First report of Enterobacter hormaechei with respiratory disease in calves

Abstract Background Enterobacter hormaechei is commonly considered a causative pathogen for nosocomial infections and it does not usually cause diseases in animals. However, researchers have recently dissociated the pathogenic Enterobacter hormaechei from foxes and piglets. Here, the Enterobacter hormaechei was first found to be associated with respiratory disease in unweaned calves in China. Case presentation A 2-month-old calf was severely sick and diagnosed with respiratory infection by a rural veterinarian, and it died 5 days after treatment with penicillin G. The lung sample was then run through histopathological analysis and pathogen isolation. The sequence analysis and biochemical tests results showed the isolated bacterium strain to be Enterobacter hormaechei, and drug sensitivity tests showed resistance to all β-lactam antimicrobials and sensitivity to quinolones. Thickened alveoli septum, inflammatory cell infiltration, and erythrocyte diapedesis around the pulmonary alveoli septum were visible in lung histopathological sections. One week later, at the same farm, another calf showed similar clinical signs, and the Enterobacter hormaechei strain was isolated from its nasal discharge; after a week of treatment with enrofloxacin, as suggested by the results of drug sensitivity tests, this calf fully recovered. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of calves with respiratory disease that was associated with E. hormaechei, and multi-drug resistance was observed in isolates.

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Pathogenesis of Influenza D Virus in Cattle

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.03122-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (12) ◽

pp. 5636-5642 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Lucas Ferguson ◽

Alicia K. Olivier ◽

Suzanne Genova ◽

William B. Epperson ◽

David R. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Virus Family ◽

Koch’S Postulates ◽

Content Type ◽

Natural Reservoir ◽

Clinical Endpoints ◽

Koch's Postulates

ABSTRACTCattle have been proposed as the natural reservoir of a novel member of the virus familyOrthomyxoviridae, which has been tentatively classified as influenza D virus (IDV). Although isolated from sick animals, it is unclear whether IDV causes any clinical disease in cattle. To address this aspect of Koch's postulates, three dairy calves (treatment animals) held in individual pens were inoculated intranasally with IDV strain D/bovine/Mississippi/C00046N/2014. At 1 day postinoculation, a seronegative calf (contact animal) was added to each of the treatment animal pens. The cattle in both treatment and contact groups seroconverted, and virus was detected in their respiratory tracts. Histologically, there was a significant increase in neutrophil tracking in tracheal epithelia of the treatment calves compared to control animals. While infected and contact animals demonstrated various symptoms of respiratory tract infection, they were mild, and the calves in the treatment group did not differ from the controls in terms of heart rate, respiratory rate, or rectal temperature. To mimic zoonotic transmission, two ferrets were exposed to a plastic toy fomite soaked with infected nasal discharge from the treatment calves. These ferrets did not shed the virus or seroconvert. In summary, this study demonstrates that IDV causes a mild respiratory disease upon experimental infection of cattle and can be transmitted effectively among cattle by in-pen contact, but not from cattle to ferrets through fomite exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that cattle are a natural reservoir for the virus.IMPORTANCEA novel influenza virus, tentatively classified as influenza D virus (IDV), was identified in swine, cattle, sheep, and goats. Among these hosts, cattle have been proposed as the natural reservoir. In this study, we show that cattle experimentally infected with IDV can shed virus and transmit it to other cattle through direct contact, but not to ferrets through fomite routes. IDV caused minor clinical signs in the infected cattle, fulfilling another of Koch's postulates for this novel agent, although other objective clinical endpoints were not different from those of control animals. Although the disease observed was mild, IDV induced neutrophil tracking and epithelial attenuation in cattle trachea, which could facilitate coinfection with other pathogens, and in doing so, predispose animals to bovine respiratory disease.

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Theory of (antimicrobial) relativity: When competitors determine a species' drug sensitivity.

10.1101/2020.12.14.422780 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Reding

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Drug Sensitivity ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Drug Efficacy ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Focal Species ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Sensitivity Tests ◽

Selection For

Are 'evolution-proof' therapies possible? The use of antimicrobials without imposing selection for resistance is conjectured to stop the rise of multi-drug resistance. Here, I present a theory, validated experimentally, suggesting a strategy to manipulate antimicrobial sensitivity and achieve sustained drug efficacy. The model predicts that accessory microbial species act as drug or carbon sink depending on their drug sensitivity, leading to increased drug tolerance or sensitivity in a focal species. Aided by this theory, I doubled the sensitivity of Escherichia coli MC4100 to tetracycline in 24h sensitivity tests. The effect was maintained for 168h following serial passages akin to those used in evolutionary biology to study antibiotic adaptation in MC4100. This theory, and particularly the experimental data, suggest that evolution-proof strategies do exist. My theory can provides a framework to design synthetic accessory species that maximise drug efficacy while minimising selection on resistance---opening a new venue to treat bacterial infections and, possibly, cancers.

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Mannheimia haemolytica pleuropneumonia in goats associated with shipping stress

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20180621 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Augusto Taunde ◽

Fernando Froner Argenta ◽

Ronaldo Michel Bianchi ◽

Bianca Santana de Cecco ◽

Andréia Vielmo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rdna ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

16S Rdna Gene ◽

Partial Sequencing ◽

Bacteriological Culture ◽

Pleural Thickening ◽

Neutrophilic Infiltrate

ABSTRACT: This study described the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and bacteriological aspects of Mannheimia haemolytica pleuropneumonia in goats associated with shipping stress. Forty goats transported from the Northeast to the Southern region of Brazil died during shipment, or 2-3 days after unloading. Clinical signs included dyspnea, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and coughing. All goats were necropsied, and multiple tissues were collected for histopathological analysis and involved agent identifications. All lungs showed pulmonary consolidation, predominantly affecting the cranioventral lobes, in addition to the marked fibrinous pleuritis, pleural thickening, and pleural adhesions, that affected 90% of the goats. Histologically, there was fibrino-suppurative pleuropneumonia characterized by a diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate admixed with fibrin. Non-hemolytic [85% (34/40)] and hemolytic [15% (6/40)] species were obtained in bacteriological culture. Fir Mannheimia spp. was reported in 26 isolates and subsequently confirmed as M. haemolytica (99% identity), after amplification and partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. Stress may trigger the development of bacterial pleuropneumonia in goats, and non-hemolytic strains of M. haemolytica may cause this condition in goats with severe immunosuppression.

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Bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of sheep and their relationship to clinical signs of sheep respiratory disease

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6315 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (10) ◽

pp. 796-801

Author(s):

Mariane F. Franco ◽

Natália C. Gaeta ◽

Mario A.R. Alemán ◽

Priscilla A. Mellville ◽

Jorge Timenetsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

São Paulo ◽

Specific Detection ◽

First Time ◽

Male Sheep

ABSTRACT: Respiratory diseases are among the most important diseases in sheep flocks. Herein was studied the bacterial etiology of respiratory disease and the clinical signs of 99 female and male sheep breed in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. After physical examination of animals, tracheobronchial flushing samples were obtained. The usual bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. were searched, as well as their association with the clinical status and clinical signs of sheep with respiratory disease. The main observed signs were: tachypnea (75%), increase of rectal temperature (09.4%), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge (21.9%), cough (25%), dyspnea (31.2%), changes of lung sounds at auscultation (87.5%) and chest percussion (28.1%) in pneumonic sheep. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were the most isolated bacteria. Microorganisms of the Mollicutes class were molecularly (PCR) detected in 33.3% of the animals. In addition, the specific detection of M. mycoides subsp. capri was described for the first time in sheep from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

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First case reported of bronchoconstriction in feline aelurostrongylosis by using barometric whole-body plethysmography

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society ◽

10.12681/jhvms.15615 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

L. GARCÍA-GUASCH ◽

J. MANUBENS ◽

M. LAPORTA ◽

E. CARRETÓN ◽

J. A. MONTOYA-ALONSO

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bronchial Tree ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Plethysmography ◽

Breathing Patterns ◽

Non Invasive ◽

First Case ◽

Pulmonary Inflammatory Response ◽

Whole Body Plethysmography

Symptomatic cats infected by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus show non-specific and respiratory clinical signs, often misdiagnosed as other diseases more prevalent among feline population, such as allergic respiratory disease or heartworm associated respiratory disease (HARD). Clinical signs are due to the pulmonary inflammatory response caused by the eggs shed by the adult females and the migration of the first-stage larvae up the bronchial tree. Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is a non-invasive pulmonary function test that allows a dynamic study of breathing patterns by placing the patient within an unrestrained Plexiglas chamber. This is the first report that determines the degree of bronchoconstriction caused by A. abstrusus infection in a cat by using BWBP, showing an increase of baseline measurements of bronchoconstriction indexes (Enhanced pause and Pause) in response to severe bronchial reactivity, a consequence of the airway inflammation caused by the presence of A. abstrusus.

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Dairy calf pneumonia: Effective treatment depends on early and accurate diagnosis

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl0904177p ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 63 (3-4) ◽

pp. 177-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nikolaos Panousis

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Fluid Collection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Accurate Diagnosis ◽

Effective Control ◽

Etiologic Factor ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Disease Score ◽

Dairy Calf

Dairy calf pneumonia is one of the most economically important diseases of calves. A delayed diagnosis could result endemic herd problem, prolonged use of antibiotics, high recurrence rate, pulmonary abscessation and ear infections. The key for effective control is the early detection of pneumonia and the accurate diagnosis of the etiologic factor. For the early detection, a respiratory disease score was assigned based on rectal temperature, character of nasal discharge, eye discharge or ear appearance, and presence of a cough. Each clinical sign has a point scale from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe). The respiratory disease score is the sum of points from the 4 categories of clinical signs, with increasing values representing progressive severity. The scoring system results in a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Calves with score 5 or higher, having at least 2 clinical signs of respiratory disease, are considered sick and have to be treated. For the accurate diagnosis of the etiological agent the best tool in a live calf is bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collection. Sampling of severely affected animals should be avoided. New acute cases are ideal. BAL is performed in sedated calves using a sterilized, flexible catheter with a 5-cc balloon cuff. The fresh BAL fluid sample is processed within 2 hours of collection or refrigerated until analysis. Part of the sample is used for microbiology and the remaining is submitted for cytology. BAL fluid that yields homogenous (>106 CFU/ml) bacterial or positive Mycoplasma bovis culture is considered abnormal. A disproportionate lowering of macrophages (<61%) or elevation of neutrophils (>39%) provides evidence of an inflammatory response with or without a positive culture. The ideal antibiotic selection would be based on the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of lung pathogens after BAL fluid culture.

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Growth performance and hematological changes of weaned beef calves diagnosed with respiratory disease using respiratory scoring and thoracic ultrasonography

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa345 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez ◽

Mark McGee ◽

Matthew McCabe ◽

Paul Cormican ◽

Edward O’Riordan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Beef Calves ◽

Lung Consolidation ◽

Hematological Changes

Abstract This study investigated 1) the effect of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and associated lung consolidations on growth performance and hematological profiles of recently weaned beef calves and 2) the relationship between clinical respiratory signs and lung consolidation detected by thoracic ultrasonography (TUS). One hundred and fifty-three weaned beef calves (209 days old [SD: 35.8] and 306 kg [SD: 26.3], at arrival) purchased and transported from auction markets were accommodated indoors in concrete slatted floor pens. Calves were weighed weekly from arrival until day 28 and on day 65 post-arrival. Assessment of BRD and blood sample collection for hematological profiles were performed on scheduled days (at arrival, on days 7, 14, and 28) and on other days upon BRD diagnosis. Animals were assessed for BRD using a total clinical respiratory score (CRS) of five clinical signs (rectal temperature, ear position, cough, nasal secretion, and eye secretion with each ranging from normal [0] to abnormal [3]) and TUS scores (normal [0] to lung consolidation ≥ 1 cm2 [2]). Based on CRS, 35% of calves were CRS+ (CRS ≥ 5) and 65% were CRS− (CRS < 5). Although no lung consolidations (TUS−) were detected at arrival, 34% of calves developed lung consolidation (≥1 cm2) (TUS+) during the first 28 d post-arrival. Only fever (>39.6 °C) and nasal discharge were weakly associated (r = 0.19, P <0.05) with lung consolidation. On the day of BRD detection, neutrophil number and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were 58% and 73% greater, respectively, in BRD calves with lung consolidation compared with healthy calves. From day 0 to 65, calf average daily gain (ADG) did not differ (P >0.05) between CRS+ and CRS− calves but was 0.09 kg/d lower (P < 0.05) for TUS+ compared with TUS− calves. Calves classified as BRD (CRS + TUS ≥ 5) with lung consolidation had lower (P < 0.05) ADG from arrival until day 28 than healthy calves and BRD calves without lung consolidation (0.11 ± 0.10 vs. 0.53 ± 0.07 vs. 0.57 ± 0.10 kg/d, respectively); however, no differences in ADG were observed from day 0 to 65. Conventional methods to diagnose BRD failed to detect calves with lung lesions. TUS is a useful tool to detect lung lesions and its implementation in combination with CRS should provide a more accurate and early diagnosis of BRD, which is fundamental to successful treatment, animal welfare, and growth performance.

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Automated Feeding Behaviors Associated with Subclinical Respiratory Disease in Preweaned Dairy Calves

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10060988 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 988

Author(s):

Catie Cramer ◽

Kathryn Proudfoot ◽

Theresa Ollivett

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Lung Ultrasound ◽

Effective Means ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Feeding Behaviors ◽

Lung Consolidation ◽

First Case ◽

Number Of Visits

Little is known about feeding behaviors in young dairy calves with subclinical respiratory disease (SBRD). The objective of this study was to determine if calves with their first case of SBRD exhibit different feeding behaviors during the 7 d around detection, compared to calves with their first case of clinical BRD (CBRD) or without BRD (NOBRD). Preweaned, group-housed dairy calves (n = 103; 21 ± 6 d of age) underwent twice weekly health exams (lung ultrasound and clinical respiratory score; CRS); health exams were used to classify the BRD status for each calf: SBRD (no clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 73), CBRD (clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 18), or NOBRD (never had lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2 or CRS+; n = 12). Feeding behavior data (drinking speed, number of visits, and intake volume) were collected automatically. Calves with SBRD and calves with NOBRD had similar drinking speeds (782 vs. 844 mL/min). Calves with CBRD drank slower than both calves with SBRD (688 vs. 782 mL/min) and NOBRD (688 vs. 844 mL/min). There was no effect of BRD status on any other behavior. Feeding behavior was not an effective means of identifying calves with SBRD.

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Bacterial pathogens of the lower respiratory tract of calves from Brazilian rural settlement herds and their association with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5323 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 374-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Natália C. Gaeta ◽

Bruno L.M. Ribeiro ◽

Mario A.R. Alemán ◽

Eidi Yoshihara ◽

Alessandra F.C. Nassar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Family Farming ◽

Staphylococcus Intermedius

ABSTRACT: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the major cause of economic losses in dairy and beef cattle production. The study aimed to detect the most important bacteria related to respiratory disease in tracheobronchial fluid samples of healthy and dairy calves with clinical signs of BRD in Brazilian rural settlements. Hundred and forty-one mongrel dairy calves were randomly selected from 42 family farm dairy herds from Brazilian settlements. Physical examination was performed and calves were classified as healthy (n=100) and BRD (n=41). Tracheobronchial fluid samples were collected. Isolation and molecular detection of Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC besides isolation of other aerobic bacteria were performed. Abnormal lung sounds (crackle/snoring/whistle), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge, body temperature >39.5°C and respiratory rate >40 breaths/min were higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus intermedius and non-fermentative Gram-negative were the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Non-identified species from Enterobacteriaceae family was higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Mollicutes were isolated in 7.4% of samples and only M. dispar was detected. Mollicutes was associated with purulent/mucopurulent nasal discharge (P=0.017). Pantoea agglomerans was associated to tachypnea (P=0.020), and Streptococcus spp. was associated with hyperthermia. Statistical tendencies were observed to M. dispar and tachypnea (P=0.066), and P. agglomerans and tachycardia (P=0.066). The obtained results describe the microorganisms found in tracheobronchial fluid of calves with BRD in some herds of Brazilian family farming and their relation to clinical signs of BRD.

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Megaesophagus Secondary to Feline Dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell Syndrome) in a Cat

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.82596 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Gabriela Da Cruz Schaefer ◽

Daniel Guimarães Gerardi ◽

Neusa Barbosa Castro ◽

Lorena Lima Barbosa Guimarães ◽

Luciana Sonne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Diagnostic Imaging ◽

Autonomic Neuropathy ◽

Aspiration Pneumonia ◽

Chest Radiography ◽

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

The United States ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Nasal Discharge

Background: Feline dysautonomia is a rare autonomic neuropathy of unknown cause, that has already been reported in Europe, the United States and Brazil. Cats usually show nonspecifc clinical signs that are associated with autonomic dysfunction of the nervous system. The diagnosis is based on the clinical signs and imaging tests, and confrmed by necropsy and histopathological fndings. The prognosis is poor and there is no defnitive treatment. The aim of this report is to describe a case of feline dysautonomia with emphasis in the clinical, diagnostic imaging and histopathological fndings. Feline dysautonomia must always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of megaesophagus in cats.Case: A mixed-breed young male cat was evaluated for anorexia, regurgitation, bilateral nasal discharge and dyspnoea for 24 h. The animal was dehydrated and had pale mucous membranes, abdominal distension and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The neurological examination was normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed a distended bladder and normal intestinal motility. Chest radiography and esophageal contrast study exhibited megaesophagus in the intrathoracic region. Blood work showed mild neutrophilic leukocytosis and the presence of toxic neutrophils. The cat remained hospitalized for supportive care, including ﬂuidtherapy, broad spectrum antibiotics, antiemetic and mucosal protective drugs. Twelve days after the admission, the cat presented prostration, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypokalemia and severe leukopenia. Chest radiography revealed increased radiopacity in the right hemithorax, suggesting aspiration pneumonia. The cat died and during necropsy there was marked megaesophagus, with areas of erosion/ulceration of the mucosa, in addition to pulmonary consolidation areas. The histopathological analysis showed an extensive area of ulceration in the esophageal epithelium, in addition to infltration of lymphocytes, macrophages and occasional neutrophils and numerous bacteria, compatible with ulcerative esophagitis. The lung analysis showed severe multifocal thrombosis, multifocal areas of athelectasia, moderate congestion and edema, vegetable material in the bronchi, basophilic myriad bacterial and multifocal necrosis. Hypereosinophilic neurons with pyknotic nuclei, mild cytoplasmic vacuolization, loss of granular appearance of Nissl substance and nuclei shifted to the periphery were observed in the esophageal ganglia. The post mortem diagnosis was megaesophagus and chronic active esophagitis with neuronal degeneration, confrming the diagnosis of feline dysautonomia and aspiration pneumonia.Discussion: This cat was presented with nonspecifc clinical signs, megaesophagus, constipation, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and regurgitation that are commonly observed in cases of feline dysautonomia. However, there were also expiratory dyspnoea, which is less common. Unlike most cases, this cat did not show mydriasis, prolapsed nictitating membranes, reduced pupillary light response or bradycardia. Considering the evolution of its clinical condition, it was suspected that the cat died due to sepsis, possibly as a result of aspiration pneumonia. Since feline dysautonomia is uncommon and requires histopathological analysis for diagnosis confrmation, the prevalence of the disease might be underestimated in our region. In this case, the clinical evaluation, diagnostic imaging, macroscopic and histopathological fndings were consistent with dysautonomia, therefore it is important to consider the disease as a differential diagnosis in cases of megaesophagus in cats, even in the absence of other classical signs of autonomic dysfunction.Keywords: ganglioneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, neurology, cat.

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