scholarly journals Peripheral blood but not tissue dendritic cells express CD52 and are depleted by treatment with alemtuzumab

Blood ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1715-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea G. S. Buggins ◽  
Ghulam J. Mufti ◽  
Jonathan Salisbury ◽  
Jane Codd ◽  
Nigel Westwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Hla Dr

CAMPATH antibodies recognize CD52, a phosphatidylinositol-linked membrane protein expressed by mature lymphocytes and monocytes. Since some antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) differentiate from a monocytic progenitor, we investigated the expression of CD52 on dendritic cell subsets. Four-color staining for lineage markers (CD3, 14, 16, 19, 20, 34, and 56), HLA-DR, CD52, and CD123 or CD11c demonstrated that myeloid peripheral blood (PB) DCs, defined as lineage−HLA-DR+CD11c+, express CD52, while expression by CD123+ lymphoid DCs was variable. Depletion of CD52+ cells from normal PB strongly inhibited their stimulatory activity in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction and also reduced the primary autologous response to the potent neoantigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin. CD52 is thus expressed by a myeloid subset of PBDCs that is strongly allostimulatory and capable of initiating a primary immune response to soluble antigen. Administration of alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD52, to patients with lymphoproliferative disorders or as conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation resulted in a marked reduction in circulating lineage−HLA-DR+ DCs (mean 31-fold reduction,P = .043). Analysis of monocyte-derived DCs in vitro revealed a reduction in CD52 expression during culture in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4, with complete loss following activation-induced maturation with lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to the findings in PB, epidermal and small-intestine DCs did not express CD52, suggesting either that transit from blood to epidermis and gut is associated with loss of CD52 or that DCs in these tissues originate from another population of cells.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic evaluation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells generated from whole blood for immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousri M. Hussein ◽  
Doaa M. Hendawy ◽  
Abdalrahman N. Alghamdy ◽  
Nermin Raafat
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize different pathogens and cancer cells and activate the adaptive immune response. The generation of effective DC-based cancer vaccines depends on the appropriate differentiation of monocytes in vitro. This study aimed to standardize a protocol for the in vitro differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes into immature DCs upon treatment with growth factors and generate monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated from peripheral blood. After monocyte enrichment by plastic adhesion, monocytes were cultured for 6 days in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 to generate immature DCs. The cells were examined by microscopy. Using flow cytometry, DCs were evaluated for the expression of the CD83 and HLA-DR surface antigens, for the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated dextran, and also for the expression of CD80 and CD86 mRNA. Results CD80 and CD86 genes expression was upregulated at day six and exhibited a significant difference (P < 0.05). DCs showed positive expression of the CD83 and HLA-DR surface antigens by flow cytometry and FITC-conjugated dextran uptake. Conclusion This study represents a preliminary trial to generate immature MoDCs in vitro from blood monocytes collected by the flask adherence method. It offers a panel of surface markers for DCs characterization and provides Immature DCs for experimental procedures after 6 incubation days.

scholarly journals In-VitroDifferentiation of Mature Dendritic Cells From Human Blood Monocytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gieseler ◽  
Dirk Heise ◽  
Afsaneh Soruri ◽  
Peter Schwartz ◽  
J. Hinrich Peters
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Hla Dq ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Representing the most potent antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DC) can now be generated from human blood monocytes. We recently presented a novel protocol employing GM-CSF, IL-4, and IFN-γto differentiate monocyte-derived DCin vitro. Here, such cells are characterized in detail. Cells in culture exhibited both dendritic and veiled morphologies, the former being adherent and the latter suspended. Phenotypically, they were CD1a-/dim, CD11a+, CD11b++, CD11c+, CD14dim/-, CD16a-/dim, CD18+, CD32dim/-, CD33+, CD40+, CD45R0+, CD50+, CD54+, CD64-/dim, CD68+, CD71+, CD80dim, CD86+/++, MHC class I++/+++HLA-DR++/+++HLA-DP+, and HLA-DQ+. The DC stimulated a strong allogeneic T-cell response, and further evidence for their autologous antigen-specific stimulation is discussed. Although resembling a mature CD 11c+CD45R0+blood DC subset identified earlier, their differentiation in the presence of the Thl and Th2 cytokines IFN-γand IL-4 indicates that these DC may conform to mature mucosal DC.

MicroRNA Expression in Macrophages-Derived Microvesicles May Contribute to Cellular Survival and Differentiation

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3557-3557
Author(s):  
Noura Ismail ◽  
Clay B. Marsh ◽  
Melissa Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Numerous Cell

Abstract Microvesicles (MV) (also know as exosomes) are small membrane-bound vesicles released by numerous cell types that contain proteins, mRNA and microRNA. We found that MV from activated monocytes drove survival and differentiation in naïve cells. We therefore were interested in understanding the content of MV produced by activated mononuclear phagocytes. Purified peripheral blood monocytes were treated in vitro for 24 h with or without the monocyte survival factors, GM-CSF or M-CSF, respectively. Examination of monocytes and macrophages by electron microscopy or culture supernatants by flow cytometry demonstrated that monocytes produced MV, which quantitatively increased upon differentiation. Treatment with GM-CSF resulted in more MV production than M-CSF-treated monocytes. To examine whether MV from differentiated cells induced myeloid maturation, the MV were collected and added to fresh monocytes; only MV derived from GM-CSF treated cells induced differentiation of naïve monocytes into macrophages. We next hypothesized that expression of microRNA contained in the MV modulated differentiation of monocytes. Profiling of MV from GM-CSF and M-CSF derived macrophages revealed only two significantly expressed microRNAs. We found that mir-155 was significantly elevated by two-fold in MV from GM-CSF-treated cells, while mir-340 was significantly increased seven-fold in M-CSF-derived MV. Notably, mir- 223 was the highest expressed microRNA in MV from both GM-CSF and M-CSF-treated cells. Recent data suggest that expression of mir-223 regulates myeloid, granulocytic and osteoclasts differentiation, and has a role in hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. While mir-223 is present in MV from both GM-CSF and M-CSF treated cells, it is possible that the low abundance of MV produce from M-CSF-treated cells resulted in less effective concentration to induce differentiation. In this model, it is also possible that regulation of proteins targeted by the increase in mir-155 and decrease mir-340 in the GM-CSF-derived MV are responsible for myeloid differentiation. Since changes in microRNA expression including mir-223 has been reported in AML, our data suggest that myeloid-derived MV in the peripheral blood containing mir-223 may be altered contributing to leukemogenesis.

scholarly journals Impairments of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila V. Sakhno ◽  
Ekaterina Ya. Shevela ◽  
Marina A. Tikhonova ◽  
Sergey D. Nikonov ◽  
Alexandr A. Ostanin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocytes ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Antigen Presenting

The phenotype and functional properties of antigen-presenting cells (APC), that is, circulating monocytes and generatedin vitromacrophages and dendritic cells, were investigated in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) differing in lymphocyte reactivity toM. tuberculosisantigens (PPD-reactive versus PPD-anergic patients). We revealed the distinct impairments in patient APC functions. For example, the monocyte dysfunctions were displayed by low CD86 and HLA-DR expression, 2-fold increase in CD14+CD16+expression, the high numbers of IL-10-producing cells, and enhanced IL-10 and IL-6 production upon LPS-stimulation. The macrophages which werein vitrogenerated from peripheral blood monocytes under GM-CSF were characterized by Th1/Th2-balance shifting (downproduction of IFN-γcoupled with upproduction of IL-10) and by reducing of allostimulatory activity in mixed lymphocyte culture. The dendritic cells (generatedin vitrofrom peripheral blood monocytes upon GM-CSF + IFN-α) were characterized by impaired maturation/activation, a lower level of IFN-γproduction in conjunction with an enhanced capacity to produce IL-10 and IL-6, and a profound reduction of allostimulatory activity. The APC dysfunctions were found to be most prominent in PPD-anergic patients. The possible role of APC impairments in reducing the antigen-specific T-cell response toM. tuberculosiswas discussed.

Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 4120-4126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Xia Jiang ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
Shuang-Xi Zhang ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Human Mscs ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
And Function

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in addition to their multilineage differentiation, have a direct immunosuppressive effect on T-cell proliferation in vitro. However, it is unclear whether they also modulate the immune system by acting on the very first step. In this investigation, we addressed the effects of human MSCs on the differentiation, maturation, and function of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from CD14+ monocytes in vitro. Upon induction with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus interleukin-4 (IL-4), MSC coculture could strongly inhibit the initial differentiation of monocytes to DCs, but this effect is reversible. In particular, such suppression could be recapitulated with no intercellular contact at a higher MSC/monocyte ratio (1:10). Furthermore, mature DCs treated with MSCs were significantly reduced in the expression of CD83, suggesting their skew to immature status. Meanwhile, decreased expression of presentation molecules (HLA-DR and CD1a) and costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and down-regulated IL-12 secretion were also observed. In consistence, the allostimulatory ability of MSC-treated mature DCs on allogeneic T cells was impaired. In conclusion, our data suggested for the first time that human MSCs could suppress monocyte differentiation into DCs, the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thus indicating the versatile regulation of MSCs on the ultimate specific immune response.

The Induction of Dendritic Cells with IFN-alpha and GM-CSF from Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 4873-4873
Author(s):  
Shuier Zhen ◽  
Jie Jin ◽  
Xiangmin Tong
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Gm Csf

Abstract Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disease arising from the clonal expansion of a stem cell with the typical Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome cytogenetic abnormality. IFN-a has been proven to be effective for patients in the chronic phase of myelogenous leukemia (CML), yet the mechanisms of the antitumor action of these cytokines are still a matter of debate. Dendritc cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that prime effective T-cell response aginst tumour antigens. Recent studies have shown that IFN-a can exert a variety of effects on dendritic cells (DCs), which may play an important role in the induction of an antitumor immunity. Human DCs can be generated in vitro from peripheral blood(PB) monocytes or from CD34+ haematopoietic precursor cells in culture medium containing human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4 and some other cytokines. Previous studies have shown a new effective protocol for the generation of human DCs from unseparated BM aspirate cells with excellent functional capacity of antigen uptake and of stimulating naive and memory T cell responses superior to that of DCs from peripheral blood(PB) monocytes. We, therefore, explored whether treatment with IFN-a may influence the CML bone marrow mononuclear cells(BMMNCs) derived DCs in vitro. Treatment BMMNCs of 12 patients with CML in chronic phase with IFN-a+rhGM-CSF(IFN-a-DC) generated DCs with more mature phenotype properties expressing higher of CD80,CD86,HLA-DR,CD83 compared to the CML- BMMNCs treated with rhGM-CSF+IL-4(IL-4-DC). And in parallel with phenotypes, IFN-a-DC also showed more effective than IL-4-DC in eliciting an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction by MTT assay. FISH confirmed the DCs of both groups were leukemic origin. These findings demonstrate that IFN-a promotes the differentiation/maturation of DCs derived from BMMNCs of patients with CML in vitro, these studies also broaden the clinical scope of IFN-a as a promising agent in the immunotherapy of CML.

Biological Features and Plasticity of CD56-Positive Dendritic-Like Cells: relationship to Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 1486-1486
Author(s):  
Yohei Osaki ◽  
Akihiko Yokohama ◽  
Akio Saitoh ◽  
Kenichi Tahara ◽  
Kunio Yanagisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Interferon Alpha ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Cell Neoplasm

Abstract Abstract 1486 Introduction: Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in the induction and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Human blood DCs can be classified into plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) and myeloid dendritic cell (mDC). In general, pDC is defined as lineage (Lin)-HLA-DR (DR)+CD123+CD11c-, and mDC is defined as Lin-DR+CD123+CD11c+. PDCs are a specific type of dendritic cells that is found in an immature form in the peripheral blood and that is the major interferon-alpha producing cell in response to viruses. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematological malignancy that has a putative plasmacytoid dendritic cells origin. Unlike blood pDCs, the specific feature of BPDCN is the positive expression of CD56. In addition to these markers, BPDCNs can express various antigens, such as CD2, CD10, CD13, CD33 and even CD11c, that cause immunophenotypical diversity among cases. The goal of this study was to clarify the normal counterpart of BPDCN by analyzing the characteristics of CD56-positive blood Dendritic-like Cells (DLCs). Material and Methods: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were isolated by gradient centrifugation from healthy volunteers, and CD3, CD14, CD16 and CD19 antibodies were used as a lineage cocktail. We defined CD56+pDC-like cells (pDLCs) as Lin-DR+CD56+CD123+ cells, CD56+mDC-like Cells (mDLCs) as Lin-DR+CD56+CD123-CD11c+ cells, pDCs as Lin-DR+CD56-CD123+CD11c-cells and mDCs as Lin-DR+CD56-CD123+CD11c+cells. In some experiments, cells were purified from PBMNCs using a cell sorter. Sorted cells were analyzed for mRNA levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokines and transcriptional factors. Phagocytic activity and mixed lymphocyte reactions were analyzed by flow cytometry. Sorted cells were also analyzed after 4–6 days of culture with Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligands (Flt3-L) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating Factor (GM-CSF). Results: PBMCs comprised a small population of each cell type: 0.03% of CD56+pDLCs, 0.35% of CD56+mDLC, 0.93% of pDC 0.93%, and 0.60% of mDC. CD56+pDLCs had oval or U-shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin, and perinuclear halo, which is feature of pDC, was clearly observed in the cytoplasm. CD11c expression in CD56+pDLCs was lower than that in mDCs but higher than that in pDCs. CD56+pDLCs were not Natural Killer (NK) cells, as there was no expression of CD122 or other NK-specific antigens. Meanwhile, CD56+pDLCs had clear expression of BDCA2 and BDCA4, suggesting that this population was closely related to pDCs. Real-time quantitative (RQ) PCR assay revealed that TLRs were expressed in an intermediate level between pDCs and mDCs in CD56+pDLCs (CD56+pDLC vs. pDC vs. mDC: TLR2, 0.17 vs. 0.09 vs. 1.13; TLR4, 0.14 vs. 0.06 vs. 0.53; TLR7, 0.67 vs. 16.70 vs. 0.30; TLR9, 3.73 vs. 72.41 vs. 0.18). Expression of the transcription factors, E2-2, Irf8 and SpiB, in pDCs was higher than that in CD56+pDLCs, but lower than that in mDCs (CD56+pDLC vs. pDC vs. mDC: E2-2, 16.78 vs. 118.69 vs. 1.45; Irf8, 1.73 vs. 9.07 vs. 0.55; SpiB, 0.14 vs. 0.52 vs. 0.02). RQ−PCR after CpG stimulation revealed that CD56+pDLCs had lower interferon–alpha production when compared with pDCs (5.7405 vs. 360.881). Phagocytic capacity of CD56+pDLCs was lower than that of mDC or pDC (1.96% vs. 4.32 % vs. 52.6% for FITC-dextran positive cells in CD56+pDLCs vs. pDCs vs. mDCs). Allogeneic T cells proliferated less efficiently after culture with CD56+pDLCs than they did after culture with pDC. After in vitro culture with Flt3L and GM-CSF, the percentage of BDCA1-positive cells increased from 2.75% to 62.9%. Discussion: CD56+pDLCs were rare population in PBMNCs. Their phenotype and function were similar to pDCs, in part, but they expressed myeloid antigens and had lower function of phagocytosis and cytokine production than pDCs. In vitro culture suggested plasticity in the immunophenotype of CD56+pDLCs when compared with pDC and mDC. Collectively, these data suggest that CD56+pDLCs is a distinct new population of DCs that possesses a high degree of plasticity. These immunophenotypic characteristics and plasticity may influence the immunophenotypic diversity of BPDCNs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The Susceptibility to X4 and R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Strains of Dendritic Cells Derived In Vitro From CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Is Primarily Determined by Their Maturation Stage

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 3866-3875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Canque ◽  
Youssef Bakri ◽  
Sandrine Camus ◽  
Micael Yagello ◽  
Abdelaziz Benjouad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Cd40 Ligand ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Dendritic cells (DC) were sorted on day 8 from cultures of CD34+ cells with stem cell factor/Flt-3 ligand/ granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)/tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)/interleukin-4 (IL-4). Exposing immature CCR5+CXCR4lo/− DC to CCR5-dependent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1Ba-L led to productive and cytopathic infection, whereas only low virus production occurred in CXCR4-dependent HIV-1LAI–exposed DC. PCR analysis of the DC 48 hours postinfection showed efficient entry of HIV-1Ba-L but not of HIV-1LAI. CD40 ligand- or monocyte-conditioned medium-induced maturation of HIV-1Ba-L–infected DC reduced virus production by about 1 Log, while cells became CCR5−. However, HIV-1Ba-L–exposed mature DC harbored 15-fold more viral DNA than their immature counterparts, ruling out inhibition of virus entry. Simultaneously, CXCR4 upregulation by mature DC coincided with highly efficient entry of HIV-1LAI which, nonetheless, replicated at the same low level in mature as in immature DC. In line with these findings, coculture of HIV-1Ba-L–infected immature DC with CD3 monoclonal antibody–activated autologous CD4+ T lymphocytes in the presence of AZT decreased virus production by the DC. Finally, whether they originated from CD1a+CD14− or CD1a−CD14+ precursors, DC did not differ as regards permissivity to HIV, although CD1a+CD14− precursor-derived immature DC could produce higher HIV-1Ba-L amounts than their CD1a−CD14+ counterparts. Thus, both DC permissivity to, and capacity to support replication of, HIV is primarily determined by their maturation stage.

Serial Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Hashimoto ◽  
Takuji Suzuki ◽  
Hong-Yan Dong ◽  
Shigenori Nagai ◽  
Nobuyuki Yamazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Highly Expressed Genes

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells in the immune system and can be generated in vitro from hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow, CD34+ cord blood cells, precursor cells in the peripheral blood, and blood monocytes by culturing with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor-. We have performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) in DCs derived from human blood monocytes. A total of 58,540 tag sequences from a DC complementary DNA (cDNA) library represented more than 17,000 different genes, and these data were compared with SAGE analysis of tags from monocytes (Mo) and GM-CSF–induced macrophages (M◊). Many of the genes that were differentially expressed in DCs were identified as genes encoding proteins related to cell structure and cell motility. Interestingly, the highly expressed genes in DCs encode chemokines such as TARC, MDC, and MCP-4, which preferentially chemoattract Th2-type lymphocytes. Although DCs have been considered to be very heterogeneous, the identification of specific genes expressed in human Mo-derived DCs should provide candidate genes to define subsets of, the function of, and the maturation stage of DCs and possibly also to diagnose diseases in which DCs play a significant role, such as autoimmune diseases and neoplasms. This study represents the first extensive gene expression analysis in any type of DCs.

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