scholarly journals Distinctive expression pattern of the BCL-6 protein in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Falini ◽  
B Bigerna ◽  
L Pasqualucci ◽  
M Fizzotti ◽  
MF Martelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Germinal Center B Cells

The BCL-6 gene encoding a nuclear-located Kruppel-type zinc finger protein is rearranged in about 30% diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and is expressed predominantly in normal germinal center B cells and related lymphomas. These findings suggest that BCL-6 may play a role in regulating differentiation of normal germinal center B cells and that its deregulated expression caused by rearrangements may contribute to lymphomagenesis. This prompted us to investigate the expression of the BCL-6 protein in Hodgkin's disease (HD), focusing on the nodular lymphocyte predominance subtype (NLPHD), which differs from classical HD by virtue of the B-cell nature of the malignant cell population (so- called L&H cells) and its relationship with germinal centers. Forty-one HD samples (19 NLPHD, 12 nodular sclerosis, and 10 mixed cellularity) were immunostained with the monoclonal antibodies PG-B6 and PG-B6p that react with a fixative-sensitive and a formalin-resistant epitope on the aminoterminal region of the BCL-6 gene product, respectively. Strong nuclear positivity for the BCL-6 protein was detected in tumor (L&H) cells in all cases of NLPHD. In contrast, BCL-6 was expressed only in a small percentage of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in about 30% of classical HD cases. Notably, the nuclei of reactive CD3+/CD4+ T cells nearby to and rosetting around L&H cells in NLPHD were also strongly BCL-6+, but lacked CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression. This staining pattern clearly differed from that of classical HD, whose cellular background was made up of CD3+/CD4+ T cells showing the BCL-6-/CD40L+ phenotype. These results further support the concept that NLPHD is an histogenetically distinct, B-cell-derived subtype of HD and suggest a role for BCL-6 in its development.

scholarly journals B cell function in mice transgenic for mCTLA4-H gamma 1: lack of germinal centers correlated with poor affinity maturation and class switching despite normal priming of CD4+ T cells.

1994 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lane ◽  
C Burdet ◽  
S Hubele ◽  
D Scheidegger ◽  
U Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Class Switching ◽  
T Cell Help ◽  
Germinal Center Formation

This report outlines the B cell phenotype of transgenic mice that overexpresses the mouse CTLA-4-human gamma 1 (mCTLA4-H gamma 1) protein. Despite the fact that these mice prime CD4+ T cells (Ronchese, F., B. Housemann, S. Hubele, and P. Lane. 1994. J. Exp. Med. 179:809), antibody responses to T-dependent antigens are severely impaired. In contrast, T-independent responses are normal which suggests mCTLA4-H gamma 1 does not act directly on B cells, but acts indirectly by impairing T cell help. The impaired antibody defect is associated with impaired class switching, with low total immunoglobulin (Ig)G and antigen-specific IgG responses, and an absence of germinal center formation in spleen and lymph nodes but not gut-associated tissues. The defective germinal center formation is associated with a reduction in the degree of somatic mutation in hybridomas made from transgenic mice in comparison with those made from normal mice. It seems likely that mCTLA4-H gamma 1 exerts its effect by blocking an interaction between T and B cells that induce T cell help for B cells.

Origin of Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin's Disease from a Clonal Expansion of Highly Mutated Germinal-Center B Cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 337 (7) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Marafioti ◽  
Michael Hummel ◽  
Ioannis Anagnostopoulos ◽  
Hans-Dieter Foss ◽  
Brunangelo Falini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Clonal Expansion ◽  
Germinal Center B Cells

scholarly journals Dual T cell– and B cell–intrinsic deficiency in humans with biallelic RLTPR mutations

2016 ◽  
Vol 213 (11) ◽  
pp. 2413-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Cindy S. Ma ◽  
Yun Ling ◽  
Aziz Bousfiha ◽  
Yildiz Camcioglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Inborn Errors

Combined immunodeficiency (CID) refers to inborn errors of human T cells that also affect B cells because of the T cell deficit or an additional B cell–intrinsic deficit. In this study, we report six patients from three unrelated families with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in RLTPR, the mouse orthologue of which is essential for CD28 signaling. The patients have cutaneous and pulmonary allergy, as well as a variety of bacterial and fungal infectious diseases, including invasive tuberculosis and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Proportions of circulating regulatory T cells and memory CD4+ T cells are reduced. Their CD4+ T cells do not respond to CD28 stimulation. Their CD4+ T cells exhibit a "Th2" cell bias ex vivo and when cultured in vitro, contrasting with the paucity of "Th1," "Th17," and T follicular helper cells. The patients also display few memory B cells and poor antibody responses. This B cell phenotype does not result solely from the T cell deficiency, as the patients’ B cells fail to activate NF-κB upon B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation. Human RLTPR deficiency is a CID affecting at least the CD28-responsive pathway in T cells and the BCR-responsive pathway in B cells.

Vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells prevent the deletion of antiviral B cells in chronic infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (46) ◽  
pp. e2108157118
Author(s):  
Kerstin Narr ◽  
Yusuf I. Ertuna ◽  
Benedict Fallet ◽  
Karen Cornille ◽  
Mirela Dimitrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Clonal Deletion ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
B Cell Immunity

Chronic viral infections subvert protective B cell immunity. An early type I interferon (IFN-I)–driven bias to short-lived plasmablast differentiation leads to clonal deletion, so-called “decimation,” of antiviral memory B cells. Therefore, prophylactic countermeasures against decimation remain an unmet need. We show that vaccination-induced CD4 T cells prevented the decimation of naïve and memory B cells in chronically lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected mice. Although these B cell responses were largely T independent when IFN-I was blocked, preexisting T help assured their sustainability under conditions of IFN-I–driven inflammation by instructing a germinal center B cell transcriptional program. Prevention of decimation depended on T cell–intrinsic Bcl6 and Tfh progeny formation. Antigen presentation by B cells, interactions with antigen-specific T helper cells, and costimulation by CD40 and ICOS were also required. Importantly, B cell–mediated virus control averted Th1-driven immunopathology in LCMV-challenged animals with preexisting CD4 T cell immunity. Our findings show that vaccination-induced Tfh cells represent a cornerstone of effective B cell immunity to chronic virus challenge, pointing the way toward more effective B cell–based vaccination against persistent viral diseases.

scholarly journals Potential anti-EBV effects associated with elevated interleukin-21 levels: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Assing ◽  
Christian Nielsen ◽  
Marianne Jakobsen ◽  
Charlotte B. Andersen ◽  
Kristin Skogstrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Memory B Cell

Abstract Background Germinal center derived memory B cells and plasma cells constitute, in health and during EBV reactivation, the largest functional EBV reservoir. Hence, by reducing germinal center derived formation of memory B cells and plasma cells, EBV loads may be reduced. Animal and in-vitro models have shown that IL-21 can support memory B and plasma cell formation and thereby potentially contribute to EBV persistence. However, IL-21 also displays anti-viral effects, as mice models have shown that CD4+ T cell produced IL-21 is critical for the differentiation, function and survival of anti-viral CD8+ T cells able to contain chronic virus infections. Case presentation We present immunological work-up (flow-cytometry, ELISA and genetics) related to a patient suffering from a condition resembling B cell chronic active EBV infection, albeit with moderately elevated EBV copy numbers. No mutations in genes associated with EBV disease, common variable immunodeficiency or pertaining to the IL-21 signaling pathway (including hypermorphic IL-21 mutations) were found. Increased (> 5-fold increase 7 days post-vaccination) CD4+ T cell produced (p < 0.01) and extracellular IL-21 levels characterized our patient and coexisted with: CD8+ lymphopenia, B lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, compromised memory B cell differentiation, absent induction of B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) dependent peripheral follicular helper T cells (pTFH, p = 0.01), reduced frequencies of peripheral CD4+ Bcl-6+ T cells (p = 0.05), compromised plasmablast differentiation (reduced protein vaccine responses (p < 0.001) as well as reduced Treg frequencies. Supporting IL-21 mediated suppression of pTFH formation, pTFH and CD4+ IL-21+ frequencies were strongly inversely correlated, prior to and after vaccination, in the patient and in controls, Spearman’s rho: − 0.86, p < 0.001. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of elevated CD4+ IL-21+ T cell frequencies in human EBV disease. IL-21 overproduction may, apart from driving T cell mediated anti-EBV responses, disrupt germinal center derived memory B cell and plasma cell formation, and thereby contribute to EBV disease control.

scholarly journals Restriction of memory B cell differentiation at the germinal center B cell positive selection stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo Toboso-Navasa ◽  
Arief Gunawan ◽  
Giulia Morlino ◽  
Rinako Nakagawa ◽  
Andrea Taddei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
B Cell Differentiation ◽  
Repressor Complex ◽  
Selection Stage

Memory B cells (MBCs) are key for protection from reinfection. However, it is mechanistically unclear how germinal center (GC) B cells differentiate into MBCs. MYC is transiently induced in cells fated for GC expansion and plasma cell (PC) formation, so-called positively selected GC B cells. We found that these cells coexpressed MYC and MIZ1 (MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 [ZBTB17]). MYC and MIZ1 are transcriptional activators; however, they form a transcriptional repressor complex that represses MIZ1 target genes. Mice lacking MYC–MIZ1 complexes displayed impaired cell cycle entry of positively selected GC B cells and reduced GC B cell expansion and PC formation. Notably, absence of MYC–MIZ1 complexes in positively selected GC B cells led to a gene expression profile alike that of MBCs and increased MBC differentiation. Thus, at the GC positive selection stage, MYC–MIZ1 complexes are required for effective GC expansion and PC formation and to restrict MBC differentiation. We propose that MYC and MIZ1 form a module that regulates GC B cell fate.

scholarly journals Hodgkin's disease with a B-cell phenotype often shows a VDJ rearrangement and somatic mutations in the VH genes

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Tamaru ◽  
M Hummel ◽  
M Zemlin ◽  
B Kalvelage ◽  
H Stein
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Igh Genes

Abstract The nature of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells remains in question. Immunophenotypic studies favor a relation to the lymphoid lineage with the existence of B- and T-cell types. However, studies on the detection of antigen (Ag) receptor gene rearrangements provided inconsistent results. They concur in that rearranged Ig and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes are not demonstrable in most Hodgkin's disease (HD) cases. To clarify whether this is because of the insensitivity of the method of detection or a real absence of clonal Ig heavy chain (IgH) rearrangements, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with high sensitivity was applied, allowing the detection of less than 50 cells with clonally rearranged IgH genes in a mixture of 100,000 germline or individually rearranged cells. In 67 cases of HD, most of those (67%) with B-Ag+ HRS cells express clonal VDJ rearrangements of the IgH gene. No cases with T-cell Ag+ HRS cells harbored detectable clonal VDJ rearrangements. Of 10 sequenced rearranged IgH genes, the VH segment of six contained considerable somatic mutations. These results suggest that the demonstrated VDJ rearrangements stem from the HRS cells themselves and that the HRS cells of cases with rearranged IgH genes are B-cell related and correspond in their differentiation stage either to naive pregerminal center B cells or (more commonly) to germinal center/postgerminal center-derived memory B cells.

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