Dietary carbohydrate quality and risk of breast cancer among women

Abstract Background A few studies have examined the relationship between carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and risk of breast cancer (BC) among women in Middle Eastern countries. We studied the associations between carbohydrate quality index and the risk of BC in overall and by menopausal status. Methods In this case-control study, dietary intake of 461 women with pathologically confirmed BC within the past year were examined. The same information were collected for 495 apparently healthy controls using a 168-item validated FFQ. Carbohydrate quality was determined by considering four criteria including: ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, dietary fiber intake, GI and the ratio of whole grains to total grains. Results Mean GI and GL of participants were totally 57.5 ± 7.2 and 245.7 ± 64.7, respectively. A trend toward significant association was seen between GI and odds of BC in the whole population; such that after stratifying analysis by menopausal status, premenopausal women in the highest quartile of GI were 1.85 times higher likely to have BC than those in the lowest quartile (95% CI: 1.12, 3.07, P = 0.01). We found that women with the greatest CQI had lower odds for BC, compared with those with the lowest CQI (0.63; 95% CI: 0.43–0.94, P = 0.03). This association was remained after stratifying analysis by menopausal status in premenopausal (0.55; 95% CI: 0.34–0.90, P = 0.04). Conclusion We found that GI was directly and CQI inversely associated with odds of BC. In order to determine the effects of dietary carbohydrate quality prospective cohort studies are needed.

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Obesity and Breast Cancer: A Paradoxical and Controversial Relationship Influenced by Menopausal Status

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.705911 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Laura García-Estévez ◽

Javier Cortés ◽

Silvia Pérez ◽

Isabel Calvo ◽

Isabel Gallegos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Premature Death ◽

Health Concern ◽

Clinical Factors ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Pathway Activation ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women worldwide, and an increasing public health concern. Knowledge of both protective and negative risk factors is essential for a better understanding of this heterogenous disease. We undertook a review of the recent literature and evaluated the relationship between obesity mediators and breast cancer development depending on menopausal status. Excess weight is now pandemic and has replaced tobacco as the main lifestyle-related risk factor for premature death. Although the prevalence of obesity/overweight has increased globally over the last 50 years, the potential harm attributable to excess fat has generally been underestimated. The relationship between overweight/obesity, breast cancer and overall risk appears to be highly dependent on menopausal status. Thus, obesity increases the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women but, conversely, it appears to be protective in premenopausal women. We evaluate the role of different clinical factors potentially involved in this seemingly contradictory relationship, including estrogen, mammogram density, adipokines, insulin-signaling pathway activation, and inflammatory status. A key focus of this review is to better understand the impact of body mass index and menopausal status on these clinical factors and, hence, provide some clarity into the inter-relationships involved in this controversial issue.

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Dietary Constituents: Relationship with Breast Cancer Prognostic (MCC-SPAIN Follow-Up)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18010084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos ◽

Inés Gómez-Acebo ◽

Nuria Gutiérrez-Ruiz ◽

Nuria Aragonés ◽

Pilar Amiano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Normal Weight ◽

High Intake ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between the intake of the major nutrients and prognosis in breast cancer. A cohort based on 1350 women with invasive (stage I-IV) breast cancer (BC) was followed up. Information about their dietary habits before diagnosis was collected using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants without FFQ or with implausible energy intake were excluded. The total amount consumed of each nutrient (Kcal/day) was divided into tertiles, considering as “high intakes” those above third tertile. The main effect studied was overall survival. Cox regression was used to assess the association between death and nutrient intake. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 171 deaths were observed. None of the nutrients analysed was associated with mortality in the whole sample. However, in normal-weight women (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2) a high intake of carbohydrates (≥809 Kcal/day), specifically monosaccharides (≥468 Kcal/day), worsened prognostic compared to lowest (≤352 Kcal/day). Hazard Ratios (HRs) for increasing tertiles of intake were HR:2.22 95% CI (1.04 to 4.72) and HR:2.59 95% CI (1.04 to 6.48), respectively (p trend = 0.04)). Conversely, high intakes of polyunsaturated fats (≥135 Kcal/day) improved global survival (HR: 0.39 95% CI (0.15 to 1.02) p-trend = 0.05) compared to the lowest (≤92.8 kcal/day). In addition, a protective effect was found substituting 100 kcal of carbohydrates with 100 kcal of fats in normal-weight women (HR: 0.76 95% CI (0.59 to 0.98)). Likewise, in premenopausal women a high intake of fats (≥811 Kcal/day) showed a protective effect (HR:0.20 95% CI (0.04 to 0.98) p trend = 0.06). Finally, in Estrogen Receptors (ER) negative tumors, we found a protective effect of high intake of animal proteins (≥238 Kcal/day, HR: 0.24 95% CI (0.06 to 0.98). According to our results, menopausal status, BMI and ER status could play a role in the relationship between diet and BC survival and must be taken into account when studying the influence of different nutrients.

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Carbohydrate and Lipid Dietary Quality Indexes: Trends in the Brazilian Population

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab053_009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1016-1016

Author(s):

Luciana Cardoso ◽

Ana lúcia Rêgo ◽

Taís Lopes ◽

Natália Cardoso ◽

Iuna Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Rural Area ◽

Quality Index ◽

Brazilian Population ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Dietary Carbohydrate ◽

Dietary Fiber Intake ◽

Carbohydrate Quality ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Over Time

Abstract Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the qualitative profile of carbohydrate (CHO) and fat intake and the modification in 10-year period according to demographic and socioeconomic variables. Methods Data from two Brazilian National Dietary Survey with nationally representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old. The dietary Carbohydrate Quality Index (CQI) is a score ranging from 4 to 20 calculated from dietary fiber intake, global glycemic index, solid CHO to total CHO ratio and CHO from wholegrains to CHO from total grains ratio. Lipid Quality Index (LQI) was estimated by dividing the sum of the dietary content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the sum of saturated with trans fatty acids. Both indexes were categorized in quintiles in ascending order for best quality. Information about sex, age (categorized in adolescents, adults and elderly), income (quartiles), urban and rural area and lastly body mass index (categorized in obesity, overweight and normal/underweight) was collected. The estimates were generated separately for each survey and their 95% confidence intervals were compared to identify changes in time. Results CQI reduced in the Brazilian population, but was not significant. There was a significant reduction in the quintile of greater CHO quality over time for adolescentes (2,8%), first quartile of income (3,3%) and people living in rural área (5,3%). Otherwise the frequency of people that have better dietary quality for CHO increased for the last quartile of income (3,2%) over time. It was observed an increase for the population and for several categories at the second quintile for CQI, including men, adolescents, people in lowest quartile for income and people living in rural area. >The LQI raised 1,6% across 10 years in Brazilian population. It also increased between women (3,2%), adults (2,1%), last quartile of income (4,2%), urban area (2,2%) and obese (4,1%). Additionally, the frequency of people in the lowest quartile for income that presented the best quality in their diet for fats decreased 3,7% in 10 years. Conclusions Strategies to improve the dietary carbohydrate quality should be taken into consideration; particular attention should be given to dietary quality of carbohydrates and lipids of people with lowest income values in the Brazilian population. Funding Sources Not applicable.

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Dietary Carbohydrate Quality and Quantity and Risk of Breast Cancer among Iranian Women

Nutrition and Cancer ◽

10.1080/01635581.2021.1942931 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Fatemeh Hosseini ◽

Hossein Imani ◽

Fatemeh Sheikhhossein ◽

Maryam Majdi ◽

Mahtab Ghanbari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Dietary Carbohydrate ◽

Iranian Women ◽

Carbohydrate Quality

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Macronutrient Quality and All-Cause Mortality in the SUN Cohort

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 972

Author(s):

Susana Santiago ◽

Itziar Zazpe ◽

Cesar I. Fernandez-Lazaro ◽

Víctor de la de la O ◽

Maira Bes-Rastrollo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Index ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

A Priori ◽

The Sun ◽

Significant Inverse Relationship ◽

Carbohydrate Quality ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

The Relationship

No previous study has assessed the relationship between overall macronutrient quality and all-cause mortality. We aimed to prospectively examine the association between a multidimensional macronutrient quality index (MQI) and all-cause mortality in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) (University of Navarra Follow-Up) study, a Mediterranean cohort of middle-aged adults. Dietary intake information was obtained from a validated 136-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. We calculated the MQI (categorized in quartiles) based on three quality indexes: the carbohydrate quality index (CQI), the fat quality index (FQI), and the healthy plate protein source quality index (HPPQI). Among 19,083 participants (mean age 38.4, 59.9% female), 440 deaths from all causes were observed during a median follow-up of 12.2 years (IQR, 8.3–14.9). No significant association was found between the MQI and mortality risk with multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the highest vs. the lowest quartile of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.59–1.06; Ptrend = 0.199). The CQI was the only component of the MQI associated with mortality showing a significant inverse relationship, with HR between extreme quartiles of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.45–0.90; Ptrend = 0.021). In this Mediterranean cohort, a new and multidimensional MQI defined a priori was not associated with all-cause mortality. Among its three sub-indexes, only the CQI showed a significant inverse relationship with the risk of all-cause mortality.

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Women with Abnormal Mammographic Findings and High Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio have the Worst Dietary Carbohydrate Quality Index

Nutrition and Cancer ◽

10.1080/01635581.2021.2009885 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ana Luiza de Rezende Ferreira Mendes ◽

Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio ◽

Antônio Augusto Ferreira Carioca ◽

Luiz Gonzaga Porto Pinheiro ◽

Paulo Henrique Diógenes Vasques ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Index ◽

Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Dietary Carbohydrate ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Carbohydrate Quality

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Height, weight, weight change and risk of breast cancer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/s1516-31802001000200005 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 119 (2) ◽

pp. 62-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Anelise Bezerra de Vasconcelos ◽

Gulnar Azevedo e Silva Mendonça ◽

Rosely Sichieri

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Positive Association ◽

State University ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Incident Cases

CONTEXT: The relationship between body size and breast cancer still remains controversial in considering menopausal status. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of height, weight and weight changes with breast cancer in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). SAMPLE: 177 incident cases of invasive breast cancer admitted to the main hospital of INCA between May 1995 and February 1996, and 377 controls recruited from among female visitors to the same hospital. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Height and weight were measured and information on maximum weight, weight at ages 18 and 30 years, and potential risk factors were ascertained by interview at the hospital. RESULTS: Height was not related to risk of breast cancer among both pre and postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, women in this study were shorter than in studies that have found a positive association. Premenopausal women in the upper quartile of recent body mass index (BMI) and maximum BMI showed a reduced risk of breast cancer (P for trend <= 0.03). Weight loss between ages 18 and 30 years and from 18 years to present was also associated with breast cancer among premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may merely indicate the known association between leanness and breast cancer. Further studies should explore the role of weight loss on breast cancer risk.

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Carbohydrate quality index and breast cancer risk in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN project

Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 137-145

Author(s):

Andrea Romanos-Nanclares ◽

Alfredo Gea ◽

Miguel Ángel Martínez-González ◽

Itziar Zazpe ◽

Itziar Gardeazabal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Quality Index ◽

The Sun ◽

Carbohydrate Quality ◽

Sun Project

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Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk Based on Mammary Gland Volume Measured with CT

Breast Cancer Basic and Clinical Research ◽

10.4137/bcbcr.s5248 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. BCBCR.S5248 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Megumi Kuchiki ◽

Takaaki Hosoya ◽

Akira Fukao

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Breast Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between mammary gland volume (MGV) of the breast as measured with three-dimensional chest computed tomography (CT) and breast cancer risk. Univariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between MGV and known risk factors in 427 healthy women. A case control study (97 cases and 194 controls) was conducted to assess breast cancer risk. MGV was significantly smaller for postmenopausal women than for premenopausal women, and was significantly larger for women with a family history of breast cancer than for women without. MGV, body mass index (BMI), and rate of family history of breast cancer were significantly higher among breast cancer patients than among healthy women, and number of deliveries was significantly lower among breast cancer patients. In postmenopausal women, age at menarche was significantly younger for breast cancer patients. MGV correlated well with breast cancer risk factors. The highest odds ratio was 4.9 for premenopausal women with the largest MGV. Regardless of menopausal status, the greater the MGV, the higher the odds ratio. Our results constitute the first reliable data on the relationship between MGV and breast cancer obtained through exact volume analysis.

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Chemotherapy in Premenopausal Breast Cancer Patients

Breast Care ◽

10.1159/000441371 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 307-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ann H. Partridge

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Optimal Strategies ◽

Cytotoxic Chemotherapy ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Premenopausal Breast Cancer ◽

Hormone Receptor Positive ◽

Breast Cancer Outcomes

Evidence has long demonstrated that premenopausal women obtain the greatest benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy overall, with risk reduction increasing with decreasing age. The chemoendocrine effect of chemotherapy has only more recently been documented as impacting on outcomes for women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, and recent data have elucidated the optimal strategies for manipulating the menopausal status to improve disease outcomes, without necessarily including cytotoxic chemotherapy. Still, many premenopausal women will require adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy, and the effects of treatment on women diagnosed with breast cancer in the premenopausal setting can have important implications both on their breast cancer outcomes and on comorbidities and psychosocial outcomes. This article describes the most recent information and issues surrounding the indications, effects, and special considerations for adjuvant chemotherapy in premenopausal women with breast cancer, in an effort to inform their care.

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