scholarly journals Malaria vector dynamics and utilization of insecticide-treated nets in low-transmission setting in Southwest Ethiopia: implications for residual transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endalew Zemene ◽  
Denekew Bitew Belay ◽  
Abebaw Tiruneh ◽  
Ming-Chieh Lee ◽  
Delenasaw Yewhalaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Low Transmission ◽  
Transmission Setting ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes ◽  
Biting Behaviour

Abstract Background Understanding the behaviour of local malaria vectors is essential as effectiveness of the commonly used vector-targeted malaria control tools heavily relies on behaviour of the major malaria vectors. This study was conducted to determine species composition, biting behaviour, host preference and infectivity of anopheline mosquitoes, and assess utilization of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in a low transmission setting in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods Adult anopheline mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches (HLCs), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps (LTs) and Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSCs) from June 2016 to May 2018 in Kishe, Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. The anopheline mosquitoes were morphologically identified. Moreover, sub-sample of An. gambiae s.l. was identified to species using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Circum-sporozoite proteins (CSPs) and blood meal sources of the anopheline mosquitoes were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess ITN utilization by the inhabitants. Results A total of 3659 anopheline mosquitoes comprising An. coustani complex (84.4%), An. gambiae s.l. (11.3%), and An. pharoensis and An. squamosus comprising less than 5% were collected. The anopheline mosquitoes showed marked outdoor (67%) and early evening (63%) biting behaviour. An. coustani complex and An. gambiae s.l. were predominantly zoophilic and anthropophilic, respectively. None of the sampled anopheline were CSP-positive. Most of the households (97.8%) owned at least one ITN, with modest usage by the inhabitants (73.4%). ITN usage was significantly higher among under-five children (AOR = 7.9, 95% CI: 4.41–14.03), household heads and spouses (AOR = 4.8, 95% CI: 3.0–7.59), those with sufficient access to ITNs (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.39–2.35), and who were not utilizing alternative mosquito repellents (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.58–2.99). Conclusion The anopheline mosquito species exhibited predominantly outdoor and early evening biting activity. Household ITN coverage was high with slight gap in usage. Vector control interventions should target outdoor and early biting vectors to further suppress the local mosquito population. Moreover, sensitization of the community on consistent use of ITNs is required.

scholarly journals Bionomics and ecology of Anopheles merus along the East and Southern Africa coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Bartilol ◽  
Irene Omedo ◽  
Charles Mbogo ◽  
Joseph Mwangangi ◽  
Martin K. Rono
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
Residual Malaria Transmission

AbstractMalaria transmission persists despite the scale-up of interventions such as long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Understanding the entomological drivers of transmission is key for the design of effective and sustainable tools to address the challenge. Recent research findings indicate a shift in vector populations from the notorious Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) as a dominant vector to other species as one of the factors contributing to the persistence of malaria transmission. However, there are gaps in the literature regarding the minor vector species which are increasingly taking a lead role in malaria transmission. Currently, minor malaria vectors have behavioural plasticity, which allows their evasion of vector control tools currently in use. To address this, we have reviewed the role of Anopheles merus, a saltwater mosquito species that is becoming an important vector of malaria transmission along the East and Southern African coast. We performed a literature review from PubMed and Google Scholar and reviewed over 50 publications relating to An. merus's bionomics, taxonomy, spatial-temporal distribution and role in malaria transmission. We found that An. merus is an important vector of malaria and that it contributes to residual malaria transmission because of its exophilic tendencies, insecticide resistance and densities that peak during the dry seasons as the freshwater mosquitoes decline. Spatial and temporal studies have also shown that this species has increased its geographical range, densities and vectorial capacity over time. In this review, we highlight the resting behaviour and breeding habitats of this mosquito, which could be targeted for surveillance studies and control interventions.

scholarly journals Laboratory and field evaluation of MAÏA®, an ointment containing N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against mosquitoes in Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonse Traoré ◽  
Gérard Niyondiko ◽  
Antoine Sanou ◽  
Franck Langevin ◽  
N’Falé Sagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
H 30

Abstract Background Malaria vector control relies upon the use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. However, as the emergency of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors grows, the effectiveness of these measures could be limited. Alternative tools are needed. In this context, repellents can play an important role against exophagic and exophilic mosquitoes. This study evaluated the efficacy of MAÏA®, a novel repellent ointment, in laboratory and field conditions in Burkina Faso. Methods For laboratory and field assessment, 20 volunteers were enrolled and trained for nocturnal collection of mosquitoes using human landing catches (HLC). In the laboratory tests, 2 mg/sq cm of treatment (either MAIA® or 20 % DEET) were used to assess median complete protection time (CPT) against two species: Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, following WHO guidelines. For both species, two strains consisting of susceptible and local strains were used. The susceptible strains were Kisumu and Bora Bora for An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti, respectively. For the field test, the median CPT of MAÏA® was compared to that of a negative (70 % ethanol) and positive (20 % DEET) after carrying out HLCs in rural Burkina Faso in both indoor and outdoor settings. Results Laboratory tests showed median Kaplan-Meier CPT of 6 h 30 min for An. gambiae (Kisumu), 5 h 30 min for An. gambiae (Goden, local strain), and 4 h for Ae. aegypti for both the local and sensitive strain. These laboratory results suggest that MAÏA® is a good repellent against the three mosquito species. During these field tests, a total of 3979 mosquitoes were caught. In this population, anophelines represented 98.5 %, with culicines (Aedes) making up the remaining 1.5 %. Among anopheline mosquitoes, 95 % belonged to the An. gambiae complex, followed by Anopheles funestus and Anopheles pharoensis. The median CPT of 20 % DEET and MAÏA® were similar (8 h) and much longer than that of the negative control (2 h). Conclusions Results from the present studies showed that MAÏA® offers high protection against anophelines biting indoors and outdoors and could play an important role in malaria prevention in Africa.

scholarly journals The dominant malaria vector, Anopheles funestus from rural south-eastern Tanzania, is more strongly resistant to insecticides than Anopheles arabiensis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polius Gerazi Pinda ◽  
Claudia Eichenberger ◽  
Halfan S Ngowo ◽  
Dickson S Msaky ◽  
Said Abbasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background: Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have greatly reduced malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, but are threatened by insecticide resistance in dominant malaria vectors. In south-eastern Tanzania, pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus now transmit more than 80% of malaria infections even in villages where the species occurs at far lower densities than other vectors such as Anopheles arabiensis.Methods: To better understand the dominance of An. funestus in these settings and improve options for its control, this study compared intensities of resistance between females of this species and those of An. arabiensis , using WHO assays with 1×, 5× and 10× insecticide doses. Additional tests were done to assess the reversibility of such resistance using synergists. The mosquitoes were collected from villages across two districts in south-eastern Tanzania.Findings: Both species were resistant to the two pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) and the organochloride (DDT) but susceptible to the organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl) at standard baseline doses (1×). However, An. funestus as opposed to An. arabiensis was also resistant to the carbamate (bendiocarb) at standard doses (1×). An. funestus showed strong resistance to pyrethroids, surviving the 5× doses and 10× doses except in one village. Pre-exposure to the synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), reversed the pyrethroid-resistance in both An. arabiensis and An. funestus achieving mortalities >98%, except for An. funestus from two villages for which permethrin-associated mortalities exceeded 90% but not 98%.Conclusions : In these communities where An. funestus now dominates malaria transmission, the species also displays much stronger resistance to pyrethroids than its counterpart, An. arabiensis, and can readily survive more classes of insecticides, including carbamates. The resistance to pyrethroids in both mosquito species appears to be mostly metabolic and can be reversed significantly using synergists such as PBO. These findings may explain the continued persistence and dominance of An. funestus despite widespread use of pyrethroid-treated LLINs, and will also inform future choices of interventions to tackle malaria transmission in this area and other similar settings. Such interventions may include PBO-based LLINs or improved IRS with compounds such as organophosphates against which the vectors are still susceptible.

scholarly journals Evaluation of personal protection afforded by repellent-treated sandals against mosquito bites in south-eastern Tanzania.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Onyango Sangoro ◽  
Tegemeo Gavana ◽  
Marceline Finda ◽  
Winfrida Mponzi ◽  
Emmanuel Hape ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Large Cage ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Consequently, this study investigated whether sandals treated with efficacious spatial repellents can protect against outdoor biting mosquitoes. Methodology Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 48cm 2 treated with 6 ml, 10 ml and 12 ml of transfluthrin were tested in large cage semi-field and full field experiments. Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 240cm 2 and treated with 10 ml and 12ml of transfluthrin were also tested semi field experiments. Human landing catches (HLC) were used to assess reduction in biting exposure by comparing proportions of mosquitoes landing on volunteers wearing treated and untreated sandals. Sandals were tested against insectary reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in semi-field experiments and against wild mosquito species in rural Tanzania. Results In semi-field tests, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48cm 2 and treated with 12 ml, 10ml and 6ml transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 45.9%, (95% confidence interval (C.I.) = 28–59%), 61.1% (48%–71%), and 25.9% (9% - 40%) respectively compared to untreated sandals. Sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 240cm 2 and treated with 12 ml and 10ml transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 59% (43 - 71%) and 64% (48 - 74%) respectively. In field experiments, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48cm 2 and treated with 12 ml transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 70% (60% - 76%) against Anopheles gambiae s.l and 66.0% (59% - 71%) against all mosquito species combined. Conclusion Transfluthrin-treated sandals conferred significant protection against mosquito bites in semi-field and field settings. Further evaluation is recommended for this tool as a potential complimentary intervention against malaria. This intervention could be particularly useful for protecting against outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. Additional studies are necessary to optimize treatment techniques and substrates, establish safety profiles and determine epidemiological impact in different settings.

scholarly journals Evaluation of personal protection afforded by repellent-treated sandals against mosquito bites in south-eastern Tanzania.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Onyango Sangoro ◽  
Tegemeo Gavana ◽  
Marceline Finda ◽  
Winfrida Mponzi ◽  
Emmanuel Hape ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Large Cage ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Consequently, this study investigated whether sandals treated with efficacious spatial repellents can protect against outdoor biting mosquitoes. Methodology Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 48cm 2 treated with 6 ml, 10 ml and 12 ml of transfluthrin were tested in large cage semi-field and full field experiments. Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 240cm 2 and treated with 10 ml and 12ml of transfluthrin were also tested semi field experiments. Human landing catches (HLC) were used to assess reduction in biting exposure by comparing proportions of mosquitoes landing on volunteers wearing treated and untreated sandals. Sandals were tested against insectary reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in semi-field experiments and against wild mosquito species in rural Tanzania. Results In semi-field tests, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48cm 2 and treated with 12 ml, 10ml and 6ml transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 45.9%, (95% confidence interval (C.I.) = 28–59%), 61.1% (48%–71%), and 25.9% (9% - 40%) respectively compared to untreated sandals. Sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 240cm 2 and treated with 12 ml and 10ml transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 59% (43 - 71%) and 64% (48 - 74%) respectively. In field experiments, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48cm 2 and treated with 12 ml transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 70% (60% - 76%) against Anopheles gambiae s.l and 66.0% (59% - 71%) against all mosquito species combined. Conclusion Transfluthrin-treated sandals conferred significant protection against mosquito bites in semi-field and field settings. Further evaluation is recommended for this tool as a potential complimentary intervention against malaria. This intervention could be particularly useful for protecting against outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. Additional studies are necessary to optimize treatment techniques and substrates, establish safety profiles and determine epidemiological impact in different settings.

scholarly journals Bloodmeal sources and feeding behavior of anopheline mosquitoes in Bure district, northwestern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilahun Adugna ◽  
Delensaw Yewhelew ◽  
Emana Getu
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Human Blood Index ◽  
Blood Index ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Abstract Background Mosquito bloodmeal sources determine the feeding rates, adult survival, fecundity, hatching rates, and developmental times. Only the female Anopheles mosquito takes bloodmeals from humans, birds, mammals, and other vertebrates for egg development. Studies of the host preference patterns in blood-feeding anopheline mosquitoes are crucial to determine malaria vectors. However, the human blood index, foraging ratio, and host preference index of anopheline mosquitoes are not known so far in Bure district, Ethiopia. Methods The origins of bloodmeals from all freshly fed and a few half-gravid exophagic and endophagic females collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps were identified as human and bovine using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The human blood index, forage ratio, and host feeding index were calculated. Results A total of 617 specimens belonging to An. arabiensis (n = 209), An. funestus (n = 217), An. coustani (n = 123), An. squamosus (n = 54), and An. cinereus (n = 14) were only analyzed using blood ELISA. Five hundred seventy-five of the specimens were positive for blood antigens of the host bloods. All anopheline mosquitoes assayed for a bloodmeal source had mixed- rather than single-source bloodmeals. The FR for humans was slightly > 1.0 compared to bovines for all Anopheles species. HFI for each pair of vertebrate hosts revealed that humans were the slightly preferred bloodmeal source compared to bovines for all species (except An. squamosus), but there was no marked host selection. Conclusions All anopheline mosquitoes assayed for bloodmeal ELISA had mixed feeds, which tends to diminish the density of gametocytes in the mosquito stomach, thereby reducing the chance of fertilization of the female gamete and reducing the chances of a malaria vector becoming infected. Moreover, An. coustani was the only species that had only human bloodmeals, meaning that this species has the potential to transmit the disease. Therefore, combination zooprophylaxis should be reinforced as a means of vector control because the study sites are mixed dwellings.

scholarly journals Microbiota identified from preserved Anopheles

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca E Silva ◽  
Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni ◽  
Lizette L. Koekemoer ◽  
Yael L. Dahan-Moss
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Culture Dependent

Abstract Background Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in physiology and vector competence. Recent research has focused on investigating the mosquito microbiota, especially in wild populations. Wild mosquitoes are preserved and transported to a laboratory for analyses. Thus far, microbial characterization post-preservation has been investigated in only Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens. Investigating the efficacy of cost-effective preservatives has also been limited to AllProtect reagent, ethanol and nucleic acid preservation buffer. This study characterized the microbiota of African Anopheles vectors: Anopheles arabiensis (member of the An. gambiae complex) and An. funestus (member of the An. funestus group), preserved on silica desiccant and RNAlater® solution. Methods Microbial composition and diversity were characterized using culture-dependent (midgut dissections, culturomics, MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent techniques (abdominal dissections, DNA extraction, next-generation sequencing) from laboratory (colonized) and field-collected mosquitoes. Colonized mosquitoes were either fresh (non-preserved) or preserved for 4 and 12 weeks on silica or in RNAlater®. Microbiota were also characterized from field-collected An. arabiensis preserved on silica for 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Results Elizabethkingia anophelis and Serratia oryzae were common between both vector species, while Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were specific to females and males, respectively. Microbial diversity was not influenced by sex, condition (fresh or preserved), preservative, or preservation time-period; however, the type of bacterial identification technique affected all microbial diversity indices. Conclusions This study broadly characterized the microbiota of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Silica- and RNAlater®-preservation were appropriate when paired with culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, respectively. These results broaden the selection of cost-effective methods available for handling vector samples for downstream microbial analyses.

scholarly journals A Three-Pronged Approach to Studying Sublethal Insecticide Doses: Characterising Mosquito Fitness, Mosquito Biting Behaviour, and Human/Environmental Health Risks

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽  
Miguel. A. Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Environmental Health Risks ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Biting Behaviour

Worldwide, pyrethroids are one of the most widely used insecticide classes. In addition to serving as personal protection products, they are also a key line of defence in integrated vector management programmes. Many studies have assessed the effects of sublethal pyrethroid doses on mosquito fitness and behaviour. However, much remains unknown about the biological, physiological, demographic, and behavioural effects on individual mosquitoes or mosquito populations when exposure occurs via spatial treatments. Here, females and males of two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus, were exposed to five different treatments: three doses of the pyrethroid prallethrin, as well as an untreated and a negative control. The effects of each treatment on mosquito species, sex, adult mortality, fertility, F1 population size, and biting behaviour were also evaluated. To compare knockdown and mortality among treatments, Mantel–Cox log-rank tests were used. The results showed that sublethal doses reduced mosquito survival, influencing population size in the next generation. They also provided 100% protection to human hosts and presented relatively low risks to human and environmental health. These findings emphasise the need for additional studies that assess the benefits of using sublethal doses as part of mosquito management strategies.

scholarly journals Creating mosquito-free outdoor spaces using transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Paliga Masalu ◽  
Marceline Finda ◽  
Gerry F. Killeen ◽  
Halfan S. Ngowo ◽  
Polius G. Pinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Domestic Spaces ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Outdoor Biting ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background Residents of malaria-endemic communities spend several hours outdoors performing different activities, e.g. cooking, story-telling or eating, thereby exposing themselves to potentially-infectious mosquitoes. This compromises effectiveness of indoor interventions, notably long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This study characterized common peri-domestic spaces in rural south-eastern Tanzania, and assessed protective efficacies of hessian fabric mats and ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin and respectively fitted to chairs and outdoor kitchens, against mosquitoes.Methods Two hundred households were surveyed, and their most-used peri-domestic spaces physically characterized. Protective efficacies of locally-made transfluthrin-emanating chairs and hessian ribbons were tested in outdoor environments of eight households using volunteer-occupied exposure-free double net traps. CDC light traps were used to estimate host-seeking mosquito densities within open-structure outdoor kitchens. Field-collected Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes were exposed underneath the chairs to estimate 24h-mortality. Finally, WHO insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on wild-caught Anopheles from the villages.Results Approximately half (52%) of houses had verandas. Aside from these verandas, most houses also had peri-domestic spaces where residents stayed most times (67% of houses with verandas and 94% of non-veranda houses). Two-thirds of these spaces were sited under trees, and only one third (34.4%) were built-up. The outdoor structures were usually makeshift kitchens having roofs and partial walls. Transfluthrin-treated chairs reduced outdoor-biting An. arabiensis densities by 70-76% while transfluthrin-treated hessian ribbons fitted to the outdoor kitchens caused 81% reduction in the general peri-domestic area. Almost all the field-collected An. arabiensis (99.4%) and An. funestus (100%) exposed under transfluthrin-treated chairs died. The An. arabiensis were susceptible to non-pyrethroids (pirimiphos methyl & bendiocarb) but resistant to pyrethroids commonly used on LLINs (deltamethrin & permethrin).Conclusion Most houses had actively-used peri-domestic outdoor spaces where exposure to mosquitoes occurred. The transfluthrin-treated chair and ribbons reduced outdoor-biting malaria vectors in these peri-domestic spaces, and also elicited significant mortality among pyrethroid-resistant field-caught malaria vectors. These two new prototype formats for transfluthrin emanators, if developed further, may constitute new options for complementing LLINs and IRS with outdoor protection against malaria and other mosquito-borne pathogens in areas where peri-domestic human activities are common.

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