Low practice of malaria prevention among migrants and seasonal farmworkers in Metema and west Armacheho districts, Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background More than hundreds and thousands of migrants and seasonal farm workers move from the highlands (relatively low malaria endemicity areas) to the lowlands (higher malaria endemicity areas) for the development of the corridor of the Amhara region during planting, weeding, and harvesting seasons in each year. Seasonal migrant workers are at high risk of malaria infection. Therefore, evidence of their knowledge level and practice in the prevention of malaria during their stay would be important. Objective The aims of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of malaria prevention and associated factors among migrants and seasonal farm workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November, 2018 in Metema and West Armacheho districts, northwest Ethiopia. A sample of about 950 migrants and seasonal farm workers were included using two stages of cluster sampling technique. Interview administered structured questionnaire was used. Both bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regressions were applied to identify predictors of malaria prevention. Result The overall good knowledge of malaria (those participants who scored more than 60% of correct response for knowledge related questions) was 50.2% with 95% CI (47.0–53.0) and the overall good practice of malaria (those participants who practiced more than 60% for practice related questions) was 27.2% with 95% CI (244.3–29.9). Age (AOR = 0.51(95%CI; 0.33–0.80)), level of education (AOR = 0.55(95%CI; 0.32–0.94)), using mass media as a source of information (AOR = 2.25(95%CI; 1.52–3.32)) and length of stay at the farming site (AOR = 0.59(95%CI; 0.44–0.79)) were significantly associated with knowledge of malaria prevention. Knowledge (AOR = 6.62(95%CI; 4.46–9.83)), attitude (AOR = 2.17(95%CI1.40–3.37), use of mass media (AOR = 1.64(95%CI; 1.30–2.60)) and the length of stay (AOR = 1.93(95%CI; 1.35—2.77)) in the farming area were significantly associated with practice of malaria prevention. Conclusion The practice of malaria prevention among migrant and seasonal farm workers was low. The programmers and implementers should design tailored malaria intervention programs and strategies for these hard to reach population.

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Dialectics of exclusion/inclusion and the naturalization of bonded labour : media representations of migrant workers in Canadian mainstream media

10.32920/ryerson.14648946.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

B Kimiko Inouye

Keyword(s):

Mass Media ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Domestic Workers ◽

Farm Workers ◽

Media Representations ◽

Nation State ◽

Dominant Discourse ◽

Mainstream Media ◽

Liberal Capitalism ◽

The Mass Media

This research examines the ways in which migrant workers are represented in mainstream Canadian news print press. In particular, representations of domestic workers and farm workers are the focus of analysis. This analysis is helpful in revealing the extent to which Canadian nation-state interests, including neo-liberalism and nationalist multicultural sentiment, are articulated within the discourses of the mainstream newsprint media. Emphasized is how neo-liberalism operates within a nation-state where the dominant discourse of multiculturalism is predominant. Overall this research demonstrates that the acceptance of migrant workers is conditional. This type of acceptance is characterized by their limited existence as economic participants in the Canadian economy, and their especially oppressed experiences as social and political participants. Overall this research demonstrates that within the mass media, as one component in the larger discourses of neo-liberal capitalism and multicultural tolerance, the subjectivity and agency of migrant workers goes hugely unrecognized.

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COVID-19 and International Labor Migration in Agriculture

10.19181/demis.2021.1.1.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

Philip Martin

Keyword(s):

Migrant Workers ◽

Migrant Worker ◽

Farm Workers ◽

Government Policies ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Guest Workers ◽

The North ◽

International Labor ◽

Agricultural Industries ◽

Seasonal Farm Workers

Two thirds of the 272 million international migrants in 2019 were employed in the destination country. Demographic and economic inequalities between countries, combined with globalization that reduced barriers to migrants, were expected to continue to increase the number of international migrant workers. Covid-19 closed many national borders to non- essential travelers, with limited exceptions. Seasonal farm workers were one of the notable exceptions, suggesting that many governments do not expect local workers to fill seasonal farm jobs despite record-high unemployment rates. For agriculture, the longer term effects of the pandemic include faster mechanization, more guest workers, and rising imports. Responses are likely to vary by commodity and be shaped by government policies. This article provides a review of the distribution and activities of the world’s 164 million international migrant workers in 2017, including the 111 million in high-income countries. The analysis focuses on the North American migrant worker and the differences between their integration in the agricultural industries. American agricultural systems are integrating in the sense that Canadian blueberries, Mexican avocados and U.S. meat trade freely, but the farm workforces in each country are increasingly Mexican.

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Asymptomatic malaria remains high among seasonal migrant workers depart to home from malarious areas and may cause a resurgence of malaria transmission at high lands of northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-871634/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tesfaye Tilaye Tilaye ◽

Belay Tessema Tessema ◽

Keshaun Alemu Gelaye

Keyword(s):

Malaria Transmission ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Study Participant ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Land Preparation

Abstract Background In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers used to travel from non-malaria or mild malaria transmission areas to malaria endemic areas for the purposes of seasonal farm activities. Most of these migrants are staying in the farm areas for land preparation, ploughing, planting, weeding and harvesting for specific period of time and back to their living areas. However, there is limited evidence how the seasonal migrant workers contribute in the transmission of malaria to new or less malaria transmission areas. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted at departure phase of seasonal migrant workers in Metema district from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 1208 seasonal migrant workers were interviewed during their departure to home. Interviewed face to face interview was done using a pretested structured questionnaire. Moreover, blood samples were collected from each study participant for microscopic malaria parasite examination. The data was fitted with the logistic regression model to estimate the predictors’ of malaria transmissions. Results At the departure to home, the prevalence of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was 17.5% (15.6-19.45%). About 71.80 % (177/212) of the cases were Plasmodium falciparum, and 28.20% (35/212) Plasmodium vivax. The majority of seasonal migrant workers (77.4%) were from rural residence and highlanders (55%). Most (55.4%) of the migrants were visited two and more farm sites during their stay at development corridors for harvesting activities. About 116 (54.7%) asymptomatic malaria cases were returning to Dembiya(21.7%), Chilaga(19.8%) and Metema(13.2%) districts. Conclusion This study focuses on the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among seasonal migrant workers during the departure phase to home. The role of seasonal migrant workers in carrying and spreading malaria parasites, as well as challenging the country's malaria prevention and elimination efforts, could be enormous. Age, occupation, origin, the number of farm sites visited, and the frequency with which LLINs used were all associated with an increased asymptomatic malaria prevalence in the study area. Tailored interventions for seasonal migrant workers could be in place by programers, partners and implementers to enhance malaria control and elimination.

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Estimating the Economic Impact and Assessing Owners' Knowledge and Practices of Epizootic Lymphangitis in Equine Cart Animals in Central and South Gondar Zones, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.673442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Amsalu Misgie Molla ◽

Tewodros Fentahun ◽

Wudu T. Jemberu

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Control Measure ◽

Good Practice ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Knowledge Level ◽

Preventive Practices ◽

Significant Difference

Epizootic lymphangitis (EL) is a chronic, contagious, fungal disease of equids. The disease is highly prevalent in cart pulling equines of Ethiopia affecting the livelihood of the cart owning households and welfare of the cart animals. This study estimated the economic impacts of EL and assessed cart owners' knowledge and practices related to the disease in northwest Ethiopia. A multistage cluster sampling approach was implemented to select cart animal owners for the study. A total of 274 cart animal owners were interviewed to collect data for the study. The average annual economic loss per cart owner was estimated at Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 8447. Of this loss, the ETB 4364, 2838, and 1245 were due to mortality, working power loss, and treatment costs, respectively. When the loss was computed only for affected car owners, it was on average ETB 9835 per affected cart owner. The average annual animal level loss was estimated at ETB 6587 per cart animal. Mortality was the largest contributor of the overall economic losses. There was a statistically significant difference in average economic losses per household between study towns (P < 0.05). The knowledge and practice study revealed that 51.2% of the respondents had good knowledge level (knowledge score above the mean score) of EL, but only 45.2% of the respondents had a good practice related to EL. A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that socio-demographic factors such as educational level and town of residence were significantly associated with EL knowledge level of the respondents (P < 0.05), and on the other hand, knowledge level and residence of the respondents were significantly associated with EL practice level (P < 0.05). The study generally indicates that EL causes significant economic impact on the cart business, but cart owners had insufficient knowledge and poor control and preventive practices to combat the disease. Attention should be accorded to control the disease and reduce its impact on the livelihood of cart owners. As part of the control measure, more awareness creation about the disease and its preventive and management measures for cart owners will very important.

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Low Knowledge and Attitude Towards Visceral Leishmaniasis Among Migrants and Seasonal Farm Workers in Northwest Ethiopia

Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine ◽

10.2147/rrtm.s286212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol Volume 11 ◽

pp. 159-168

Author(s):

Kassahun Alemu Gelaye ◽

Getu Debalkie Demissie ◽

Tadesse Awoke Ayele ◽

Sintayehu Daba Wami ◽

Malede Mequanent Sisay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Farm Workers ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Seasonal Farm Workers

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Dialectics of exclusion/inclusion and the naturalization of bonded labour : media representations of migrant workers in Canadian mainstream media

10.32920/ryerson.14648946 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

B Kimiko Inouye

Keyword(s):

Mass Media ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Domestic Workers ◽

Farm Workers ◽

Media Representations ◽

Nation State ◽

Dominant Discourse ◽

Mainstream Media ◽

Liberal Capitalism ◽

The Mass Media

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Asymptomatic malaria remains high among seasonal migrant workers depart to home from malarious areas and may cause a resurgence of malaria transmission at high lands of northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-871812/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tesfaye Tilaye ◽

Belay Tessema ◽

Kassahun Alemu

Keyword(s):

Malaria Transmission ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Study Participant ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Asymptomatic Malaria ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Land Preparation

Abstract Background: In Ethiopia, thousands of seasonal migrant workers used to travel from non-malaria or mild malaria transmission areas to malaria-endemic areas for seasonal farm activities. Most of these migrants are staying in the farm areas for land preparation, plowing, planting, weeding, and harvesting for a specific period and back to their living areas. However, there is limited evidence of how the seasonal migrant workers contribute to the transmission of malaria to new or less malaria transmission areas.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the departure phase of seasonal migrant workers in the Metema district from September 2018 to October 2019. A total of 1208 seasonal migrant workers were interviewed during their departure from farm sites to their homes. Interviewed face to face interview was done using a pretested structured questionnaire. Moreover, blood samples were collected from each study participant for microscopic malaria parasite examination. The data were fitted with the logistic regression model to estimate the predictors’ of malaria transmissions. Results: At the departure to home, the prevalence of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was 17.5% (15.6-19.45%). About 71.80 % (177/212) of the cases were Plasmodium falciparum, and 28.20% (35/212) Plasmodium vivax. The majority of seasonal migrant workers (77.4%) were from rural residences and highlanders (55%). Most (55.4%) of the migrants have visited two and more farm sites during their stay at development corridors for harvesting activities. About 116 (54.7%) asymptomatic malaria cases were returning to Dembiya(21.7%), Chilaga(19.8%) and Metema(13.2%) districts. Conclusion: This study focuses on the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among seasonal migrant workers during the departure phase to home. The role of seasonal migrant workers in carrying and spreading malaria parasites, as well as challenging the country's malaria prevention and elimination efforts, could be enormous. Age, occupation, origin, the number of farm sites visited, and the frequency with which LLINs were used were all associated with an increased asymptomatic malaria prevalence in the study area. Tailored interventions for seasonal migrant workers could be in place by programmers, partners, and implementers to enhance malaria control and elimination.

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Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan

Basic and Applied Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ◽

10.37575/b/med/2384 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yousif Elmosaad ◽

Ahmed Al Rajeh ◽

Asif khan ◽

Elfatih Malik ◽

Ilias Mahmud

Keyword(s):

Formal Education ◽

Effective Means ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Good Knowledge ◽

Bed Nets ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Positive Attitudes

This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in malaria prevention using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) among mothers of children under five years of age in White Nile State, Sudan. Multistage cluster sampling was used to select 761 mothers for this cross-sectional survey. There were gaps in the KAP in malaria prevention. Only 46.3% of the mothers stated personal protective measures (PPMs) as the best malaria prevention strategy; 54.9% considered ITNs as an effective means; and only 18.7% reported sleeping under an ITN every day. Older mothers were less likely to have good knowledge (OR=0.96), attitudes (OR=0.98) and practices (OR=0.98). Having a Government employee as the head of the household was positively associated with knowledge (OR=2.16) and attitudes (OR=1.96). The mother having a formal education was also positively associated with good knowledge (OR=1.55) and positive attitudes (OR=1.69). Mothers with a monthly household income of <491 Sudanese Pound were more likely to have good knowledge (OR=1.43). Mothers who had good knowledge (OR=4.99) and positive attitudes towards PPMs (OR=2.60) in malaria prevention were found to be more likely to practice preventive measures. Therefore, we recommend focusing on raising mothers’ awareness of the different preventive activities to protect them and their family from malaria.

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Coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in four sub-Saharan countries: findings from household surveys

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyaa233 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Clara Pons-Duran ◽

Mireia Llach ◽

Charfudin Sacoor ◽

Sergi Sanz ◽

Eusebio Macete ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Household Surveys ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is a key malaria prevention strategy in areas with moderate to high transmission. As part of the TIPTOP (Transforming IPT for Optimal Pregnancy) project, baseline information about IPTp coverage was collected in eight districts from four sub-Saharan countries: Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Madagascar, Mozambique and Nigeria. Methods Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted using a multistage cluster sampling design to estimate the coverage of IPTp and antenatal care attendance. Eligible participants were women of reproductive age who had ended a pregnancy in the 12 months preceding the interview and who had resided in the selected household during at least the past 4 months of pregnancy. Coverage was calculated using percentages and 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of 3911 women were interviewed from March to October 2018. Coverage of at least three doses of IPTp (IPTp3+) was 22% and 24% in DRC project districts; 23% and 12% in Madagascar districts; 11% and 16% in Nigeria local government areas; and 63% and 34% in Mozambique districts. In DRC, Madagascar and Nigeria, more than two-thirds of women attending at least four antenatal care visits during pregnancy received less than three doses of IPTp. Conclusions The IPTp3+ uptake in the survey districts was far from the universal coverage. However, one of the study districts in Mozambique showed a much higher coverage of IPTp3+ than the other areas, which was also higher than the 2018 average national coverage of 41%. The reasons for the high IPTp3+ coverage in this Mozambican district are unclear and require further study.

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Knowledge, Practice, and Associated Factors of Home-Based Management of Diarrhea among Caregivers of Children Attending Under-Five Clinic in Fagita Lekoma District, Awi Zone, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016

Nursing Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2017/8084548 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bogale Kassahun Desta ◽

Nega Tezera Assimamaw ◽

Tesfaye Demeke Ashenafi

Keyword(s):

Primary Education ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Good Practice ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Under Five ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Home Based ◽

Knowledge Practice

Introduction. In Ethiopia, it is the second cause for clinical presentation among under five-year child population. Objective. The main aim of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, and associated factors of home-based management of diarrhea among caregivers of children attending the under-five clinic. Methods. Institution based quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out from March 1, 2016, to April 22, 2016. Results. Two hundred eight (56.2%) of them had good knowledge and one hundred thirty-nine (37.6%) of them had the good practice of home management of diarrhea, specifically, primary education (AOR: 5.384, 95% CI: 2.008, 14.438), secondary and above education (AOR: 11.769, 95% CI: 3.527, 39.275), daily laborer (AOR: 0.208, 95% CI: 0.054, 0.810), and no information about diarrhea (AOR: 0.139, 95% CI: 0.054, 0.354). Moreover, age range of 25–35 (AOR: 4.091, 95% CI: 1.741, 9.616) and 36–45 (AOR: 3.639, 95% CI: 1.155, 11.460), being single (AOR: 0.111, 95% CI: 0.013, 0.938), being divorced (AOR: 0.120, 95% CI: 0.024, 0.598), illiteracy (AOR: 0.052, 95% CI: 0.017, 0.518), primary education (AOR: 0.143, CI: 0.046, 0.440), and no information about diarrhea (AOR: 0.197, 95% CI: 0.057, 0.685) were significantly associated variables with the outcome variables in multivariate regression. Conclusion. Caregivers had slightly adequate knowledge but poor practice.

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