scholarly journals The societal costs of problem gambling in Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hofmarcher ◽  
U. Romild ◽  
J. Spångberg ◽  
U. Persson ◽  
A. Håkansson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Intangible Costs

Abstract Background Problem gambling is a public health issue affecting both the gamblers, their families, their employers, and society as a whole. Recent law changes in Sweden oblige local and regional health authorities to invest more in prevention and treatment of problem gambling. The economic consequences of gambling, and thereby the potential economic consequences of policy changes in the area, are unknown, as the cost of problem gambling to society has remained largely unexplored in Sweden and similar settings. Methods A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study for Sweden for the year 2018 was conducted. A societal approach was chosen in order to include direct costs (such as health care and legal costs), indirect costs (such as lost productivity due to unemployment), and intangible costs (such as reduced quality of life due to emotional distress). Costs were estimated by combining epidemiological and unit cost data. Results The societal costs of problem gambling amounted to 1.42 billion euros in 2018, corresponding to 0.30% of the gross domestic product. Direct costs accounted only for 13% of the total costs. Indirect costs accounted for more than half (59%) of the total costs, while intangible costs accounted for 28%. The societal costs were more than twice as high as the tax revenue from gambling in 2018. Direct and indirect costs of problem gambling combined amounted to one third of the equivalent costs of smoking and one sixth of the costs of alcohol consumption in Sweden. Conclusions Problem gambling is increasingly recognized as a public health issue. The societal costs of it are not negligible, also in relation to major public health issues of an addictive nature such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Direct costs for prevention and treatment are very low. A stronger focus on prevention and treatment might help to reduce many of the very high indirect and intangible costs in the future.

scholarly journals How Much do Needlestick Injuries Cost? A Systematic Review of the Economic Evaluations of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries Among Healthcare Personnel

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Mannocci ◽  
Gabriella De Carli ◽  
Virginia Di Bari ◽  
Rosella Saulle ◽  
Brigid Unim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Modeling Studies ◽  
Intangible Costs ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVETo provide an overview of the economic aspects of needlestick and sharps injury (NSI) management among healthcare personnel (HCP) within a Health Technology Assessment project to evaluate the impact of safety-engineered devices on health careMETHODSA systematic review of economic analyses related to NSIs was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement and by searching PubMed and Scopus databases (January 1997–February 2015). Mean costs were stratified by study approach (modeling or data driven) and type of cost (direct or indirect). Costs were evaluated using the CDC operative definition and converted to 2015 International US dollars (Int$).RESULTSA total of 14 studies were retrieved: 8 data-driven studies and 6 modeling studies. Among them, 11 studies provided direct and indirect costs and 3 studies provided only direct costs. The median of the means for aggregate (direct + indirect) costs was Int$747 (range, Int$199–Int$1,691). The medians of the means for disaggregated costs were Int$425 (range, Int$48–Int$1,516) for direct costs (9 studies) and Int$322 (range, Int$152–Int$413) for indirect costs (6 studies). When compared with data-driven studies, modeling studies had higher disaggregated and aggregated costs, but data-driven studies showed greater variability. Indirect costs were consistent between studies, mostly referring to lost productivity, while direct costs varied widely within and between studies according to source infectivity, HCP susceptibility, and post-exposure diagnostic and prophylactic protocols. Costs of treating infections were not included, and intangible costs could equal those associated with NSI medical evaluations.CONCLUSIONSNSIs generate significant direct, indirect, potential, and intangible costs, possibly increasing over time. Economic efforts directed at preventing occupational exposures and infections, including provision of safety-engineered devices, may be offset by the savings from a lower incidence of NSIs.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:635–646

scholarly journals Current Challenges in Hepatitis B

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
MA Ahad ◽  
MA Alim
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Hbv Prevalence ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Causes Of Mortality

Viral hepatitis and its sequelae is one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity world wide. Hepatitis B is a major cause of chronic liver disease and a significant public health issue. Between 350 million to 400 million people world wide chronically infected with HBV. The HBV prevalence in Bangladesh is 2.3 to 9.7 % with an approximate carrier of 10 million. The prevention and treatment of hepatitis B possess a great challenge.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v19i1.3168 TAJ 2006; 19(1): 38-44

scholarly journals Alcohol Consumption Reduction Among a Web-Based Supportive Community Using the Hello Sunday Morning Blog Platform: Observational Study (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Jane Louise Kirkman ◽  
Briony Leo ◽  
Jamie Christopher Moore
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Sunday Morning ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Lower Alcohol ◽  
Supportive Community

BACKGROUND Alcohol misuse is a major social and public health issue in Australia, with an estimated cost to the community of Aus $30 billion per annum. Until recently, a major barrier in addressing this significant public health issue is the fact that the majority of individuals with alcohol use disorders and alcohol misuse are not receiving treatment. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess whether alcohol consumption changes are associated with participation in Hello Sunday Morning’s blog platform, an online forum discussing experiences in abstaining from alcohol. METHODS The study reports on Hello Sunday Morning participants who signed up for a 3-month period of abstinence from November 2009 to November 2016. The sample comprised 1917 participants (female: 1227/1917, 64.01%; male: 690/1917, 35.99%). Main outcome measures were Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores, mood, program engagement metrics, and slip-ups. RESULTS Individuals who reported hazardous (preprogram AUDIT mean 11.92, SD 2.25) and harmful consumption levels (preprogram AUDIT mean 17.52, SD 1.08) and who engaged in the Hello Sunday Morning program reported a significant decrease in alcohol consumption, moving to lower risk consumption levels (hazardous, mean 7.59, SD 5.70 and harmful, mean 10.38, SD 7.43), 4 months following program commencement (P<.001). Those who reported high-risk or dependent consumption levels experienced the biggest reduction (preprogram mean 25.38, SD 4.20), moving to risky consumption (mean 15.83, SD 11.11), 4 months following program commencement (P<.001). These reductions in risk were maintained by participants in each group, 7 months following program commencement. Furthermore, those who engaged in the program more (as defined by more sign-ins, blogs posted, check-ins completed, and engagement with the community through likes and following) had lower alcohol consumption. Finally, those who experienced more slip-ups had lower alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Participation in an online forum can support long-term behavior change in individuals wishing to change their drinking behavior. Importantly, reductions in AUDIT scores appeared larger for those drinking at high-risk and hazardous levels before program commencement. This has promising implications for future models of alcohol reduction treatment, as online forums are an anonymous, accessible, and cost-effective alternative or adjunct to treatment-as-usual. Further research is needed into the specific mechanisms of change within a Web-based supportive community, as well as the role of specific mood states in predicting risky drinking behavior.

scholarly journals Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus: A Public Health Issue with Economic Consequences

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireille Goetghebeur ◽  
Pierre-Alexandre Landry ◽  
Donald Han ◽  
Colin Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has become endemic worldwide in hospitals, and community-associated MRSA is spreading into the community at large.OBJECTIVES: To estimate the current cost of MRSA in Canada and to assess the magnitude of this public health issue.METHODS: An extensive review of the literature was conducted to gather epidemiology, health care resource utilization and cost data for MRSA in Canadian settings. The current MRSA burden was estimated using available cost data and the most recent epidemiology data.RESULTS: The rate of MRSA in Canadian hospitals increased from 0.46 to 5.90 per 1000 admissions between 1995 and 2004, while community-associated MRSA continued to spread into the community. Patients harbouring MRSA required prolonged hospitalization (average 26 days of isolation per patient), special control measures, expensive treatments and extensive surveillance. Total cost per infected MRSA patient averaged $12,216, with hospitalization being the major cost driver (81%), followed by barrier precautions (13%), antimicrobial therapy (4%) and laboratory investigations (2%). The most recent epidemiological data, combined with available cost data, suggest that direct health care cost attributable to MRSA in Canada, including cost for management of MRSA-infected and-colonized patients and MRSA infrastructure, averaged $82 million in 2004 and could reach $129 million in 2010.CONCLUSION: MRSA is a costly public health issue that needs to be tackled if the growing burden of this disease in Canadian hospitals and in the community is to be limited.

scholarly journals Systematic review of societal costs associated with stroke, bleeding and monitoring in atrial fibrillation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 1147-1166
Author(s):  
Amber L Martin ◽  
Alessandra G Reeves ◽  
Samantha E Berger ◽  
Manuela Di Fusco ◽  
Gail D Wygant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Bleeding Events ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Societal Level

Aim: Economic consequences associated with the rise in nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant use on a societal level remain unclear. Materials & methods: Evidence from the past decade on the societal economic burden associated with stroke, bleeding and international normalized ratio monitoring in atrial fibrillation was collected and summarized through a systematic literature review. Results: There were 14 studies identified that reported indirect costs, which were highest among patients with hemorrhagic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage. The contribution of indirect costs to the total was marginal during acute treatment but substantially increased (30–50%) 2 years after stroke and bleeding events. Conclusion: Limited data were available on societal costs in atrial fibrillation and further research is warranted.

Socioeconomic Consequences of Cervical Cancer: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Mansoureh Refaei ◽  
Soodabeh Aghababaei ◽  
Mansoureh Yazdkhasti
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Choice Of Treatment ◽  
Socioeconomic Consequences ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cervical cancer affects women in the time that they are critical to economic and social stability. Objective: The aim of this narrative review to assess the socio-economic consequences of cervical cancer. Methods: In this review, Pubmed, Scopus, ISI web of science, Conferences databases and Iranian databases were searched. In order to search related articles, researchers used the following terms: “Uterine cervical neoplasms” OR ‘cervical cancer”; Costs and cost analysis; costs of illness, burden, socioeconomic. After the primary search, some records were obtained from 1960 to 2018. After studying titles, abstracts, and in some cases the full texts, 48 relevant articles were included in this research. Results: Hospitalization costs were the highest direct costs. However, total social costs are higher than health and medical costs. There is a dramatic increase in direct costs with the increase in age and stage of the disease. The costs are less for people aged 75 and up and for stage 4 because of less invasive treatment received by older women and the limited choice of treatment in advanced stages. The costs for persons who were screened 6 months to 5 years before diagnosis were lower. Conclusion: The burden of the disease is high. Early detection of cancer can save lives and reduce health care costs. Studies evaluating the costs associated with cervical cancer as well as virusrelated diseases in developing countries, calculating indirect costs and the impact of the disease on family members, relatives, and especially the spouse of the affected women are recommended.

Thai youth bar patrons and harmful alcohol consumption: An underrecognised public health issue

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUPALI J. LIMAYE ◽  
BANGORN SRIROJN ◽  
KAMOLRAWEE SINTUPAT ◽  
SUTASSA MANOWANNA ◽  
APINUN ARAMRATTANA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Harmful Alcohol

scholarly journals Burden of Sickle Cell Disease: A Brazilian Societal Perspective Analysis

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Silva Pinto ◽  
Fernando Ferreira Costa ◽  
Sandra Fatima Menosi Gualandro ◽  
Patricia Belintani Blum Fonseca ◽  
Carolina Tosin Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Adults And Children

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited disorders that shorten life expectancy. It is estimated that 300,000 children are born with the disease worldwide each year [1,2]. In Brazil is it estimated that 3,500 children are born with SCD each year [3]. The SCD is a multisystem disorder that leads to several complications (acute and chronic) including vaso-occlusive crisis [1,4]. SCD patients experience increase morbidity and mortality, the implications of which are known to impacts the whole society [2]. Although there is some knowledge about the clinical impacts of SCD, little is known about the societal costs. Due to the limited available, to the best of our knowledge there are no similar studies which have been conducted and published. The aim of this study is to estimate SCD societal costs based on a burden of disease model, utilizing the Brazilian societal perspective. Material and Methods: A burden of disease model (Figure 1) was built considering direct medical costs to adults and children and indirect costs, taking into account lost wages due to SCD related morbidity and death. Direct costs were estimated using a bottom-up strategy and micro-costing method, and indirect costs were estimated using a prevalence method. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated from the sum of years of life lost and disability. The rate and duration of SCD related complications (including death) was calculated using information from a Brazilian governmental healthcare public database (DATASUS). The prevalence of each complication was determined by literature data or medical experts. It is important to point that there is some uncertainty around the prevalence estimates. Direct costs for complications were captured from the Brazilian public healthcare system table of procedures and medications (SIGTAP). Indirect costs attributed to productivity loss were calculated using the human capital method. All values were reported in 2020 Brazilian real (BRL). Results: Considering a prevalence of 23.9 cases per 100,000 (50,000 patients in 2018) and a probability of death of 1.11% (560 deaths in 2018), the annual total SCD cost in Brazil was estimated at 1,519,473,501 BRL. Table 1 shows the contribution of the direct and indirect costs to the total cost for the SCD population in Brazil. Further, results were stratified by children and adults (56% and 44%, respectively). Indirect cost was the main driver of disease burden, estimated at 1,128,355,824 BRL. Approximately 40,829 DALYs were lost by SCD patients in 2018 (22,750 and 18,079 among adults and children, respectively). Direct medical costs represented 25.7% of total costs and were estimated at 391,117,677 BRL. Provision of standard of care was the main driver of direct costs in both populations (157,521,597 BRL for adults and 100,133,575 BRL for children). Chronic complication management was shown to be more expensive than acute complication management among adults, while the opposite was observed for children. Vaso-occlusive crisis was the acute complication most frequently observed in available literature and according to medical experts (75.0% among adults and 59.5% among children). Acute chest syndrome had the highest disability weight (0.33). Considering chronic complications, calculous chronic cholecystitis was considered the most frequent among adults (62.0%) and renal abnormalities (without failure) among children (20.0%). Conclusion: SCD patients generate a high economic burden for the Brazilian society greater than one point five billion BRL per year. Most of the cost is related to indirect burden due to increased mortality and morbidity. Investments in technologies and therapies that can decrease the impact of SCD on patients' lives by reducing morbidity and/or mortality are necessary. References: 1. Kato GJ, Piel FB, Reid CD, Gaston MH, Ohene-Frempong K, Krishnamurti L, et al. Sickle cell disease. Nat Rev. 2018 Jun 15;4(1):18010. 2. Mburu J, Odame I. Sickle cell disease : Reducing the global disease burden. 2019;41(February):82-8. 3. Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Kelly S, Miranda Teixeira C, Sabino EC, Alencar CS, Capuani L, et al. Clinical and genetic ancestry profile of a large multi-centre sickle cell disease cohort in Brazil. Br J Haematol. 2018 Sep;182(6):895-908. 4. Piel FB, Steinberg MH, Rees DC. Sickle Cell Disease. Longo DL, editor. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 20;376(16):1561-73. Figure 1 Disclosures Pinto: Novartis: Consultancy. Costa:Novartis: Consultancy. Gualandro:Novartis: Consultancy. Fonseca:Novartis: Consultancy. Bueno:Novartis: Current Employment. Cançado:Novartis: Consultancy.

Economic Aspects in the Treatment of Schizophrenia in Italy: Cost Consequences of an Early Long-acting Injectable Anti-Psychotics (lais) Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S272-S272
Author(s):  
A. Marcellusi ◽  
F.S. Mennini ◽  
R. Brugnoli ◽  
C. Rapinesi ◽  
G.D. Kotzalidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Model Management ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Cost Reductions ◽  
Long Acting

PurposeThe aim of this analysis was to evaluate the economic consequences of a new treatment approach in the treatment of schizophrenia in the Italian setting. In terms of direct costs, in Italy was estimated that the main driver were represented by hospitalization and residential cost (71% of total direct cost per patient), followed by semi-residential services (13%), anti-psychotic and other drugs (8%) and ambulatory services (8).MethodsA probabilistic cost consequence model was developed to estimate the potential cost reductions derived from an early treatment with atypical long-acting injectable anti-psychotics (aLAIs) drugs. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify direct and indirect costs associated to the management of schizophrenic patients in Italy. The model projects a scenario analysis in order to estimate potential cost reductions applying a new model management (MoMa) based on patient recovery and early aLAIs treatment.ResultsOverall, the total economic burden associated with schizophrenia was estimated at €2.7 billion per year. A total of 50.5% of the economic burden was related to indirect costs and 49.5% to direct costs. Drug costs correspond to 10% of the total expenditure in terms of direct costs, while hospitalization and residential costs accounts for 81%. Scenario analysis demonstrate a potential cost reduction between 200 million and 300 million based on the effects of MoMa over the reduction of hospitalization and residential costs.ConclusionsThis analysis was the first attempt to translate clinical management aspects in economic consequences and will be a useful instruments for decision maker.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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