Active microscope stabilization in three dimensions using image correlation

Abstract High-accuracy motion modeling in three dimensions via digital images has been increasingly the matter of interest in photogrammetry and computer vision communities. Although accurate sub-pixel image registration techniques are the key elements of measurement, they still demand enhanced intelligence, autonomy, and robustness. In this paper, a new correlationbased technique of stereovision is proposed to perform inter-frame feature tracking, inter-camera image registration, and to measure the 3D state vector of features simultaneously. The developed algorithm is founded on population-based intelligence (particle swarm optimization) and photogrammetric modeling. The proposed technique is mainly aimed at reducing the computational complexities of non-linear optimization methods of digital image registration for deformation measurement, and passing through 2D image correlation to 3D motion modeling. The preliminary results have illustrated the feasibility of this technique to detect and measure sub-millimeter deformations by performing accurate, sub-pixel image registration.

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Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Structure and Strain in Three Dimensions under Shear Using X-ray Computed Tomography Image Analysis

Journal of Imaging ◽

10.3390/jimaging7110230 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 230

Author(s):

Shintaro Nohara ◽

Toshifumi Mukunoki

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Image Analysis ◽

Shear Zone ◽

Soil Structure ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Image Correlation ◽

Ct Scanner ◽

Zone Formation ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Computed

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the soil structure behavior when under shear stress to understand the mechanism of shear zone formation using a micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner to visualize the internal samples without causing disturbance. A new image-analysis method was proposed to systematically evaluate the particle length and direction by fitting the particle as an ellipsoid. Subsequently, a direct shear experiment was conducted on soil materials, and shear band was scanned using a micro-focus X-ray CT scanner. After validating the proposed method, the soil structure was evaluated in the shear zone via image analysis on the CT images. Furthermore, the strain inside the specimen was evaluated using digital image correlation. The results showed that a partial change in the particle direction occurred when the volume expansion inside the shear zone exceeded the peak. In addition, the width of the shear zone was ~7.1 times the median grain size of the sand used; however, the region exhibiting a change in the direction of the particles was narrow and confined to the vicinity of the shear plane.

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Combination of Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry and Digital Image Correlation for 3-D Deformation Measurement

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.677.406 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 677 ◽

pp. 406-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xing Hua Chai ◽

Xiao Ping Lou ◽

Nai Guang Lv

Keyword(s):

Digital Image Correlation ◽

Digital Image ◽

Speckle Pattern ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Deformation Measurement ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Image Correlation ◽

Small Displacement ◽

Plane Component ◽

Digital Speckle

This paper refers to two whole-field , non-contact experimental techniques：Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The former can measure 3-D deformations in nanometric level. The latter can measure small displacement in micrometric level. DSPI needs a phase-shifting setup and rotating the whole device for 3-D deformation measurement. Two CCD cameras will be required recording speckle image simultaneously for 3-D measurement by DIC method. An optical system which is a combination of the two measurement method is proposed in this paper. Digital image correlation setup using one CCD camera for in-plane measurement and digital speckle pattern interferometric setup for out-plane measurement constitutes this measurement system. Three dimensions information of deformation can be recorded simultaneously by one 3-color CCD camera. This system can be used to measure deformation with a small out-plane component and a relatively larger in-plane component.

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The Effect of Pyramid Method Digital Processing to Enhance the Ground Goals Images for Masscrafts

Webology ◽

10.14704/web/v17i2/web17030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 278-288

Author(s):

Rana Ali Salim

Keyword(s):

Satellite Imagery ◽

Large Scale ◽

Digital Processing ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Image Correlation ◽

Abstract Form ◽

Teaching Curriculum ◽

Near Term ◽

The Right ◽

Shape Data

While Mechanism of Objective Marking of Automated Marking is approaching the latest technique mainly; the approach has an important aspect; where assansoyn fellow complete the mechanical teaching curriculum by filling up the niche in the near term. While inexplicable isn't fully understood, validates discrimination decisions in mechanical teaching, thus instilling confide in ML goal calls. Alternatively, the approach via can act as a standalone element, especially in scenarios where a little amount of benefit, for example, "Today's the interactions of curricula via don't require train data, and thus prove different mechanical teaching curricula for accurate train data. So that an example-via approach, which screen shoot prominent goal shape data to identifying in a large-scale satellite imagery. The right mix of coarse three dimensions aims finds the abstract form and realism of the goals to provide strength against objective differences discrimination at the same time. The curriculum uses powerful new forms of image correlation to match the shape of expected objectives with the image. Look for shape projections about setting, and use engineering property objectives and shadow projections. Binding factors provide tolerance to lighting differences, temperate covers; where many true subjects. To provide distinguishing digital objective on realistic satellite imagery that illustrates performance.

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Minimally disruptive needle insertion: a biologically inspired solution

Interface Focus ◽

10.1098/rsfs.2015.0107 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 20150107 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Alexander Leibinger ◽

Matthew J. Oldfield ◽

Ferdinando Rodriguez y Baena

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Needle Insertion ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Image Correlation ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Biologically Inspired ◽

Tissue Phantom ◽

Curved Trajectories ◽

Insertion Method ◽

Targeting Accuracy

The mobility of soft tissue can cause inaccurate needle insertions. Particularly in steering applications that employ thin and flexible needles, large deviations can occur between pre-operative images of the patient, from which a procedure is planned, and the intra-operative scene, where a procedure is executed. Although many approaches for reducing tissue motion focus on external constraining or manipulation, little attention has been paid to the way the needle is inserted and actuated within soft tissue. Using our biologically inspired steerable needle, we present a method of reducing the disruptiveness of insertions by mimicking the burrowing mechanism of ovipositing wasps. Internal displacements and strains in three dimensions within a soft tissue phantom are measured at the needle interface, using a scanning laser-based image correlation technique. Compared to a conventional insertion method with an equally sized needle, overall displacements and strains in the needle vicinity are reduced by 30% and 41%, respectively. The results show that, for a given net speed, needle insertion can be made significantly less disruptive with respect to its surroundings by employing our biologically inspired solution. This will have significant impact on both the safety and targeting accuracy of percutaneous interventions along both straight and curved trajectories.

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High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) of mitochondria from various rat tissues

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100102158 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 14-15

Author(s):

P.J. Lea ◽

M.J. Hollenberg

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Rat Hepatocytes ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Rat Tissues ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Reconstruction Methods ◽

Scanning Electron

Our current understanding of mitochondrial ultrastructure has been derived primarily from thin sections using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This information has been extrapolated into three dimensions by artist's impressions (1) or serial sectioning techniques in combination with computer processing (2). The resolution of serial reconstruction methods is limited by section thickness whereas artist's impressions have obvious disadvantages.In contrast, the new techniques of HRSEM used in this study (3) offer the opportunity to view simultaneously both the internal and external structure of mitochondria directly in three dimensions and in detail.The tridimensional ultrastructure of mitochondria from rat hepatocytes, retinal (retinal pigment epithelium), renal (proximal convoluted tubule) and adrenal cortex cells were studied by HRSEM. The specimens were prepared by aldehyde-osmium fixation in combination with freeze cleavage followed by partial extraction of cytosol with a weak solution of osmium tetroxide (4). The specimens were examined with a Hitachi S-570 scanning electron microscope, resolution better than 30 nm, where the secondary electron detector is located in the column directly above the specimen inserted within the objective lens.

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Inelastic Electron Scattering from Valence Electrons in Aluminum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010009227x ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 462-463

Author(s):

P. E. Batson ◽

C. H. Chen ◽

J. Silcox

Keyword(s):

Electron Scattering ◽

Single Scattering ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Inelastic Electron ◽

Weak Beam ◽

Scattering Spectrum ◽

Valence Electrons ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Electronic Scattering

We wish to report in this paper measurements of the inelastic scattering component due to the collective excitations (plasmons) and single particlehole excitations of the valence electrons in Al. Such scattering contributes to the diffuse electronic scattering seen in electron diffraction patterns and has recently been considered of significance in weak-beam images (see Gai and Howie) . A major problem in the determination of such scattering is the proper correction for multiple scattering. We outline here a procedure which we believe suitably deals with such problems and report the observed single scattering spectrum.In principle, one can use the procedure of Misell and Jones—suitably generalized to three dimensions (qx, qy and #x2206;E)--to derive single scattering profiles. However, such a computation becomes prohibitively large if applied in a brute force fashion since the quasi-elastic scattering (and associated multiple electronic scattering) extends to much larger angles than the multiple electronic scattering on its own.

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Advantages of Complementary Stereo Images as Viewed with the Low-Temperature Field-Emission SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100131206 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1314-1315

Author(s):

William P. Wergin ◽

Eric F. Erbe

Keyword(s):

Fold Increase ◽

Horizontal Displacement ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Stereo Image ◽

Stereo Pair ◽

Sem Micrograph ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Common ◽

The Brain ◽

Pair Analysis

The eye-brain complex allows those of us with normal vision to perceive and evaluate our surroundings in three-dimensions (3-D). The principle factor that makes this possible is parallax - the horizontal displacement of objects that results from the independent views that the left and right eyes detect and simultaneously transmit to the brain for superimposition. The common SEM micrograph is a 2-D representation of a 3-D specimen. Depriving the brain of the 3-D view can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relative sizes, positions and convergence of structures within a specimen. In addition, Walter has suggested that the stereo image contains information equivalent to a two-fold increase in magnification over that found in a 2-D image. Because of these factors, stereo pair analysis should be routinely employed when studying specimens.Imaging complementary faces of a fractured specimen is a second method by which the topography of a specimen can be more accurately evaluated.

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convergent-beam diffraction from surfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100125208 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 30-33

Author(s):

J. A. Eades ◽

A. E. Smith ◽

D. F. Lynch

Keyword(s):

Reciprocal Lattice ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Grazing Incidence ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Plane Figure ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Convergent Beam ◽

Beam Patterns ◽

Beam Diffraction

It is quite simple (in the transmission electron microscope) to obtain convergent-beam patterns from the surface of a bulk crystal. The beam is focussed onto the surface at near grazing incidence (figure 1) and if the surface is flat the appropriate pattern is obtained in the diffraction plane (figure 2). Such patterns are potentially valuable for the characterization of surfaces just as normal convergent-beam patterns are valuable for the characterization of crystals.There are, however, several important ways in which reflection diffraction from surfaces differs from the more familiar electron diffraction in transmission.GeometryIn reflection diffraction, because of the surface, it is not possible to describe the specimen as periodic in three dimensions, nor is it possible to associate diffraction with a conventional three-dimensional reciprocal lattice.

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3-D reconstruction and analysis of mammalian mitotic spindle structure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123295 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 578-579

Author(s):

Kent McDonald ◽

David Mastronarde ◽

Rubai Ding ◽

Eileen O'Toole ◽

J. Richard McIntosh

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Mitotic Spindle ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Video Camera ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Mitotic Spindles ◽

Black And White ◽

Reconstruction Methods ◽

Spindle Structure ◽

Tissue Culture Line

Mammalian spindles are generally large and may contain over a thousand microtubules (MTs). For this reason they are difficult to reconstruct in three dimensions and many researchers have chosen to study the smaller and simpler spindles of lower eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the mammalian spindle is used for many experimental studies and it would be useful to know its detailed structure.We have been using serial cross sections and computer reconstruction methods to analyze MT distributions in mitotic spindles of PtK cells, a mammalian tissue culture line. Images from EM negatives are digtized on a light box by a Dage MTI video camera containing a black and white Saticon tube. The signal is digitized by a Parallax 1280 graphics device in a MicroVax III computer. Microtubules are digitized at a magnification such that each is 10-12 pixels in diameter.

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