Type 2 diabetes risk in sarcoidosis patients untreated and treated with corticosteroids

BackgroundThe rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increased in sarcoidosis patients but it is unknown if corticosteroid treatment plays a role. We investigated whether the T2D risk is higher in untreated and corticosteroid-treated sarcoidosis patients compared to the general population.MethodsIn this cohort study individuals with ≥2 ICD codes for sarcoidosis were identified from the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR; n=5754). Corticosteroid dispensations ±3 months from first sarcoidosis diagnosis were identified from the Prescribed Drug Register (PDR). General population comparators without sarcoidosis were matched to cases 10:1 on age, sex and region of residence (n=61 297). Incident T2D was identified using ICD codes (NPR) and antidiabetic drug dispensations (PDR). Follow-up was from second sarcoidosis diagnosis/matching date until T2D, emigration, death or study end (Dec 2013). Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, country of birth, healthcare regions and family history of diabetes estimated hazard ratios (HR 95%CI). We used flexible parametric models to examine the T2D risk over time.Results40% of sarcoidosis patients were corticosteroid-treated at diagnosis. The T2D rate was 7.7/1000 person-years in untreated sarcoidosis, 12.7 in corticosteroid-treated sarcoidosis and 5.5 in comparators. The HR for T2D was 1.4 (95%CI 1.2–1.8) associated with untreated sarcoidosis and 2.3 (95%CI 2.0–3.0) associated with corticosteroid-treated sarcoidosis. The T2D risk was highest for corticosteroid-treated sarcoidosis in the first 2 years after diagnosis.ConclusionSarcoidosis is associated with an increased risk of T2D especially in older, male, corticosteroid-treated patients at diagnosis. Screening for T2D for these patients is advisable.

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Vitamin D status and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Norwegian HUNT cohort study: does family history or genetic predisposition modify the association?

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care ◽

10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. e001948

Author(s):

Marion Denos ◽

Xiao-Mei Mai ◽

Bjørn Olav Åsvold ◽

Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd ◽

Yue Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Family History ◽

Genetic Predisposition ◽

Effect Modification ◽

P Value ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of

IntroductionWe sought to investigate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults who participated in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), and the possible effect modification by family history and genetic predisposition.Research design and methodsThis prospective study included 3574 diabetes-free adults at baseline who participated in the HUNT2 (1995–1997) and HUNT3 (2006–2008) surveys. Serum 25(OH)D levels were determined at baseline and classified as <50 and ≥50 nmol/L. Family history of diabetes was defined as self-reported diabetes among parents and siblings. A Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) for T2DM based on 166 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was generated. Incident T2DM was defined by self-report and/or non-fasting glucose levels greater than 11 mmol/L and serum glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody level of <0.08 antibody index at the follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to calculate adjusted ORs with 95% CIs. Effect modification by family history or PRS was assessed by likelihood ratio test (LRT).ResultsOver 11 years of follow-up, 92 (2.6%) participants developed T2DM. A higher risk of incident T2DM was observed in participants with serum 25(OH)D level of<50 nmol/L compared with those of ≥50 nmol/L (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.86). Level of 25(OH)D<50 nmol/L was associated with an increased risk of T2DM in adults without family history of diabetes (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.62 to 9.24) but not in those with a family history (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.62, p value for LRT=0.003). There was no effect modification by PRS (p value for LRT>0.23).ConclusionSerum 25(OH)D<50 nmol/L was associated with an increased risk of T2DM in Norwegian adults. The inverse association was modified by family history of diabetes but not by genetic predisposition to T2DM.

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Correlation between markers of renal function and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study in an Indian clinic population

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care ◽

10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001325 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. e001325 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ramachandran Rajalakshmi ◽

Coimbatore Subramanian Shanthi Rani ◽

Ulagamathesan Venkatesan ◽

Ranjit Unnikrishnan ◽

Ranjit Mohan Anjana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

New Onset

IntroductionPrevious epidemiological studies have reported on the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) from India. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of DKD on the development of new-onset DR and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Research design and methodsThe study was done on anonymized electronic medical record data of people with T2D who had undergone screening for DR and renal work-up as part of routine follow-up at a tertiary care diabetes center in Chennai, South India. The baseline data retrieved included clinical and biochemical parameters including renal profiles (serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria). Grading of DR was performed using the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading system. STDR was defined as the presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and/or diabetic macular edema. DKD was defined by the presence of albuminuria (≥30 µg/mg) and/or reduction in eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) for DR and STDR.ResultsData of 19 909 individuals with T2D (mean age 59.6±10.2 years, mean duration of diabetes 11.1±12.1 years, 66.1% male) were analyzed. At baseline, DR was present in 7818 individuals (39.3%), of whom 2249 (11.3%) had STDR. During the mean follow-up period of 3.9±1.9 years, 2140 (17.7%) developed new-onset DR and 980 individuals with non-proliferative DR (NPDR) at baseline progressed to STDR. Higher serum creatinine (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.7; p<0.0001), eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR 4.9, 95% CI 2.9 to 8.2; p<0.0001) and presence of macroalbuminuria >300 µg/mg (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4 to 3.8; p<0.0001) at baseline were associated with increased risk of progression to STDR.ConclusionsDKD at baseline is a risk factor for progression to STDR. Physicians should promptly refer their patients with DKD to ophthalmologists for timely detection and management of STDR.

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The Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Following Weight Change in Adults with Diabetes: Results from ADVANCE

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgz045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 152-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexandra K Lee ◽

Mark Woodward ◽

Dan Wang ◽

Toshiaki Ohkuma ◽

Bethany Warren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Weight Change ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Baseline Body Mass Index ◽

Diabetes Medication ◽

Increased Risk ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Context Weight loss is strongly recommended for overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Unintentional weight loss is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, but few studies have examined its association with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. Objective To evaluate 2-year weight change and subsequent risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in established type 2 diabetes. Design and Setting The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation was an international, multisite 2×2 factorial trial of intensive glucose control and blood pressure control. We examined 5 categories of 2-year weight change: >10% loss, 4% to 10% loss, stable (±<4%), 4% to 10% gain, and >10% gain. We used Cox regression with follow-up time starting at 2 years, adjusting for intervention arm, demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes medication use from the 2-year visit. Results Among 10 081 participants with valid weight measurements, average age was 66 years. By the 2-year examination, 4.3% had >10% weight loss, 18.4% had 4% to 10% weight loss, and 5.3% had >10% weight gain. Over the following 3 years of the trial, >10% weight loss was strongly associated with major macrovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.44), cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.87-4.09), all-cause mortality (HR, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.10-3.71), but not major microvascular events (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.61-1.36), compared with stable weight. There was no evidence of effect modification by baseline body mass index, age, or type of diabetes medication. Conclusions In the absence of substantial lifestyle changes, weight loss may be a warning sign of poor health meriting further workup in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Risk of first and recurrent serious infection in sarcoidosis: a Swedish register-based cohort study

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/13993003.00767-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 2000767 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marios Rossides ◽

Susanna Kullberg ◽

Anders Eklund ◽

Daniela Di Giuseppe ◽

Johan Grunewald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

Parametric Models ◽

National Patient Register ◽

Patient Register ◽

Drug Register ◽

Serious Infection ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Serious Infections ◽

National Patient

Serious infections impair quality of life and increase costs. Our aim was to determine if sarcoidosis is associated with a higher rate of serious infection and whether this varies by age, sex, time since diagnosis or treatment status around diagnosis.We compared individuals with sarcoidosis (at least two International Classification of Diseases codes in the Swedish National Patient Register 2003–2013; n=8737) and general population comparators matched 10:1 on age, sex and residential location (n=86 376). Patients diagnosed in 2006–2013 who were dispensed at least one immunosuppressant ±3 months from diagnosis (Swedish Prescribed Drug Register) were identified. Cases and comparators were followed in the National Patient Register for hospitalisations for infection. Using Cox and flexible parametric models, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals for first and recurrent serious infections (new serious infection >30 days after previous).We identified 895 first serious infections in sarcoidosis patients and 3881 in comparators. The rate of serious infection was increased 1.8-fold in sarcoidosis compared to the general population (aHR 1.81, 95% CI 1.65–1.98). The aHR was higher in females than males and during the first 2 years of follow-up. Sarcoidosis cases treated with immunosuppressants around diagnosis had a three-fold increased risk, whereas nontreated patients had a 50% increased risk. The rate of serious infection recurrence was 2.8-fold higher in cases than in comparators.Serious infections are more common in sarcoidosis than in the general population, particularly during the first few years after diagnosis. Patients who need immunosuppressant treatment around diagnosis are twice as likely to develop a serious infection than those who do not.

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Ethnic differences in participation in diabetes education programmes

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.063 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

A Juul ◽

C Glümer ◽

S S Jervelund ◽

N F Hempler

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

General Population ◽

Social Relations ◽

Diabetes Education ◽

Household Composition ◽

Participation Rates ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Study Population

Abstract Background Immigrants from non-Western countries have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes. In addition, immigrants have an increased risk of developing diabetes complications, compared with the general population. Diabetes education programmes facilitate essential knowledge and skills that enable people to manage their condition in daily life. However, fewer immigrants attend and complete diabetes education compared with the general population. The aim of this study is to explore what characterises those who decline and accept participation in diabetes education in relation to ethnicity, household composition and diabetes burden in the family. Methods The study population consisted of adults with type 2 diabetes referred to a municipal diabetes centre (n = 1819). Individual medical record data was linked to national registry data. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were applied. Results Preliminary results showed that 23% of individuals from the study population participated in diabetes education. We found no overall differences in participation rates between the general population and non-Western immigrants (24% vs. 18%, P = 0.12). However, when examining the immigrant groups by language (Arabic, Urdu and Turkish), the results indicated a non-significant tendency: Urdu speaking groups’ participation was similar to the general population (24%), whereas Arabic and Turkish speaking groups had lower participation rates (17% and 11%, P = 0.25/0.40). Conclusions The results suggest that there are differences in participation between some immigrant groups and the general population. Increased knowledge about which mechanisms affecting participation in diabetes education programme is required to ensure equal access. Further studies and analyses will explore how immigrants’ social relations enable and/or hamper participation in diabetes education and investigate which factors can be changed to improve participation rates. Key messages There are differences in participation in diabetes education programmes across different ethnic groups, which suggests a need for in-depth analysis into which mechanisms that affect participation. The results will be used to give input for future practices that can increase immigrant’s participation and retention in diabetes education programmes.

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Awaking Blood Pressure Surge and Progression to Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Normotensive Diabetic Patients

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/5876792 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michelangela Barbieri ◽

Maria Rosaria Rizzo ◽

Ilaria Fava ◽

Celestino Sardu ◽

Nicola Angelico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Pressure Surge

Background. We investigated the predictive value of morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) on the development of microalbuminuria in normotensive adults with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.Methods. Prospective assessments of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and urinary albumin excretion were performed in 377 adult patients. Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) between baseline and changes over follow-up in MBPS and the risk of microalbuminuria. The MBPS was calculated as follows: mean systolic BP during the 2 hours after awakening minus mean systolic BP during the 1 hour that included the lowest sleep BP.Results. After a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, microalbuminuria developed in 102 patients. An increase in MBPB during follow-up was associated with an increased risk of microalbuminuria. Compared to individuals in the lowest tertile (−0.67±1.10 mmHg), the HR and 95% CI for microalbuminuria in those in the highest tertile of change (24.86±6.92 mmHg) during follow-up were 17.41 (95% CI 6.26–48.42);pfor trend <0.001. Mean SD MBPS significantly increased in those who developed microalbuminuria from a mean [SD] of 10.6[1.4]to 36.8[7.1],p<0.001.Conclusion. An increase in MBPS is associated with the risk of microalbuminuria in normotensive adult patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Snoring frequency and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e042469

Author(s):

Ningbin Dai ◽

Qianwen Shi ◽

Yujie Hua ◽

Yu Guo ◽

Zheng Bian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Baseline Survey ◽

Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between snoring frequency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to age and gender in Chinese population.DesignA cohort study was performed in Suzhou site of the China Kadoorie Biobank. Residents who didn’t suffer from T2DM at baseline survey (2004–2008) and in half a year after baseline were enrolled in this study and followed cause-specific morbidity until 31 December 2013. All participants were requested to complete a detailed questionnaire and undergo anthropometric measurements. Cox regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for the snoring and T2DM association.SettingWuzhong district, Suzhou, China.ParticipantsA total of 49 453 participants (men: 41.8%; mean age: 51.14±10.28 years) were enrolled in this study.Outcome measuresT2DM cases were defined as International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision code of E11 and were identified through disease registries and health insurance databases.ResultsDuring a media of 7.18 years follow-up, 1120 T2DM cases were identified. Higher T2DM incidence was observed in participants with frequent and occasional snoring compared with those without (4.80 and 2.87 vs 2.39 per 1000 person-years). The multivariable-adjusted model found snoring was independently associated with T2DM (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.38), both in men (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.41) and women (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.39). Moreover, a significant multiplicative interaction effect between snoring and age was detected on T2DM risk (p=0.015).ConclusionsSnoring was independently associated with an increased risk of T2DM in Chinese population, both in men and women. Meanwhile, there was an interaction effect between snoring and age on T2DM risk.

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Empagliflozin reduced long-term HbA1c variability and cardiovascular death: insights from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47847/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Ceriello ◽

Anne Pernille Ofstad ◽

Isabella Zwiener ◽

Stefan Kaspers ◽

Jyothis George ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Glucose Variability ◽

Cardiovascular Death ◽

Baseline Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Outcome Trial ◽

Hba1c Variability

Abstract Background: Glucose variability has been associated with cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, however, the interplay between glucose variability, empagliflozin and cardiovascular death has not been explored. In the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, empagliflozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death by 38%. We explore post-hoc the association between HbA1c variability and cardiovascular death, and the potential mediating effects of HbA1c variability on empagliflozin’s cardiovascular death reductions.Methods: In total, 7,020 patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease received placebo, empagliflozin 10 mg or 25 mg. We defined within-patient HbA1c variability as standard deviation, coefficient of variation and range of HbA1c measurements (%) post-baseline. First, we compared HbA1c variability until week 28 and 52 by Wilcoxon tests. We explored the association between cardiovascular death and HbA1c variability in placebo and pooled empagliflozin arms separately with landmark analyses at week 28 and 52, and additionally with HbA1c variability as a time-dependent co-variate. We used Cox regression models adjusted for baseline risk factors including changes in HbA1c from baseline to week 12, and the interaction term HbA1c variability* treatment.Results: HbA1c variability was lower with empagliflozin compared to placebo. In all Cox analyses, high HbA1c variability increased the risk for cardiovascular death in both treatment arms with no interaction with treatment: e.g.an increase in HbA1c variability of one unit for the standard deviation at week 28 was associated with a subsequent increased risk of CV death with HRs of 1.97 (95% CI 1.36, 2.84) and 1.53 (1.01, 2.31) in the placebo and empagliflozin groups, separately, interaction p-value 0.3615.Conclusions: HbA1c variability was reduced by empagliflozin and high values of HbA1c variability were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death. Empagliflozin’s reduction in cardiovascular death did not appear to be mediated by reductions in HbA1c variability.ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01131676

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Association between uric acid level and incidence of macroalbuminuria in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 4.5-year cohort study

10.21203/rs.2.18350/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yun-Ju Lai ◽

Yu-Yen Chen ◽

Li-Jung Chen ◽

Po-Wen Ku ◽

Kuo-Chuan Hung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background: Using animal models and molecular biology researches, hyperuricemia has been shown to instruct renal arteriolopathy, arterial hypertension, and microvascular injury involving the renin-angiotensin system and resulting in renal function impairment. Nevertheless, the association between uric acid levels and the development of macroalbuminuria has been under-investigated in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes and regular outpatient visits were recruited from a community hospital in Taiwan since January 2014. Demographics, lifestyle features, and medical history were gathered by well-trained interviewers. All participants underwent comprehensive physical examinations, including a biochemical assay of venous blood specimens and urine samples after an 8-hour overnight fast. Participants were followed until June 2018. The primary outcome was the macroalbuminuria incidence. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis were employed to explore the relation between uric acid and incident macroalbuminuria. Uric acid cutoffs for incident macroalbuminuria were determined with the receiver operator characteristic curve. Results: We included 247 qualified subjects (mean age: 64.78 years old [standard deviation=11.29 years]; 138 [55.87%] men). During a 4.5-year follow-up duration, 20 subjects with incident macroalbuminuria were recognized. Serum uric acid was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident macroalbuminuria (adjusted hazard ratio=2.39; 95% confidence interval: 1.53-3.75; p<0.001) with potential confounders adjustment. The uric acid cutoff point was 6.9 mg/dL (area under the curve 0.708, sensitivity 60.0%, specificity 84.58%) for incident macroalbuminuria. Conclusions: Serum uric acid was associated with incident macroalbuminuria among people with type 2 diabetes.

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PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i9.517 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Harish Basera ◽

Dr. K.C. Pant

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Increased Risk

Introduction: Thyroid hormone deficiency can lead to adverse health effects even death, if left untreated. It is a pathological condition known as hypothyroidism. Most common symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults are weight gain, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin. These clinical presentations can differ with age and sex, among other factors. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), is associated with an increased risk of developing a number of clinical conditions, like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, lung disease, malignant condition, and psychiatric disorders, both before and after the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the chronic endocrine disease which is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting in impaired insulin secretion insulin resistance. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at OPD of Dept. of Medicine at Govt. Doon Medical College and Hospital. The study period was between jan2019 to August 2019. The anthropometric measurements and demographic characteristics of patients included in the study were recorded. The clinical details and medications are entered into Excel sheet of Microsoft Excel 2013. Biochemical tests were done and reports were entered. Results: Prevalence of hypothyroidism in T2DM is found to be 10.94% in our study. Average BMI was observed to be 28.01 kg/m2 with SD of 3.39 kg/m2. Level of T3 and T4 were observed to be 0.98(0.23) ng/ml and 1.24(0.29) ng/ml respectively. Fasting blood glucose level was 133.05(17.81) mg/dl and post prandial blood glucose level was 201.54(27.33) mg/dl. Among all 112 patients, 71(63.39%) of cases had a family history of diabetes. Conclusion: It is noted that one-tenth of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has hypothyroidism. BMI was noted to be more than 28 kg/m2 among all patients. Hypothyroidism may be prevalent in T2DM patients due to duration of diabetes, obesity. To confirm the findings, more studies in this area are required. Keywords: T2DM, Hypothyroidism, TSH, T3, T4.

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