently active faults in the region are reactivated pre-existing structures.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Geothermometry Applications of Thermal Waters in Coastal Xinzhou and Shenzao Geothermal Fields, Guangdong, China

Geofluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Guoping Lu ◽  
Bill X. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Granite Batholith

Two separate groups of geothermal waters have been identified in the coastal region of Guangdong, China. One is Xinzhou thermal water of regional groundwater flow system in a granite batholith and the other is thermal water derived from shallow coastal aquifers in Shenzao geothermal field, characterized by high salinity. The hydrochemical characteristics of the thermal waters were examined and characterized as Na-Cl and Ca-Na-Cl types, which are very similar to that of seawater. The hydrochemical evolution is revealed by analyzing the correlations of components versus Cl and their relative changes for different water samples, reflecting different extents of water-rock interactions and clear mixing trends with seawaters. Nevertheless, isotopic data indicate that thermal waters are all of the meteoric origins. Isotopic data also allowed determination of different recharge elevations and presentation of different mixing proportions of seawater with thermal waters. The reservoir temperatures were estimated by chemical geothermometries and validated by fluid-mineral equilibrium calculations. The most reliable estimates of reservoir temperature lie in the range of 148–162°C for Xinzhou and the range of 135–144°C for Shenzao thermal waters, based on the retrograde and prograde solubilities of anhydrite and chalcedony. Finally, a schematic cross-sectional fault-hydrology conceptual model was proposed.

scholarly journals Geothermal exploitation in the Sani-Afytos area of the Kassandra peninsula (Chalkidiki peninsula, Northern Greece)

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1162
Author(s):  
Ch. Kougoulis ◽  
A. Arvanitis ◽  
N. Kolios ◽  
S. Koutsinos ◽  
J. S. Kougoulis
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Geothermal Exploration ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Geothermal Fluids

The Sani-Afytos area in the Kassandra Peninsula (Chalkidiki) was the area of systematic geothermal exploration. Based on deep oil borehole data, the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary sediments show significant thickness reaching 3600 m and cover the metamorphosed Mesozoic, mainly carbonate, basement. The detailed water temperature investigation proved the presence of sub-thermal waters (20-28°C) at depths up to 300 m and the spatial distribution of the isothermal curves at depths of 150 and 200 m according to the main NW-SE and SE-NW tectonic structures of the area. Through the construction of geothermal exploration and production wells at depths of 422-583 m, thermal waters of 31.7-36°C were detected within the Upper Miocene sediments. The average value of the geothermal gradient was calculated to be 3-4°CI 100 m. One production well of 520 m depth provides waters of 34°C while its potential flow rate is approximately 50 m /h. The geothermal waters were classified in Na-HCOi and Na-CI types of waters with TD. S 0.89-2.03 g/l. With the aid of chemical geothermometers the deep temperature was estimated to be 80-100°C. In one exploration well, the presence of gas phase (77% v/v CH4, 21.8% v/v N2) was detected. The geothermal exploration resulted in the characterization of the area as the "geothermal field of Sani-Afytos" and in the prospective development using the geothermal fluids in the tourism and other activities.

scholarly journals The Role of Geothermal Waters in Sustainable Development Application of Main North Center Algerian Hot Springs (Righa, Biban, Ksena)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
A. Ait Ouali. A. Issaadi ◽  
A. Ayadi K. Imessad
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Thermal Springs ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
The North ◽  
Rain Rates

The study zone is one of the significant thermal waters in the north Algeria. It is characterized by a cold climate with intense rain rates 700 mm/year. The Jurassic geothermal reservoir system is exploited by thermal springs and traditional wells for agricultural purposes. The main reservoir lithology characterized by calcareous formations which yield the chemical features of highly mineralized Na-Cl type representing the thermal waters. Seven main Hot springs was samples collected June 2018 with a temperature average between 29 and 80° C and conductivities range from 2520 to 3766 μS/cm.For a better application of geothermal water sites, a multidisciplinary methods was adopted, geological site study, water chemistry and touristic impact for local economic development. In this study, a final map was realized of geothermal potential for possible exploitation of this clean energyKeywords: Biban, thermal springs, sustainable development, geothermal use, water chemistry

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