scholarly journals Two β-glucuronosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactans function in mucilage polysaccharide matrix organization in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyeyemi O. Ajayi ◽  
Michael A. Held ◽  
Allan M. Showalter
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Sugar Residue ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Type Ii

Abstract Background Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are heavily glycosylated with type II arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides attached to hydroxyproline residues in their protein backbone. Type II AGs are necessary for plant growth and critically important for the establishment of normal cellular functions. Despite the importance of type II AGs in plant development, our understanding of the underlying role of these glycans/sugar residues in mucilage formation and seed coat epidermal cell development is poorly understood and far from complete. One such sugar residue is the glucuronic acid residues of AGPs that are transferred onto AGP glycans by the action of β-glucuronosyltransferase genes/enzymes. Results Here, we have characterized two β-glucuronosyltransferase genes, GLCAT14A and GLCAT14C, that are involved in the transfer of β-glucuronic acid (GlcA) to type II AGs. Using a reverse genetics approach, we observed that glcat14a-1 mutants displayed subtle alterations in mucilage pectin homogalacturonan (HG) compared to wild type (WT), while glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants displayed much more severe mucilage phenotypes, including loss of adherent mucilage and significant alterations in cellulose ray formation and seed coat morphology. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed significant alterations in the sugar amounts of glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants relative to WT in the adherent and non-adherent seed mucilage. Also, a reduction in total mucilage content was observed in glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants relative to WT. In addition, glcat14a-1glcat14c-1 mutants showed defects in pectin formation, calcium content and the degree of pectin methyl-esterification (DM) as well as reductions in crystalline cellulose content and seed size. Conclusions These results raise important questions regarding cell wall polymer interactions and organization during mucilage formation. We propose that the enzymatic activities of GLCAT14A and GLCAT14C play partially redundant roles and are required for the organization of the mucilage matrix and seed size in Arabidopsis thaliana. This work brings us a step closer towards identifying potential gene targets for engineering plant cell walls for industrial applications.

scholarly journals Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Conocarpus Fiber

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2926
Author(s):  
H. Fouad ◽  
Lau Kia Kian ◽  
Mohammad Jawaid ◽  
Majed D. Alotaibi ◽  
Othman Y. Alothman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Treated Fiber

Conocarpus fiber is an abundantly available and sustainable cellulosic biomass. With its richness in cellulose content, it is potentially used for manufacturing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a cellulose derivative product with versatile industrial applications. In this work, different samples of bleached fiber (CPBLH), alkali-treated fiber (CPAKL), and acid-treated fiber (CPMCC) were produced from Conocarpus through integrated chemical process of bleaching, alkaline cooking, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. Characterizations of samples were carried out with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared-Ray (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). From morphology study, the bundle fiber feature of CPBLH disintegrated into micro-size fibrils of CPMCC, showing the amorphous compounds were substantially removed through chemical depolymerization. Meanwhile, the elemental analysis also proved that the traces of impurities such as cations and anions were successfully eliminated from CPMCC. The CPMCC also gave a considerably high yield of 27%, which endowed it with great sustainability in acting as alternative biomass for MCC production. Physicochemical analysis revealed the existence of crystalline cellulose domain in CPMCC had contributed it 75.7% crystallinity. In thermal analysis, CPMCC had stable decomposition behavior comparing to CPBLH and CPAKL fibers. Therefore, Conocarpus fiber could be a promising candidate for extracting MCC with excellent properties in the future.

Seed morphology and ultrastructure in Citrus garrawayi (Rutaceae) in relation to germinability

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim N. Hamilton ◽  
Sarah E. Ashmore ◽  
Rod A. Drew ◽  
Hugh W. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Immature Seeds

Combinational traits of seed size and seed-coat hardness in Citrus garrawayi (F.M.Bailey) (syn. of Microcitrus garrowayi) were investigated as markers for estimation of seed morphological and physiological maturity. Seed size (length) and coat hardness correlated well with changes in seed coat and embryo morphological development, dry-weight accumulation, decreases in moisture content and a significant increase in germinability. Seed moisture content decreased from 82 ± 1% in immature seeds to 40 ± 1% at seed maturation. The outer integument of immature seeds consisted of thin-walled epidermal fibres from which outgrowths of emerging protrusions were observed. In comparison, mature seed coats were characterised by the thickening of the cell walls of the epidermal fibres from which arose numerous protrusions covered by an extensive mucilage layer. Immature seeds, with incomplete embryo and seed-coat histodiffereniation, had a low mean germination percentage of 4 ± 4%. Premature seeds, with a differentiated embryonic axis, were capable of much higher levels of germination (51 ± 10%) before the attainment of mass maturity. Mature seeds, with the most well differentiated embryonic axis and maximum mean dry weight, had the significantly highest level of germination (88 ± 3%).

Correlation Studies of Some Agronomic Characters in Sesame

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Osman Khidir ◽  
H. El Gizouli Osman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Agronomic Characters ◽  
Seed Coat Colour ◽  
Correlation Studies ◽  
First Maturity ◽  
Criteria For Selection ◽  
Number Of Branches

SummaryIn 90 local sesame types there was some association between seed coat colour and seed size, stem height, number of branches, number of pods, yield per plant and earliness. Forty-five coefficients show the degree of correlation between ten agronomic characters. Yield was significantly and positively correlated with all characters except the number of days to first flowering and to first maturity. Stem height, number of pods per plant and seed size seem to be the best criteria for selection in sesame.

scholarly journals Selection of GmSWEET39 for oil and protein improvement in soybean

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e1009114
Author(s):  
Hengyou Zhang ◽  
Wolfgang Goettel ◽  
Qijian Song ◽  
He Jiang ◽  
Zhenbin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Protein Accumulation

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was domesticated from wild soybean (G. soja Sieb. and Zucc.) and has been further improved as a dual-use seed crop to provide highly valuable oil and protein for food, feed, and industrial applications. However, the underlying genetic and molecular basis remains less understood. Having combined high-confidence bi-parental linkage mapping with high-resolution association analysis based on 631 whole sequenced genomes, we mapped major soybean protein and oil QTLs on chromosome15 to a sugar transporter gene (GmSWEET39). A two-nucleotide CC deletion truncating C-terminus of GmSWEET39 was strongly associated with high seed oil and low seed protein, suggesting its pleiotropic effect on protein and oil content. GmSWEET39 was predominantly expressed in parenchyma and integument of the seed coat, and likely regulates oil and protein accumulation by affecting sugar delivery from maternal seed coat to the filial embryo. We demonstrated that GmSWEET39 has a dual function for both oil and protein improvement and undergoes two different paths of artificial selection. A CC deletion (CC-) haplotype H1 has been intensively selected during domestication and extensively used in soybean improvement worldwide. H1 is fixed in North American soybean cultivars. The protein-favored (CC+) haplotype H3 still undergoes ongoing selection, reflecting its sustainable role for soybean protein improvement. The comprehensive knowledge on the molecular basis underlying the major QTL and GmSWEET39 haplotypes associated with soybean improvement would be valuable to design new strategies for soybean seed quality improvement using molecular breeding and biotechnological approaches.

scholarly journals Tensile Characterization of Pre-harvest Treated Pineapple Leaf Fibre

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
H. Uguru ◽  
G. E. Obah
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Tensile Elongation ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
Treatment Concentration

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of field practice on the tensile properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PAFL). The pineapple leaves were treated in the field with calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) at four concentrations (0 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 200 mg/l and 300 mg/l). All the treatments were applied through foliar application, twice monthly, for duration of five months. The pineapple leaves were harvested after five months of the treatment application, and their fibre extracted through the retting method. In addition, the cellulose content of the PALF was determined according to approved method. The extracted fibre was subjected to tensile test, using ASTM International approved methods. Results obtained from the tensile test revealed that the pre-harvested treatment had significant (p ≤0.5) effect on the tensile properties of the PALF. The tensile strength increased from 583.67 MPa to 880.83 MPa; while the Young’s modulus increased from 23.77 GPa to 28.23 GPa, as the treatment concentration increased from 0 mg/l to 300 mg/l. Likewise, the tensile elongation decreased from 3.13 mm to 1.83 mm, as the treatment concentration increased from 0 mg/l to 300 mg/l. In terms of the cellulose content, the study revealed that the cellulose content of the fibre increased significantly (p ≤0.05) with increased in the treatment concentration. At the concentration of 0 mg/l, the PAFL had cellulose content of 63.6%, which increased linearly to 77% at the concentration of 300 mg/l. From these results, it can be seen that field practice greatly increased the potential of PALF in composites production and other industrial applications.

Soybean Seed Size Influences Expression of the Impermeable Seed‐Coat Trait 1

Crop Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Hill ◽  
S. H. West ◽  
K. Hinson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Impermeable Seed Coat

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2982-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Xin ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
Yunzhen Zheng ◽  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Sai Venkatesh Pingali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Assembly ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Architecture

Abstract Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.

MYB 56 Encoding a R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor Regulates Seed Size in Arabidopsis thaliana

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Zhang ◽  
Wanqi Liang ◽  
Jianxin Shi ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
Dabing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
R2r3 Myb

scholarly journals The N-Terminal β-Sheet of the Hyperthermophilic Endoglucanase from Pyrococcus horikoshii Is Critical for Thermostability

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 3059-3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent C. Yang ◽  
Steve Legault ◽  
Emery A. Kayiranga ◽  
Jyothi Kumaran ◽  
Kazuhiko Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Pyrococcus Horikoshii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Enzyme Thermostability ◽  
Tim Barrel ◽  
Key Residues ◽  
Β Sheet

ABSTRACTThe β-1,4-endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) from the hyperthermophilic archaeonPyrococcus horikoshii(EGPh) has strong hydrolyzing activity toward crystalline cellulose. When EGPh is used in combination with β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), cellulose is completely hydrolyzed to glucose at high temperature, suggesting great potential for EGPh in bioethanol industrial applications. The crystal structure of EGPh shows a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) (β/α)8-barrel fold with an N-terminal antiparallel β-sheet at the opposite side of the active site and a very short C-terminal sequence outside of the barrel structure. We describe here the function of the peripheral sequences outside of the TIM barrel core structure. Sequential deletions were performed from both N and C termini. The activity, thermostability, and pH stability of the expressed mutants were assessed and compared to the wild-type EGPh enzyme. Our results demonstrate that the TIM barrel core is essential for enzyme activity and that the N-terminal β-sheet is critical for enzyme thermostability. Bioinformatics analyses identified potential key residues which may contribute to enzyme hyperthermostability.

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