Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Are Tolerogenic through Both IDO1 and IDO2

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 4298-4298
Author(s):  
Sara Trabanelli ◽  
Antonio Curti ◽  
Darina Očadlíková ◽  
Cecilia Evangelisti ◽  
Valentina Salvestrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
And Function

Abstract Abstract 4298 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-like (IDO2) are enzymes involved in the tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway. While it is established that IDO1-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to tolerance in a number of biological settings, little is known about the expression and function of IDO2 in DCs. Human DCs can be generated in vitro to obtain immunogenic antigen-presenting cells (APC), used as cellular vaccines. In the clinical setting, DCs are commonly matured with a cytokine cocktail (CC) which includes TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and PGE2. In particular, PGE2 enhances APC function of DCs by increasing IL-12 production and facilitating DC migration to lymph nodes. However, PGE2 is also a strong IDO1 inducer, which by this route can also limit the anti-tumor activity of DC-based immunotherapies. Thus, understanding the roles of IDO1 and IDO2 in DCs may impact the development of vaccines or DC-based immunotherapies. In the present study, we fully characterized IDO1 and IDO2 expression and function in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Mo-DCs were generated from purified CD14+ monocytes after culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 and then matured with CD40L, LPS alone, LPS plus IFN-g and the CC. We observed that immature Mo-DCs had little if any expression of both IDO1 and IDO2, whereas mature Mo-DCs exhibited upregulation of both enzymes. Among the different maturation stimuli, CC was the most effective in upregulating IDO1 and IDO2, both at the message and protein levels. This effect was associated also with the highest kynurenine production. By means of IDO1 and IDO2 expression, mature Mo-DCs were inhibited in stimulating allogeneic T cell proliferation and generated a population of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs which highly suppressed allogeneic and autologous T-cell proliferation. On the basis of evidence that IDO1 is preferentially inhibited by the L-isoform of 1 methyl-tryptophan (1-MT) and IDO2 by the D-isoform, we performed functional enzyme tests in presence of both isoforms. Notably, both isoforms exhibited inhibitory effects, although we observed a stronger effect of L-1-MT than with D-1-MT suggesting a greater contribution of IDO1 than IDO2. These results offer direct evidence that Mo-DCs express functional IDO1 and IDO2 proteins. During the maturation phase, Mo-DCs enhance their tolerogenic qualities, and in particular the capacity to induce Tregs, through the upregulation of both IDO1 and IDO2. Beside the critical role of IDO1 in enhancing the immunosuppressive capacity of DCs, we show, for the first time, that IDO2 is involved also. Our findings imply that, from a clinical standpoint, to improve the efficacy of DC-based vaccines mature DCs should be combined with molecules that can inhibit the activity of both IDO1 and IDO2. Disclosures: Metz: NewLink Genetics: Employment. Prendergast:New Link Genetics Corp: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties.

scholarly journals HIV inhibits CD4+ T-cell proliferation by inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 3351-3359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Boasso ◽  
Jean-Philippe Herbeuval ◽  
Andrew W. Hardy ◽  
Stephanie A. Anderson ◽  
Matthew J. Dolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase

AbstractInfection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) results in acute and progressive numeric loss of CD4+ T-helper cells and functional impairment of T-cell responses. The mechanistic basis of the functional impairment of the surviving cells is not clear. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme that inhibits T-cell proliferation by catabolizing the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) into the kynurenine (kyn) pathway. Here, we show that IDO mRNA expression is elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV+ patients compared with uninfected healthy controls (HCs), and that in vitro inhibition of IDO with the competitive blocker 1-methyl tryptophan (1-mT) results in increased CD4+ T-cell proliferative response in PBMCs from HIV-infected patients. We developed an in vitro model in which exposure of PBMCs from HCs to either infectious or noninfectious, R5- or X4-tropic HIV induced IDO in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). HIV-induced IDO was not inhibited by blocking antibodies against interferon type I or type II, which, however, induced IDO in pDCs when added to PBMC cultures. Blockade of gp120/CD4 interactions with anti-CD4 Ab inhibited HIV-mediated IDO induction. Thus, induction of IDO in pDCs by HIV may contribute to the T-cell functional impairment observed in HIV/AIDS by a non–interferon-dependent mechanism.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Derived Dendritic Cells Express the Immunoregulatory Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1899-1899
Author(s):  
Antonio Curti ◽  
Simona Pandolfi ◽  
Michela Aluigi ◽  
Elisa Ferri ◽  
Emanuela Ottaviani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells may be differentiated into dendritic cells (DC) which have increased immunogenicity, but retain some immunosuppressive features of leukemic cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine, has been identified as a novel immunosuppressive agent by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and is involved in tolerance induction to tumors. We have recently shown that IDO protein is constitutively expressed in a significant subset of newly diagnosed AML patients, resulting in tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway and in the inhibition of allogeneic T-cell proliferation. We, then, in vitro generated DCs from 7 AML samples (AML-DCs) in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-α. The cells we obtained were morphologically and phenotypically semi-mature DCs expressing CD40, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR and CD1a molecules and they were more efficient to induce T-cell proliferation and type 1 cytokine production than primary AML blasts. At baseline, 5/7 AML samples expressed IDO, whereas 2/7 did not. After differentiation into DCs, IDO+ AML samples showed an up-regulation of IDO mRNA and protein, and IDO− AML cells turned positive. IDO-expressing AML-DCs were capable to catabolize tryptophan into kynurenine metabolite and, functionally, they inhibited allogeneic T-cell proliferation through an IDO-dependent mechanism. These data identify IDO-mediated catabolism as a tolerogenic mechanism in AML-DCs and have clinical implications for the use of AML-DCs as cellular vaccine against leukemia.

Abstract 13287: Dendritic Cells Play a Critical Role in the Initiation of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyao Jin ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Control Group

Introduction: Dendritic cells (DCs) that are known as professional antigen-presenting cells have been found to pre-locate in non-inflammatory arterial wall and increasingly accumulate during atherosclerosis progression. Previous findings suggested that residential DCs in the intima are responsible for capturing modified lipids and forming foam cells during the initiation of atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: DC accumulation and enhanced DC-T cell interaction play a critical role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Methods: We measured plaque formation, vascular DC accumulation and antigen-specific T cell proliferation mediated by isolated aortic cells in ApoE-/- mice, as well as DTR-CD11c/ApoE-/- or DTR-CD11b/ApoE-/- mice for conditional depletion of DCs or macrophages, respectively. A brief high-fat diet for 10 days was used as a model of initial atherosclerosis. Results: In addition to increased intimal DC accumulation and plaque formation in aortic roots, 10 days of HFD induced T cell infiltration in ApoE-/- mice, compared to those without HFD as the control. Isolated aortic cells from mice with 10-day HFD showed stronger capability in inducing antigen-specific T cell proliferation, compare to the control (HFD: 3.14±0.71%; no HFD: 1.56±0.36%; p=0.022). Single diphtheria toxin (DT) injection at day 1 yielded approximately 50% decrease in intimal DC accumulation, as well as 60% attenuation in plaque formation in DTR-CD11c/ApoE-/- mice after 10-day HFD. Capability of stimulating antigen-specific T cell proliferation was also impaired in aortic cells from DC-depleted mice (DT-treated: 1.62±0.30%; PBS-treated: 3.04±0.59%; p= 0.004), along with reduction in indirect conduction of T cell activation. In contrast, no significant changes were found in plaque formation and DC accumulation in DT-injected DTR-CD11b/ApoE-/- mice after 10 days of HFD, compared to control group. Furthermore, depletion of CD11b+ macrophages in either aortas or spleens didn’t alter capability of inducing antigen-specific T cell proliferation in DT-injected mice. Conclusions: These results suggested that vascular DCs rather than macrophages play a more important role in T cell activation and initiation of atherosclerosis.

In Vitro Effects of Cyclosporine A and Tacrolimus on Regulatory T-Cell Proliferation and Function

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Miroux ◽  
Olivier Morales ◽  
Khaldoun Ghazal ◽  
Samia Ben Othman ◽  
Yvan de Launoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cyclosporine A ◽  
Regulatory T Cell ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Regulation of human monocyte HLA-DR and CD4 antigen expression, and antigen presentation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
WF Rigby ◽  
M Waugh ◽  
RF Graziano
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
And Function

Abstract 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2-D) has been shown to be a macrophage-derived cytokine, capable of regulating myeloid differentiation and T-cell activation in vitro. Therefore, we examined the effects of 1,25(OH)2-D on the monocyte phenotype and function of human peripheral blood monocytes as an index of its biologic role at an inflammatory site. 1,25(OH)2-D treatment consistently and specifically reduced HLA-DR and CD4 expression by monocytes, while CD14 and class I HLA antigen expression were unaffected. Expression of Fc gamma R I-III on monocytes was variably modulated by 1,25(OH)2-D treatment, but no differences in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) were observed, measured using either ADCC or anti-Fc gamma R-antibody expressing hybridomas. In contrast, the ability of monocytes to induce antigen-dependent T-cell proliferation was markedly reduced by 1,25(OH)2-D pretreatment for as little as 6 hours. Addition of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, or indomethacin did not restore antigen- dependent T-cell proliferation, suggesting that this observation was not secondary to changes in IL-1, IL-6, or PGE2 production induced by 1,25(OH)2-D. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)2-D treatment specifically modulates human monocyte phenotype and function, altering HLA-DR antigen expression and antigen presentation, while leaving lytic function intact. These findings may be relevant to the immunobiologic role of 1,25(OH)2-D.

Regulatory T Cells Expanded by Autologous Mature Human Dendritic Cells Expressing Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Are Potent Suppressors of T Cell Proliferation.

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1553-1553
Author(s):  
Davi d J. Chung ◽  
Marco Rossi ◽  
Emanuela Romano ◽  
Jennifer Pressley ◽  
Christophe Antczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
De Novo ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Best characterized as initiators of immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) also play an integral role in immune modulation. Immature DCs, for example, process self-antigens to induce and maintain tolerance. The immunoregulatory effects of DCs, however, are not limited to immature subtypes. Immunogenic mature DCs can also induce T regs to curb immune responses. We have found that human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) upregulate the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) with maturation and expand functionally active, naturally occurring as well as inducible regulatory T cells (T regs) in an IDO-dependent manner. Priming of resting bulk T cells with autologous, IDO-expressing, mature moDCs in the absence of exogenous cytokines results in up to 10-fold expansion of CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+CD127neg T cells that mediate significant dose-dependent suppression of both allogeneic and autologous T cells stimulated de novo by DCs. The expansion of T regs by IDO-expressing moDCs involves cell-to-cell contact, CD80/CD86 ligation, and IL-2. Autologous priming in the presence of a competitive inhibitor of IDO, 1-methyl-tryptophan, diminishes T reg expansion. Candidate T regs were further characterized after cytofluorographic sorting primed bulk T cells into CD4+CD25hi, CD4+CD25int, and CD4+CD25neg subpopulations. Post-sort analysis showed that >60% of the CD4+CD25hi cells coexpressed Foxp3, which was not present in the CD4+CD25neg cells. CD4+CD25hi T regs exerted dose-dependent inhibition of DC-stimulated allogeneic T cell proliferation, with >90% inhibition at a suppressor to responder T cell ratio of 1:1 and ~50% inhibition at a ratio of 1:25. CD4+CD25int cells produced intermediate suppression depending on dose, and CD4+CD25neg cells were not inhibitory. CD4+CD25hi T regs mediated similar suppression of autologous T cell responses to stimulation de novo by DCs. CD4+CD25hi T regs also inhibited the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for the Wilms’ tumor gene product (WT-1). The addition of CD4+CD25hi T regs to CTL-priming cultures resulted in a >80% decrease in specific target cell lysis of a WT-1-expressing cell line. Separate studies showed that T reg-mediated suppression is contact dependent and also requires TGF-beta, suggesting inhibition by naturally occurring and inducible T regs, respectively. Depletion of CD4+CD25hi T cells from bulk T cells by negative immunoselection with anti-CD25 magnetic beads at the outset of autologous priming significantly blunts T reg expansion, indicating a requirement for pre-existing T regs in the bulk T cell population. T reg expansion also occurs in priming cultures using cytofluorographically-sorted CD4+CD25neg T cells, indicating de novo generation of T regs from CD4+CD25neg precursors. In summary, our results demonstrate a mechanism by which mature, IDO-expressing, human moDCs expand autologous, naturally occurring as well as inducible T regs that functionally suppress the proliferation of both autologous and allogeneic T cells. Inhibition of this counter-regulatory pathway should result in more sustained benefit from active DC-based immunotherapy.

scholarly journals PRL2 Phosphatase Regulate Early Stage T-Cell Development through Fine-Tuning SCF/Kit Signaling

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1569-1569
Author(s):  
Kobayashi Michihiro ◽  
Yunpeng Bai ◽  
Momoko Yoshimoto ◽  
Rui Gao ◽  
Chen Sisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
T Cell Development ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Wild Type

Abstract The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family of phosphatases, consisting of PRL1, PRL2, and PRL3, represents an intriguing group of proteins being validated as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancer. We have been investigating the role of PRL2 in normal / malignant hematopoiesis and found that PRL2 is important for HSC self-renewal (Kobayashi et al., Stem Cells, 2014). The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT can balance quiescence for HSC maintenance and proliferation for progeny supply. The defects seen in the PRL2-deficient hematopoietic and testis cells recapitulate the phenotype of c-Kit mutant mice, suggesting that the SCF/KIT signaling may be impaired in the absence of PRL2 (Kobayashi et al., Stem Cells, 2014; Dong et al., JBC, 2013). Given that KIT also plays critical role in maintaining postnatal T-lymphopoiesis in thymus, we hypothesized that PRL2 is important for T cell development. Here we report that loss of PRL2 impairs T-lymphopoiesis both in vitro and in vivo. PRL2 deficiency resulted in marked reduction of splenocyte and thymocyte counts compared to wild type (WT) mice. While we observed modest increase in the frequency of early T cell progenitor (ETP), DN2, and DN3 cells in PRL2 deficient thymus, T-cell reconstitution was dramatically decreased after HSC transplantation. T-cell number in the peripheral blood (PB) of recipient mice repopulated with PRL2-null HSCs was 30 times less than that of the WT HSCs (WT: 2288.6±579.8/µl vs PRL2 null: 69.5±22.1/µl, p<0.00001). Although the frequency of donor-derived thymocytes in recipient thymus was 91±6.1% in WT, PRL2 null HSCs contributed only 7.1±4.9% (p<0.00001) in the recipient thymus. By detailed fractionation, surprisingly, chimerism in ETP was comparable between WT and PRL2 null cells (WT: 91.8±10.1% vs PRL2 null: 59.6±13.5%, p<0.01). Importantly, the chimerism of PRL2-null thymocytes fell down to 10% in gated DN2, whereas WT HSCs consistently contributed around 90%, suggesting that the DN1-to-DN2 transition requires PRL2. Next, we evaluated the in vitro T-cell generation by utilizing the Delta-Like1 (DLL1) expressing OP9 (DL-OP9) stromal cells. While wild type KSLs produced massive amount of T-cells (fold increase: 33,000±3371) 22 days following plating onto the DL-OP9, PRL2 null KSLs only generated limited amount of T-cells (fold increase: 1765±665, p<0.0001), demonstrating that PRL2 is important for T-cell proliferation. We also monitored the generation of ETPs from KSLs in DL-OP9 cultures and observed significant expansion of ETPs derived from WT KSLs compared to that of the PRL2 null KSLs (fold increase: 183.8±14.4 vs 12.5±4.3, p<0.001). However, when sorted DN3 cells from WT and PRL2 KO thymus were plated onto DL-OP9, we saw similar increase in cell expansion, suggesting PRL2 regulate early T-cell development. WhilePRL2 is a dual specificity protein phosphatase, its substrates are unknown. To identifyPRL2 substrates in hematopoietic cells, we performed a protein phosphatase substrate trap assay. We utilized a GST-tagged PRL2/CS-DA mutant, in which the catalyticsite cysteine was mutated to serine, so that PRL2 binds to its substrates better, but is unable todephosphorylate them. We found that the mutant PRL2/CS-DA showed enhanced association with KIT than WT PRL2 in Kasumi-1 cells, suggesting that KIT is a potential PRL2 substrate. The PRL2 and KIT interaction was further confirmed by the Immunoprecipitation (IP) assay in 293T cells expressing KIT. We also detected the association of PRL2 with SHP2, CBL and PLC-g in Kasumi-1 cells, which are important regulators of KIT activation and stability. Moreover, PRL2 KO hematopoietic progenitor cells show decreased KIT phosphorylation at tyrosine 703 following SCF stimulation, suggesting that PRL2 may modulate KIT activation in these cells. To evaluate the impact of SCF signal strength on T-cell proliferation, we cultured sorted lympho-primed multipotent progenitor cells (LMPPs) from WT and KO mice onto DLL-Fc coated plates with graded doses of SCF (0.2, 1, 5, 25 ng/ml). The total number of cells generated from SCF treated WT LMPPs was significantly higher than that of the KO LMPPs in a dosage dependent manner. KO exhibited 6 times less sensitive to SCF than WT, indicating that PRL2 fine-tunes SCF signal intensity in early T-cell. Taken together, we have identified a critical role for PRL2 in T-cell proliferation and maintenance through fine-tuning SCF/KIT signaling. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Anti–IL6-receptor-alpha (tocilizumab) does not inhibit human monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation or alloreactive T-cell responses

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (19) ◽  
pp. 5340-5343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Betts ◽  
Erin T. St Angelo ◽  
Michael Kennedy ◽  
James W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dendritic Cell Activation ◽  
Alloreactive T Cell

Abstract Significant comorbidites and lethality complicate GVHD and its treatment. Targeting the cytokine milieu may improve GVHD control; and IL6 is an attractive candidate, given its role in dendritic cell activation and T-cell differentiation. Tocilizumab is a humanized mAb to IL6-receptor-α (IL6R-α), which is Food and Drug Administration–approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Mouse transplant models have demonstrated that IL6 blockade also improves GVHD scores and survival. Definitive immunologic effects of IL6 inhibition have not emerged given inconsistent alterations in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppression of T-cell proliferation. Despite on-target suppression of IL6R-α signaling in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and T cells, our data show no effect on moDC maturation/activation, alloreactive T-cell proliferation, Treg expansion, or allogeneic Th1/Th17 responses in vitro. These findings merit attention in any clinical trials of tocilizumab for GVHD prevention or treatment and provide a rationale for evaluating more specific inhibitors of downstream JAK2/STAT3 signaling as well.

scholarly journals The Exposure to Osteoarthritic Synovial Fluid Enhances the Immunomodulatory Profile of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Adriana Cifù ◽  
Rossana Domenis ◽  
Massimo Pozzi-Mucelli ◽  
Paolo Di Benedetto ◽  
Araldo Causero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment

Objective. Several clinical studies have proposed the infusion of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) as an alternative therapy for joint diseases with inflammatory components, such as osteoarthritis. Indeed, AMSCs are able to stimulate tissue repair through a paracrine activity and the interaction with the inflammatory microenvironment seems to have a critical role. Design. To reproduce the inflammatory microenvironment, AMSCs were exposed to osteoarthritic synovial fluid (SF) for 48 h and the effect of their secretome on differentiation of monocytes (M0) into macrophages M1-like and mature dendritic cells (mDCs) was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of the secretome of AMSCs exposed to SF was evaluated on the T cell population in terms of T cell proliferation and expansion of T regulatory cells (T reg). Results. Our data show that the exposure of AMSCs to SF activates cells and promotes the release of immunosuppressive factors, which induce macrophage polarization of M0 into the M2-like phenotype and inhibit differentiation of monocytes into mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Only the secretome of exposed AMSCs was able to inhibit T cell proliferation and promote T reg expansion. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the microenvironment plays a fundamental role for the development of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of AMSCs.

scholarly journals Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are bound and inhibited by anti-thymocyte globulin

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Suk Lee ◽  
Eduardo Davila ◽  
Tianshu Zhang ◽  
Hugh P Milmoe ◽  
Stefanie N Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Arginase Activity ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
And Function

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inhibit T cell responses and are relevant to cancer, autoimmunity and transplant biology. Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is a commonly used T cell depletion agent, yet the effect of ATG on MDSCs has not been investigated. MDSCs were generated in Lewis Lung Carcinoma 1 tumor-bearing mice. MDSC development and function were assessed in vivo and in vitro with and without ATG administration. T cell suppression assays, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and arginase activity assays were used to assess MDSC phenotype and function. MDSCs increased dramatically in tumor-bearing mice and the majority of splenic MDSCs were of the polymorphonuclear subset. MDSCs potently suppressed T cell proliferation. ATG-treated mice developed 50% fewer MDSCs and these MDSCs were significantly less suppressive of T cell proliferation. In vitro, ATG directly bound 99.6% of MDSCs. CCR7, L-selectin and LFA-1 were expressed by both T cells and MDSCs, and binding of LFA-1 was inhibited by ATG pre-treatment. Arg-1 and PD-L1 transcript expression were reduced 30–40% and arginase activity decreased in ATG-pretreated MDSCs. MDSCs were bound and functionally inhibited by ATG. T cells and MDSCs expressed common Ags which were also targets of ATG. ATG may be helpful in tumor models seeking to suppress MDSCs. Alternatively, ATG may inadvertently inhibit important T cell regulatory events in autoimmunity and transplantation.

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