scholarly journals The effectiveness of graphic health warnings on tobacco products: a systematic review on perceived harm and quit intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Pang ◽  
Pamela Saleme ◽  
Tori Seydel ◽  
Jeawon Kim ◽  
Kathy Knox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Quit Intentions ◽  
Perceived Harm

Abstract Background Examination of the format and framing of the graphic health warnings (GHWs) on tobacco products and their impact on tobacco cessation has received increasing attention. This review focused on systematically identifying and synthesizing evidence of longitudinal studies that evaluate different GHW formats and specifically considered GHW influence on perceived risk of tobacco use and quit intentions. Methods Ten databases were systematically searched for relevant records in December 2017 and again in September 2019. Thirty-five longitudinal studies were identified and analyzed in terms of the formatting of GHWs and the outcomes of perceived risk and quit intentions. Quality assessment of all studies was conducted. Results This review found graphics exceeding 50% of packs were the most common ratio for GHWs, and identified an ongoing reliance on negatively framed messages and limited source attribution. Perceived harms and quit intentions were increased by GHWs. However, wear-out effects were observed regardless of GHW format indicating the length of time warnings are present in market warrants ongoing research attention to identify wear out points. Quit intentions and perceived harm were also combined into a cognitive response measure, limiting the evaluation of the effects of each GHW format variables in those cases. In addition, alternative GHW package inserts were found to be a complimentary approach to traditional GHWs. Conclusions This review demonstrated the role of GHWs on increasing quit intentions and perceptions of health risks by evaluating quality-assessed longitudinal research designs. The findings of this study recommend testing alternate GHW formats that communicate quit benefits and objective methodologies to extend beyond self-report.

scholarly journals Intensive EMDR to Treat Patients With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelies Bongaerts ◽  
Agnes Van Minnen ◽  
Ad de Jongh
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Complex Ptsd ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Emdr Therapy

There is mounting evidence suggesting that by increasing the frequency of treatment sessions, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment outcomes significantly improve. As part of an ongoing research project, this study examined the safety and effectiveness of intensive eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in a group of seven (four female) patients suffering from complex PTSD and multiple comorbidities resulting from childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and/or work and combat-related trauma. Treatment was not preceded by a preparation phase and consisted of 2 × 4 consecutive days of EMDR therapy administered in morning and afternoon sessions of 90 minutes each, interspersed with intensive physical activity and psychoeducation. Outcome measures were the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-report questionnaire (PSS-SR). During treatment, neither personal adverse events nor dropout occurred. CAPS scores decreased significantly from pre- to posttreatment, and four of the seven patients lost their PTSD diagnosis as established with the CAPS. The results were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) on the CAPS and PSS-SR were large: 3.2, 1.7 (prepost) and 2.3, 2.1 (prefollow-up), respectively. The results of this case series suggest that an intensive program using EMDR therapy is a potentially safe and effective treatment alternative for complex PTSD. The application of massed, consecutive days of treatments using EMDR therapy for patients suffering from PTSD, particularly those with multiple comorbidities, merits more clinical and research attention.

scholarly journals Frequent continuous mobile assessment of health behaviors in a multi-year study: acceptability, validity, and engagement with mNCANDA (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Cummins ◽  
Kate B Nooner ◽  
Trevor Henthorn ◽  
Ty Brumback ◽  
Sonja Eberson-Shumate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Mobile Assessment

BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies of many health behaviors often rely on infrequent self-report assessments. The measurement of psychoactive substance use among youth is expected to improve with more frequent mobile assessment, which can reduce recall bias. Researchers have used mobile devices for longitudinal research, but studies that last years and assess youth continuously at a fine-grained temporal level (e.g., weekly) are rare. A tailored mobile app (mNCANDA) and brief assessment protocol were designed specifically to provide a feasible platform to elicit responses to health behavior assessments in longitudinal studies, including the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if an acceptable mobile app system could provide repeatable and valid assessment of health behaviors for youth in different developmental stages over extended follow-up. METHODS Participants were recruited (N = 534, ages 17-28 years) from a larger longitudinal study of neurodevelopment. Participants used the mNCANDA mobile app to register reports of their behaviors for up to 18 months. Response rates as a function of time being measured with mNCANDA, and participant age were modeled using generalized estimating equations to evaluate response rate stability and age effects. mNCANDA-captured substance use reports were compared to responses from standardized interviews to assess concurrent validity. Reactivity was assessed by evaluating patterns of change in substance use after participants initiated weekly reports via mNCANDA. All participants were invited to complete a one-time questionnaire that assessed attitudes and perceptions related to mNCANDA. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a subset of participants who used the app for at least 1-month to obtain feedback on user experience, user-derived explanations of some quantitative results, and suggestions for system improvements. RESULTS mNCANDA protocol adherence was high (Mresponse rate = 82%, SD=27%) and stable over time, across age. Median time to complete each assessment was 51 seconds (Mresponse time= 1.14 min, SD= 1.03 min). Comparisons between mNCANDA and interview self-report on recent (prior 30 days) alcohol and cannabis use days demonstrate close agreement (e.g., within 1 day of reported use) for most observations. Models used to identify reactivity failed to detect changes in substance use patterns subsequent to enrolling in mNCANDA app assessments (P’s > .39). The majority (84%) of participants across the age range reported finding the mNCANDA system acceptable. Participants provided recommendations for improving the system (e.g., tailoring signaling times). CONCLUSIONS mNCANDA provides a feasible, multi-year, continuous fine-grained (e.g., weekly) assessment of health behaviors designed to minimize respondent burden and provides acceptable regimes for long-term self-report of health behaviors. Fine-grained characterization of variability in behaviors over relatively long periods (e.g., up to 18 months) may, through the use of mNCANDA, improve our understanding of the relationship between substance use exposure and neurocognitive development. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Perceived Harm, Addictiveness, and Social Acceptability of Tobacco Products and Marijuana Among Young Adults: Marijuana, Hookah, and Electronic Cigarettes Win

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J. Berg ◽  
Erin Stratton ◽  
Gillian L. Schauer ◽  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Perceived Harm

Borderline Personality Disorder: Associations Between Dimensional Personality Profiles and Self-Destructive Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kolbeck ◽  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Julia Bierbrodt ◽  
Christina Andreou
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Destructive Behaviors

Ongoing research is shifting towards a dimensional understanding of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Aim of this study was to identify personality profiles in BPD that are predictive of self-destructive behaviors. Personality traits were assessed (n = 130) according to the five-factor model of personality (i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) and an additional factor called Risk Preference. Self-destructive behavior parameters such as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and other borderline typical dyscontrolled behaviors (e.g., drug abuse) were assessed by self-report measures. Canonical correlation analyses demonstrated that Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness are predictors of NSSI. Further, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Risk Preference were associated with dyscontrolled behaviors. Our results add further support on personality-relevant self-destructive behaviors in BPD. A combined diagnostic assessment could offer clinically meaningful insights about the causes of self-destruction in BPD to expand current therapeutic repertoires.

scholarly journals Analysis of the tobacco industry’s interference in the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl 3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina de Abreu Perez ◽  
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva ◽  
Stella Aguinaga Bialous
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Original Information ◽  
Regulatory Measure

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Brazilian government’s adoption of a regulatory measure with a strong impact on the population and the opposition by invested interest groups. The methodology involves the analysis of official documents on the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products sold in Brazil. In parallel, a search was conducted for publicly available tobacco industry documents resulting from lawsuits, with the aim of identifying the industry’s reactions to this process. The findings suggest that various government acts were affected by direct interference from the tobacco industry. In some cases the interventions were explicit and in others they were indirect or difficult to identify. In light of the study’s theoretical framework, the article provides original information on the Brazilian process that can be useful for government policymakers in the strategic identification of tobacco control policies.

scholarly journals Country Participation in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Health Warnings Database

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1179173X2110642
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Seitz ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward ◽  
Zubair Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Packaging

Background The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Health Warnings Database is an online, publicly available resource created for countries to upload and share pictorial health warnings for tobacco packaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which the database is used by countries for the sharing of pictorial warnings. Methods The study’s sample included parties to the FCTC who required graphic health warning labels on cigarette packaging from. Those countries were categorized as having a low, middle, and high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). The Health Warnings Database was then analyzed for those countries’ unique pictorial images, as well as the number of pictorials that were shared between countries. Results Of the 110 countries that required pictorial warnings on cigarette packaging, only 53 (48%) voluntarily contributed pictorials to the database, with most of those (53%) being high SDI-level countries. There were 342 unique pictorials on the database, with 62 images posted by seven countries that were used by 13 other countries. Conclusion While sharing was evident from the database, there remains a need for more countries to upload the pictorials to the database. There is also a need to expand the database to include alternative tobacco products, such as waterpipe tobacco and e-cigarettes.

scholarly journals Posttraumatic stress symptoms and associated comorbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: A population based study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hyland ◽  
Mark Shevlin ◽  
Jamie Murphy ◽  
Orla McBride ◽  
Menachem Ben-Ezra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Republic

The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to people’s experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic has yet to determined. This study was conducted to determine rates of COVID-19 related PTSD in the Irish general population, the level of comorbidity with depression and anxiety, and sociodemographic risk factors associated with COVID-19 related PTSD. A nationally representative sample of adults from the general population of the Republic of Ireland (N = 1,041) completed self-report measures of all study variables. The rate of COVID-19 related PTSD was 17.7% (95% CI = 15.35 - 19.99%: n=184), and comorbidity with generalized anxiety (49.5%) and depression (53.8%) was high. Meeting the diagnostic requirement for COVID-19 related PTSD was associated with younger age, male sex, living in a city, living with children, moderate and high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, and screening positive for anxiety or depression. Traumatic stress problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic are common in the general population. Our results show that health professionals responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic should expect to routinely encounter traumatic stress problems.

scholarly journals Awareness about cigarettes and other tobacco products act and impact of health warnings on smokers in a North Indian city

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4356
Author(s):  
Riya Gupta ◽  
Mudasir Majeed ◽  
Bhavna Langer ◽  
Rashmi Kumari ◽  
Rajiv Kumar Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Outpatient Services ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Indian City

Background: Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of morbidity as well as mortality worldwide. To combat the increasing trend of this problem, Government of India formulated the COTPA (Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act) in 2003. The study aimed to assess the awareness about COTPA and impact of pictorial warnings among smokers attending outpatient services in a tertiary care hospital in Jammu.Method: The present study was conducted among 320 patients attending the outpatient department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Jammu who happened to be cigarette smokers. The questionnaire was developed by authors with the help of literature review and pilot tested before its final use. Information was elicited about demographic details, awareness about COTPA and impact of pictorial warnings on quitting of smoking.Results: More than half of the respondents were in 30-50-year age group and were urban residents. Awareness about COTPA was good on some parameters but was relatively low on other parameters. Despite all, the respondents noticing pictorial warnings on tobacco packages, only 69.37% of them were contemplating to quit. About half of them were of the view that warning statements preferably be written in local languages.Conclusion: Health and pictorial warnings on tobacco packages remain an important pillar in filling the gap of knowledge and communicating the health risks of tobacco use to the consumers. Only 69.3% of the respondents were planning to quit and awareness levels about COTPA were mixed. 

Effects of IQOS health warnings and modified risk claims among young adult cigarette smokers and non-smokers

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056810
Author(s):  
Darren Mays ◽  
Andrea C Johnson ◽  
Allison Glasser ◽  
Melissa Mercincavage ◽  
Andrew A Strasser
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Toxicant Exposure ◽  
Perceived Credibility ◽  
The Usa

IntroductionHeated tobacco products, including Marlboro IQOS, are available globally. In the USA, IQOS was authorised to be advertised with claims about reduced toxicant exposure relative to cigarettes. The effects of such modified risk claims and health warnings have not been studied among young adult cigarette smokers and non-smokers.MethodsIn 2020, US young adult (18–30 years, n=1328) cigarette smokers and non-smokers viewed an IQOS ad in a 4 (modified risk claim variations or none) by 3 (warning variations or none) between-subjects experiment. Outcome measures assessed perceived credibility and effectiveness of the health or risk message for discouraging IQOS use, perceived harms, efficacy beliefs, and IQOS use intentions.ResultsSmokers reported significantly higher (p<0.05) perceived credibility, lower perceived effectiveness, higher efficacy beliefs about switching to IQOS and higher intentions to use IQOS than non-smokers. Among smokers, health warnings increased perceived credibility (p<0.001) and effectiveness (p<0.05), but claims did not affect outcomes examined. Among non-smokers, warnings and claims increased perceived credibility, and warnings increased perceived effectiveness (p<0.003). The reduced exposure claim increased non-smokers’ intentions to use IQOS (b=0.40, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.73).ConclusionsAmong young adult smokers, health warnings increased perceived effectiveness at discouraging IQOS use and perceived credibility. Among non-smokers, warnings and claims increased perceived credibility and warnings increased perceived effectiveness, but the Food and Drug Administration-authorised reduced exposure claim increased intentions to use IQOS. Research is warranted to understand how the content of modified risk claims and health warnings for IQOS affects IQOS use in this population.

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