A Validated HPLC-PDA-HRMS Method to Investigate the Biological Stability and Metabolism of Antiparasitic Triterpenic Esters

Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are commonly found in medicinal plants with well-known antiparasitic effects. Previous research on C-3 and C-27 triterpenic esters showed effective and selective in vitro antiparasitic activities and in vivo effectiveness by parenteral routes. The aim of this study was to determine triterpenic esters’ stability in different biological-like media and the main microsomal degradation products. An HPLC-PDA method was developed and validated to simultaneously analyze and quantify bioactive triterpenic esters in methanol (LOQ: 2.5 and 1.25–100 µg/mL) and plasma (LOQ: 5–125 µg/mL). Overall, both triterpenic esters showed a stable profile in aqueous and buffered solutions as well as in entire plasma, suggesting gaining access to the ester function is difficult for plasma enzymes. Conversely, after 1 h, 30% esters degradation in acidic media was observed with potential different hydrolysis mechanisms. C-3 (15 and 150 µM) and C-27 esters (150 µM) showed a relatively low hepatic microsomal metabolism (<23%) after 1 h, which was significantly higher in the lowest concentration of C-27 esters (15 µM) (>40% degradation). Metabolic HPLC-PDA-HRMS studies suggested hydrolysis, hydroxylation, dehydration, O-methylation, hydroxylation and/or the reduction of hydrolyzed derivatives, depending on the concentration and the position of the ester link. Further permeability and absorption studies are required to better define triterpenic esters pharmacokinetic and specific formulations designed to increase their oral bioavailability.

Hak Dan Kewajiban Manusia Dalam Mengurangi Pengaruh Begadang Bagi Kesehatan Manusia

Begadang adalah suatu kebiasaan terjaga sampai larut malam dan tidur saat pagi datang.Orang yang sering begadang memiliki lebih besar risiko kesehatan yang buruk.Kebanyakan orang melakukan begadang karena mengerjakan pekerjaan saat malam,tetapi karena sering dilakukan tanpa disadari kegiatan saat begadang pun sudah tidak terlalu penting dan menjadi kebiasaan yang buruk yang dapat menimbulkan penyakit.Menurut Mahendra di dalam buku ‘Tubuh Anda Cerminan Kesehatan Anda (2010)’,“Begadang dapat memicu timbulnya berbagai penyakit dan menyebabkan rusaknya sistem imun tubuh.Apabila tidak beristirahat,organ-organ tidak dapat melakukan fungsinya dengan optimal.Hal ini akan menimbulkan masalah atau penyakit yang dapat menyerang tubuh.Hal ini membuktikan bahwa sebenarnya begadang bukan lah kebiasaan yang bagus jika dipaksakan untuk dilakukan saat tubuh sedang kelelahan.Sedangkan dampak begadang menurut Handoyo dalam buku ‘Aplikasi Olah Nafas (2005, h.30)’,“Begadang dapat menguras tenaga yang membuat tubuh menjadi lemah.Saat lelah tubuh akan lebih terasa lebih mudah cepat pegal dan tubuh ingin cepat cepat beristirahat kembali.Maka dari itu rasa lelah inilah yang akan membuat sulit berkonsentrasi,dengan kata lain tidak hanya menyerang fisik,begadang juga dapat menyerang psikis.Untuk itu pintar-pintarlah dalam mengatur pola tidur.

Hak Dan Kewajiban Manusia Dalam Mengurangi Pengaruh Begadang Bagi Kesehatan Manusia

AbstrakBegadang adalah suatu kebiasaan terjaga sampai larut malam dan tidur saat pagi datang.Orang yang sering begadang memiliki lebih besar risiko kesehatan yang buruk.Kebanyakan orang melakukan begadang karena mengerjakan pekerjaan saat malam,tetapi karena sering dilakukan tanpa disadari kegiatan saat begadang pun sudah tidak terlalu penting dan menjadi kebiasaan yang buruk yang dapat menimbulkan penyakit.Menurut Mahendra di dalam buku ‘Tubuh Anda Cerminan Kesehatan Anda (2010)’,“Begadang dapat memicu timbulnya berbagai penyakit dan menyebabkan rusaknya sistem imun tubuh.Apabila tidak beristirahat,organ-organ tidak dapat melakukan fungsinya dengan optimal.Hal ini akan menimbulkan masalah atau penyakit yang dapat menyerang tubuh.Hal ini membuktikan bahwa sebenarnya begadang bukan lah kebiasaan yang bagus jika dipaksakan untuk dilakukan saat tubuh sedang kelelahan.Sedangkan dampak begadang menurut Handoyo dalam buku ‘Aplikasi Olah Nafas (2005, h.30)’,“Begadang dapat menguras tenaga yang membuat tubuh menjadi lemah.Saat lelah tubuh akan lebih terasa lebih mudah cepat pegal dan tubuh ingin cepat cepat beristirahat kembali.Maka dari itu rasa lelah inilah yang akan membuat sulit berkonsentrasi,dengan kata lain tidak hanya menyerang fisik,begadang juga dapat menyerang psikis.Untuk itu pintar-pintarlah dalam mengatur pola tidur.

Postprandial hepatic stiffness changes on magnetic resonance elastography in healthy volunteers

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a reliable noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic stiffness. Liver stiffness is known to be affected by elevated postprandial portal blood flow in patients with chronic liver disease. The goal of this study was to determine whether food intake affects liver stiffness in the absence of known liver disease. We evaluated 100 volunteers (35 men and 65 women) who met inclusion criteria. The subjects had two MRE examinations, first while fasting and then 30 min after a test meal. Fourteen subjects also had two additional MRE exams 1 h 30 min and 2 h 30 min after the meal. Liver stiffness was measured by placing the largest possible polygon ROIs on the four widest liver slices and calculated as a mean of stiffness values from each slice. The correlation of liver stiffness values before and after the meal was assessed using a paired t-test. To evaluate the relationship between the change in postprandial liver stiffness and fasting liver stiffness values, linear regression was performed. The liver stiffness values in the fasting state ranged from 1.84 to 2.82 kPa, with a mean of 2.30 ± 0.23 kPa (95% CI 2.25–2.34). At 30 min after the meal, liver stiffness values ranged from 2.12 to 3.50 kPa, with a mean of 2.70 ± 0.28 kPa (95% CI 2.64–2.75), demonstrating a systematic postprandial increase by 0.40 ± 0.23 kPa (17.7 ± 3.5%). Meal intake significantly increases liver stiffness in healthy individuals, which persists for at least 2 h 30 min. Patients should fast for 3–4 h before MRE examinations to avoid fibrosis overstaging due to postprandial liver stiffness augmentation.

ANALISIS SISTEM DRAINASE PERUMAHAN DI JALAN DAMAI KOTA SAMARINDA

Pembangunan perumahan beserta sarana dan prasarananya perlu mendapat prioritas mengingat perumahan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok. Pembangunan Perumahan di Jalan Damai oleh pengembang Kota Samarinda yang terletak di Kecamatan Sambutan merupakan upaya untuk lebih menggiatkan kehidupan ekonomi daerah dan sekitarnya. Dengan dibangunnya perumahan maka otomatis akan mempengaruhi kondisi sistem drainase di sekitar kawasan tersebut. Mengubah jumlah run off merupakan langkah awal yang harus diperhatikan dan dikelola dengan baik. Ada dua jenis distribusi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Distribusi Kayu Pearson III dan Distribusi Gumbel Tipe I. Uji kesesuaian sebaran dilakukan untuk menentukan jenis sebaran yang paling sesuai dengan data curah hujan. Ada dua jenis uji kesesuaian (Goodness of Fit Tests) yaitu Chi Square dan Smirnov - Kolmogorof).NMetode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pengumpulan dan analisis data. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Kemudian data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis hidrologi dan analisis hidrolik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dimensi untuk semua saluran pada Perumahan Jl. Damai menggunakan potongan persegi ekonomis dengan periode ulang 10 tahun. Alur Utama 1, kedalaman saluran (h) 30 cm, lebar dasar saluran (B) 50 cm, tinggi pelindung 20 cm, dan debit rencana 0,618 m3 / detik. Alur Utama 2, kedalaman saluran (h) 30 cm, lebar dasar (B) 60 cm, tinggi pelindung 20 cm, dan debit rencana 0,395 m3 / dtk. Alur Utama 3, kedalaman saluran (h) 30 cm, lebar dasar saluran (B) 50 cm, tinggi pelindung 20 cm, dan debit rencana 0,351 m3 / s.Kata Kunci: Saluran, Intensitas Hujan, Debit Banjir

Experimental Study of the Sidewall Effect on Three Dimensional Turbulent Wall Jet

An experimental study on the effect of sidewalls on the flow characteristics of a three-dimensional turbulent square wall jet is carried out at a Reynolds number of 25,000. The sidewalls are defined as the two parallel plates along the vertical jet centerline. Four different sizes of sidewall enclosure (here after referred to as SWE) are placed at the lateral positions (z) of ±3.5h, ±4h, ±4.5h and ±5h from the vertical jet centerline plane, where h is the height of square jet. The mean characteristics of fluid flow in wall normal (y) and lateral (z) directions at different downstream locations (x/h = 0.2 - 45) are measured using a hotwire anemometer. The velocity measurements are also performed in the z ? y lateral plane at four downstream locations (x/h = 30, 35, 40 and 45). Results indicate that the mean velocity profile in lateral and wall normal directions behaves differently depending on the size of SWEs. The decay rate of mean velocity increases with decrease in size of SWEs after the downstream location (x/h ≥ 20). The decay rate of the maximum mean velocity increases about 5% in 140mm SWE as compared to 200mm SWE. It is noted that spread of the jet in wall normal and lateral directions increases with decrease in size of SWEs after the attachment of the flow stream on the sidewalls. In the present case, the smaller size of SWE (140mm SWE) has 14.3% and 26.2% higher spread rate as compared to larger size of SWE (200mm SWE) in wall-normal and lateral directions, respectively. It is also seen that the self similar profile gets delayed in wall normal direction as compared to lateral direction for all the cases. The wall normal self-similar profile is obtained early with increase in the size of SWEs and it is obtained at x/h = 30, 27, 24 and 20 for 140mm ,160mm,180mm and 200mm SWEs respectively. The flow stream seems to climb the sidewall and this tendency increases with increase in size of SWEs.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN KUBIS BUNGA (Brassica oleracea L.) AKIBAT PEMBERIAN KOMPOS LIMBAH JAMUR TIRAM DAN PUPUK NPK

The Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) PM 126 F1 is one of the vegetable commodities with a high enough demand because this vegetable is widely consumed by the public. This experiment purposes to get a dose combination of oyster mushroom waste organic fertilizer and NPK fertilizer which gives the highest growth and yield of cauliflower. The method of research used is the experimental method. The design of experimental used was randomize block design (RBD) with a single factor that consisted of 8 treatments with 3 replications, that is : A (control), B (10 ton/ha Organic fertilizer), C (20 ton/ha Organic fertilizer), D (30 ton/ha Organic fertilizer), E (NPK 800 kg/ha), F (10 ton/ha Organic fertilizer + NPK 800 kg/ha), G (20 ton/ha Organic fertilizer + NPK 800 kg/ha), H (30 ton/ha Organic fertilizer + NPK 800 kg/ha). the result highest curd weight is 7,75 ton/ha achieved by treatment G is 20 ton/ha waste compost of oyster mushroom and 800 kg/ha NPK fertilizer.

Laboratory and field evaluation of MAÏA®, an ointment containing N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against mosquitoes in Burkina Faso

Background Malaria vector control relies upon the use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. However, as the emergency of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors grows, the effectiveness of these measures could be limited. Alternative tools are needed. In this context, repellents can play an important role against exophagic and exophilic mosquitoes. This study evaluated the efficacy of MAÏA®, a novel repellent ointment, in laboratory and field conditions in Burkina Faso. Methods For laboratory and field assessment, 20 volunteers were enrolled and trained for nocturnal collection of mosquitoes using human landing catches (HLC). In the laboratory tests, 2 mg/sq cm of treatment (either MAIA® or 20 % DEET) were used to assess median complete protection time (CPT) against two species: Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, following WHO guidelines. For both species, two strains consisting of susceptible and local strains were used. The susceptible strains were Kisumu and Bora Bora for An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti, respectively. For the field test, the median CPT of MAÏA® was compared to that of a negative (70 % ethanol) and positive (20 % DEET) after carrying out HLCs in rural Burkina Faso in both indoor and outdoor settings. Results Laboratory tests showed median Kaplan-Meier CPT of 6 h 30 min for An. gambiae (Kisumu), 5 h 30 min for An. gambiae (Goden, local strain), and 4 h for Ae. aegypti for both the local and sensitive strain. These laboratory results suggest that MAÏA® is a good repellent against the three mosquito species. During these field tests, a total of 3979 mosquitoes were caught. In this population, anophelines represented 98.5 %, with culicines (Aedes) making up the remaining 1.5 %. Among anopheline mosquitoes, 95 % belonged to the An. gambiae complex, followed by Anopheles funestus and Anopheles pharoensis. The median CPT of 20 % DEET and MAÏA® were similar (8 h) and much longer than that of the negative control (2 h). Conclusions Results from the present studies showed that MAÏA® offers high protection against anophelines biting indoors and outdoors and could play an important role in malaria prevention in Africa.

The Effect of Trifluralin on Post-in vitro Morphogenesis of Five Genotypes of Head Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata)

Six genotypes of head cabbage (‘Flexima’, ‘Mutsuma’, ‘Septima’, ‘Zeus’, DC6, ‘Ancoma’) have been studied to find an effective method of obtaining polyploids using trifluralin. The effect of various trifluralin concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·L−1) and treatment conditions (24 °C/24 h, 24 °C/48 h, 30 °C/24 h, and 30 °C/48 h) on organogenesis of organogenic callus, hypocotyl, and seeds was tested. Ploidy level was detected using a flow cytometer. As a result, low survival of hypocotyls and calli was obtained. The shoots induced from calli and hypocotyls failed to develop quality plantlets and most calli and hypocotyls remained recalcitrant for further differentiation. Treated seeds seemed to be promising objects basing on a considerable percentage of plant regeneration. With the increased concentration of trifluralin and increasing press of treatment conditions, the seed germination rate was significantly reduced. Shoot induction from germinated seeds varied among genotypes and treatments. The root induction was independent of treatments but also reduced considerably compared to the control. Under tested conditions, none of the polyploids resulted. Further studies are required to be successful in protocol development.

PSEUDO UNICORNUATE UTERUS: CLINICAL CASE AND LITERATURE REVIEW

The pseudo unicornuate uterus is a rare uterine malformation resulting from incomplete unilateral Müllerian aplasia and is estimated to occur in about 10-14% of all uterine anomalies. It is the consequence of a developmental arrest of one of Mullers ducts, which results in a normal hemi-uterus and a rudimentary horn with or without a cavity. We present a case that illustrates this pathology: This is Mrs. S. H, 30 years old, without any notable history, G2P2, G1: the first pregnancy was followed normally at the health center and the delivery took place by cesarian section for breech presentation in a primiparous woman at term, G2: The second pregnancy was followed up until 39 weeks of amenorrhea at the health center, admitted in early labor, obstetrical ultrasound revealed a single fetal pregnancy with breech presentation, the indication for extraction by the high route was indicated for breech presentation in a scarred uterus. On exploration we noted the presence of a right hemi-uterus in which the pregnancy had developed with a homolateral horn and adnexa, and a small rudimentary remnant on the left continuing with a tube.