scholarly journals Wheat transcriptome profiling reveals abscisic and gibberellic acid treatments regulate early-stage phytohormone defense signaling, cell wall fortification, and metabolic switches following Fusarium graminearum-challenge

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leann M. Buhrow ◽  
Ziying Liu ◽  
Dustin Cram ◽  
Tanya Sharma ◽  
Nora A. Foroud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Molecular Transport ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism

Abstract Background Treatment of wheat with the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) has been shown to affect Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease severity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the elicited phenotypes remain unclear. Toward addressing this gap in our knowledge, global transcriptomic profiling was applied to the FHB-susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Fielder’ to map the regulatory responses effected upon treatment with ABA, an ABA receptor antagonist (AS6), or GA in the presence or absence of Fusarium graminearum (Fg) challenge. Results Spike treatments resulted in a total of 30,876 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in ‘Fielder’ (26,004) and the Fg (4872) pathogen. Topology overlap and correlation analyses defined 9689 wheat DEGs as Fg-related across the treatments. Further enrichment analyses demonstrated that these included expression changes within ‘Fielder’ defense responses, cell structural metabolism, molecular transport, and membrane/lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of ABA and GA crosstalk arising from repression of ‘Fielder’ FUS3 was noted. As well, expression of a putative Fg ABA-biosynthetic cytochrome P450 was detected. The co-applied condition of Fg + ABA elicited further up-regulation of phytohormone biosynthesis, as well as SA and ET signaling pathways and cell wall/polyphenolic metabolism. In contrast, co-applied Fg + GA mainly suppressed phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, while modulating primary and secondary metabolism and flowering. Unexpectedly, co-applied Fg + AS6 did not affect ABA biosynthesis or signaling, but rather elicited antagonistic responses tied to stress, phytohormone transport, and FHB disease-related genes. Conclusions Observed exacerbation (misregulation) of classical defense mechanisms and cell wall fortifications upon ABA treatment are consistent with its ability to promote FHB severity and its proposed role as a fungal effector. In contrast, GA was found to modulate primary and secondary metabolism, suggesting a general metabolic shift underlying its reduction in FHB severity. While AS6 did not antagonize traditional ABA pathways, its impact on host defense and Fg responses imply potential for future investigation. Overall, by comparing these findings to those previously reported for four additional plant genotypes, an additive model of the wheat-Fg interaction is proposed in the context of phytohormone responses.

scholarly journals Wheat transcriptome profiling reveals abscisic and gibberellic acid treatments regulate early-stage phytohormone defense signaling, cell wall fortification, and metabolic switches following Fusarium graminearum-challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leann M. Buhrow ◽  
Ziying Liu ◽  
Dustin Cram ◽  
Tanya Sharma ◽  
Nora A. Foroud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Molecular Transport ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism

ABSTRACTBackgroundApplication of the wheat phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) or gibberellic acid (GA) affect Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease severity; however, the molecular underpinnings of the elicited phenotypes remain unclear. Herein, the transcriptomic responses of an FHB-susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Fielder’ were characterized upon treatment with ABA, an ABA receptor antagonist (AS6), or GA in the presence or absence of Fusarium graminearum (Fg) challenge.ResultsA total of 30,876 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) where identified in ‘Fielder’ (26,004) and Fg (4,872). Fg challenge alone resulted in the most substantial wheat DEGs contributing to 57.2% of the total transcriptomic variation. Using a combination of topology overlap and correlation analyses, 9,689 Fg-related wheat DEGs were defined. Further enrichment analysis of the top 1% networked wheat DEGs identified critical expression changes within defense responses, cell structural metabolism, molecular transport, and membrane/lipid metabolism. Fg-challenged conditions also included the expression of a putative Fg ABA-biosynthetic cytochrome P450 and repression of wheat FUS3 for dysregulating ABA and GA crosstalk. ABA treatment alone elicited 4536 (32%) wheat DEGs common to those of the Fg-challenge, and Fg+ABA further enhanced 888 (12.5%) of them. These ABA elicited DEGs are involved in defense through both classical and non-classical phytohormone signaling and regulating cell wall structures including polyphenolic metabolism. Conversely, Fg+GA opposed 2239 (33%) Fg-elicited wheat DEGs, including modulating primary and secondary metabolism, defense responses, and flowering genes. ABA and jointly ABA⍰Fg⍰[Fg+ABA] treatments repressed, while Fg+GA induced an over-representation of wheat DEGs mapping to chromosome 6BL. Finally, compared to Fg+ABA, co-application of Fg+AS6 did not antagonize ABA biosynthesis or signal but rather elicited antagonistic Fg (557) and wheat (11) DEGs responses directly tied to stress responses, phytohormone transport, and FHB.ConclusionsComparative transcriptomics highlight the effects of wheat phytohormones on individual pathway and global metabolism simultaneously. Application of ABA may reduce FHB severity through misregulating defense mechanisms and cell wall fortification pathways. GA application may alter primary and secondary metabolism, creating a metabolic shift to ultimately reduce FHB severity. By comparing these findings to those previously reported for four additional plant genotypes, an additive model of the wheat-Fg interaction is proposed.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum FgCWM1 Encodes a Cell Wall Mannoprotein Conferring Sensitivity to Salicylic Acid and Virulence to Wheat

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Zhou Zhang ◽  
Qing Chen ◽  
Cai-Hong Liu ◽  
Lu Lei ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
A Cell

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of wheat. Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the resistance of wheat to F. graminearum. Cell wall mannoprotein (CWM) is known to trigger defense responses in plants, but its role in the pathogenicity of F. graminearum remains unclear. Here, we characterized FgCWM1 (FG05_11315), encoding a CWM in F. graminearum. FgCWM1 was highly expressed in wheat spikes by 24 h after initial inoculation and was upregulated by SA. Disruption of FgCWM1 (ΔFgCWM1) reduced mannose and protein accumulation in the fungal cell wall, especially under SA treatment, and resulted in defective fungal cell walls, leading to increased fungal sensitivity to SA. The positive role of FgCWM1 in mannose and protein accumulation was confirmed by its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared with wild type (WT), ΔFgCWM1 exhibited reduced pathogenicity toward wheat, but it produced the same amount of deoxynivalenol both in culture and in spikes. Complementation of ΔFgCWM1 with FgCWM1 restored the WT phenotype. Localization analyses revealed that FgCWM1 was distributed on the cell wall, consistent with its structural role. Thus, FgCWM1 encodes a CWM protein that plays an important role in the cell wall integrity and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum Possesses Virulence Factors Common to Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Seedling Rot of Soybean but Differing in Their Impact on Disease Severity

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Sella ◽  
Katia Gazzetti ◽  
Carla Castiglioni ◽  
Wilhelm Schäfer ◽  
Francesco Favaron
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Rot

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot on cereal crops worldwide. This fungus also causes damping-off and crown and root rots at the early stage of crop development in soybean cultivated in North and South America. Several F. graminearum genes were investigated for their contribution to FHB in cereals but no inherent study is reported for the dicotyledonous soybean host. In this study we determined the disease severity on soybean seedlings of five single gene disrupted mutants of F. graminearum, previously characterized in wheat spike infection. Three of these mutants are impaired on a specific function as the production of deoxynivalenol (DON, Δtri5), lipase (ΔFgl1), and xylanase (Δxyl03624), while the remaining two are MAP kinase mutants (ΔFgOS-2, Δgpmk1), which are altered in signaling pathways. The mutants that were reduced in virulence (Δtri5, ΔFgl1, and ΔFgOS-2) or are avirulent (Δgpmk1) on wheat were correspondently less virulent or avirulent in soybean seedlings, as shown by the extension of lesions and seedling lengths. The Δxyl03624 mutant was as virulent as the wild type mirroring the behavior observed in wheat. However, a different ranking of symptom severity occurred in the two hosts: the ΔFgOS-2 mutant, that infects wheat spikelets similarly to Δtri5 and ΔFgl1 mutants, provided much reduced symptoms in soybean. Differently from the other mutants, we observed that the ΔFgOS-2 mutant was several fold more sensitive to the glyceollin phytoalexin suggesting that its reduced virulence may be due to its hypersensitivity to this phytoalexin. In conclusion, lipase and DON seem important for full disease symptom development in soybean seedlings, OS-2 and Gpmk1 MAP kinases are essential for virulence, and OS-2 is involved in conferring resistance to the soybean phytoalexin.

scholarly journals Proteomics Reveals the Changes that Contribute to Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Wheat

2020 ◽  
pp. PHYTO-05-20-017
Author(s):  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Xianguo Wang ◽  
Jian Dong ◽  
Wanchun Zhao ◽  
Tariq Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Fhb Resistance

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat, causing yield losses and quality reduction as a result of mycotoxin production. In this study, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)- labeling-based mass spectrometry was employed to characterize the proteome in wheat cultivars Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18 with contrasting levels of FHB resistance as a means to elucidate the molecular mechanisms contributing to FHB resistance. A total of 13,669 proteins were identified in the two cultivars 48 h after Fusarium graminearum inoculation. Among these, 2,505 unique proteins exclusively accumulated in Xinong 538 (resistant) and 887 proteins in Zhoumai 18 (susceptible). Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that most differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) from both cultivars were assigned to the following categories: metabolic process, single-organism process, cellular process, and response to stimulus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that a greater number of proteins belonging to different metabolic pathways were identified in Xinong 538 compared with Zhoumai 18. Specifically, DAPs from the FHB-resistant cultivar Xinong 538 populated categories of metabolic pathways related to plant–pathogen interaction. These DAPs might play a critical role in defense responses exhibited by Xinong 538. DAPs from both genotypes were assigned to all wheat chromosomes except chromosome 6B, with approximately 30% mapping to wheat chromosomes 2B, 3B, 5B, and 5D. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphism markers, flanking DAPs on chromosomes 1B, 3B, 5B, and 6A, overlapped with the location of earlier mapped FHB-resistance quantitative trait loci. The data provide evidence for the involvement of several DAPs in the early stages of the FHB-resistance response in wheat; however, further functional characterization of candidate proteins is warranted.

scholarly journals A Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene (MGV1) in Fusarium graminearum Is Required for Female Fertility, Heterokaryon Formation, and Plant Infection

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1119-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanming Hou ◽  
Chaoyang Xue ◽  
Youliang Peng ◽  
Talma Katan ◽  
H. Corby Kistler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Heterokaryon Formation ◽  
Plant Infection

Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of small grains and maize in many areas of the world. Infected grains are often contaminated with mycotoxins harmful to humans and animals. During the past decade, F. graminearum has caused several severe epidemics of head scab in wheat and barley. In order to understand molecular mechanisms regulating fungal development and pathogenicity in this pathogen, we isolated and characterized a MAP kinase gene, MGV1, which is highly homologous to the MPS1 gene in Magnaporthe grisea. The MGV1 gene was dispensable for conidiation in F. graminearum but essential for female fertility during sexual reproduction. Vegetative growth of mgv1 deletion mutants was normal in liquid media but reduced on solid media. Mycelia of the mgv1 mutants had weak cell walls and were hypersensitive to cell wall degrading enzymes. Interestingly, the mgv1 mutants were self-incompatible when tested for heterokaryon formation, and their virulence was substantially reduced. The ability of the mutants to accumulate trichothecene mycotoxins on inoculated wheat was also greatly reduced. Our data suggest that MGV1 in F. graminearum is involved in multiple developmental processes related to sexual reproduction, plant infection, and cell wall integrity.

scholarly journals Effect of herbivory by goats on primary and secondary metabolism of Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) in a semi-arid environment in Brazilian Northeast

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345
Author(s):  
Nathália Thaís Cavalcante da Silva ◽  
Maria Aline Soares da Silva ◽  
Alissandra Trajano Nunes ◽  
Hiram Marinho Falcão
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Specific Leaf Mass ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

The relationship between herbivores and plants has important ecological implications for both organisms and directly affects the plant’s physiological responses, which need to invest in structures and secondary metabolites to overcome the damages. This study aimed to evaluate functional attributes related to the primary and secondary metabolism of Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) submitted to herbivory by goats. Five individuals of C. nucifera were selected in two areas, one with and one without goats. The carbohydrate content, specific leaf mass, and phytochemical screening were obtained, evaluating the presence or absence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, and glycosides. The results show that plants under herbivory showed 50% more sugars and a higher specific leaf mass than no-herbivory plants. Also, plants under herbivory showed a higher amount of saponins, steroids, and alkaloids. The production of defense metabolites, which are energetically costly, require the energy supply provided by the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis; thus, higher levels of sugars were observed in attacked plants. Even under attack, C. nucifera plants allocate resources for biomass production, to increase leaf sclerophylly and hinder herbivory. The investment in saponins, steroids, and alkaloids is related to herbivory, as demonstrated by the analysis of principal components analysis. We conclude that herbivory by goats activates defense responses in C. nucifera plants, making them allocate sugars to produce secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Characterization of Three Fusarium graminearum Effectors and Their Roles During Fusarium Head Blight

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guixia Hao ◽  
Susan McCormick ◽  
Thomas Usgaard ◽  
Helene Tiley ◽  
Martha M. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Significant Difference

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, and other grains. During infection, F. graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), which contaminates grain and functions as a virulence factor to promote FHB spread throughout the wheat head. F. graminearum secretes hundreds of putative effectors, which can interfere with plant immunity to promote disease development. However, the function of most of these putative effectors remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of 23 F. graminearum effector-coding genes during the early stage of wheat head infection. Gene expression analyses revealed that three effectors, FGSG_01831, FGSG_03599, and FGSG_12160, respectively, were highly induced in both a FHB susceptible and a moderately resistant variety. We generated deletion mutants for these effector genes and performed FHB virulence assays on wheat head using point and dip inoculations to evaluate FHB spread and initial infection. No statistically significant difference in FHB spread was observed in the deletion mutants. However, deletion mutants Δ01831 displayed a significant reduction in initial infection, and thus resulted in less DON contamination. To investigate the potential mechanisms involved, these three effectors were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. N. benthamiana leaves expressing these individual effectors had significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species induced by chitin, but not by flg22. Furthermore, FGSG_01831 and FGSG_03599 markedly suppressed Bax-induced cell death when co-expressed with Bax in N. benthamiana leaves. Our study provides new insights into the functions of these effectors and suggests they play collective or redundant roles that likely ensure the successful plant infection.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Factors Regulate Plant Stress Responses Through Mediating Secondary Metabolism

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tehseen Ahmad Meraj ◽  
Jingye Fu ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
Chenying Zhu ◽  
Qinqin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Transcriptional Factors ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Defense Gene Expression ◽  
Signaling Crosstalk

Plants are adapted to sense numerous stress stimuli and mount efficient defense responses by directing intricate signaling pathways. They respond to undesirable circumstances to produce stress-inducible phytochemicals that play indispensable roles in plant immunity. Extensive studies have been made to elucidate the underpinnings of defensive molecular mechanisms in various plant species. Transcriptional factors (TFs) are involved in plant defense regulations through acting as mediators by perceiving stress signals and directing downstream defense gene expression. The cross interactions of TFs and stress signaling crosstalk are decisive in determining accumulation of defense metabolites. Here, we collected the major TFs that are efficient in stress responses through regulating secondary metabolism for the direct cessation of stress factors. We focused on six major TF families including AP2/ERF, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB, and NAC. This review is the compilation of studies where researches were conducted to explore the roles of TFs in stress responses and the contribution of secondary metabolites in combating stress influences. Modulation of these TFs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels can facilitate molecular breeding and genetic improvement of crop plants regarding stress sensitivity and response through production of defensive compounds.

scholarly journals Biological Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms of Fludioxonil Resistance in Fusarium graminearum in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 2426-2433
Author(s):  
F. Zhou ◽  
D. X. Li ◽  
H. Y. Hu ◽  
Y. L. Song ◽  
Y. C. Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Premature Stop Codon ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Resistant Mutants

Fusarium graminearum is the primary causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil is not currently registered for the management of FHB in China. The current study assessed the fludioxonil sensitivity of a total of 53 F. graminearum isolates collected from the six most important wheat-growing provinces of China during 2018 and 2019. The baseline fludioxonil sensitivity distribution indicated that all of the isolates were sensitive, exhibiting a unimodal cure with a mean effective concentration for 50% inhibition value of 0.13 ± 0.12 μg/ml (standard deviation). Five fludioxonil-resistant mutants were subsequently induced by exposure to fludioxonil under laboratory conditions. Ten successive rounds of subculture in the absence of the selection pressure indicated that the mutation was stably inherited. However, the fludioxonil-resistant mutants were found to have reduced pathogenicity, higher glycerol accumulation, and higher osmotic sensitivity than the parental wild-type isolates, indicating that there was a fitness cost associated with fludioxonil resistance. In addition, the study also found a positive cross resistance between fludioxonil, procymidone, and iprodione, but not with other fungicides such as boscalid, carbendazim, tebuconazole, and fluazinam. Sequence analysis of four candidate target genes (FgOs1, FgOs2, FgOs4, and FgOs5) revealed that the HBXT2R mutant contained two point mutations that resulted in amino acid changes at K223T and K415R in its FgOs1 protein, and one point mutation at residue 520 of its FgOs5 protein that resulted in a premature stop codon. Similarly, the three other mutants contained point mutations that resulted in changes at the K192R, K293R, and K411R residues of the FgOs5 protein but none in the FgOs2 and FgOs4 genes. However, it is important to point out that the FgOs2 and FgOs4 expression of all the fludioxonil-resistant mutants was significantly (P < 0.05) downregulated compared with the sensitive isolates (except for the SQ1-2 isolate). It was also found that one of the resistant mutants did not have changes in any of the sequenced target genes, indicating that an alternative mechanism could also lead to fludioxonil resistance.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of the Barley-Fusarium graminearum Interaction

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanand Boddu ◽  
Seungho Cho ◽  
Warren M. Kruger ◽  
Gary J. Muehlbauer
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Gene Transcripts

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is caused by Fusarium graminearum. FHB causes yield losses and reduction in grain quality primarily due to the accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). To develop an understanding of the barley-F. graminearum interaction, we examined the relationship among the infection process, DON concentration, and host transcript accumulation for 22,439 genes in spikes from the susceptible cv. Morex from 0 to 144 h after F. graminearum and water control inoculation. We detected 467 differentially accumulating barley gene transcripts in the F. graminearum-treated plants compared with the water control-treated plants. Functional annotation of the transcripts revealed a variety of infection-induced host genes encoding defense response proteins, oxidative burst-associated enzymes, and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes. Of particular interest was the induction of transcripts encoding potential trichothecene catabolic enzymes and transporters, and the induction of the tryptophan biosynthetic and catabolic pathway enzymes. Our results define three stages of F. graminearum infection. An early stage, between 0 and 48 h after inoculation (hai), exhibited limited fungal development, low DON accumulation, and little change in the transcript accumulation status. An intermediate stage, between 48 and 96 hai, showed increased fungal development and active infection, higher DON accumulation, and increased transcript accumulation. A majority of the host gene transcripts were detected by 72 hai, suggesting that this is an important timepoint for the barley-F. graminearum interaction. A late stage also identified between 96 and 144 hai, exhibiting development of hyphal mats, high DON accumulation, and a reduction in the number of transcripts observed. Our study provides a baseline and hypothesis-generating dataset in barley during F. graminearum infection and in other grasses during pathogen infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document