scholarly journals Injection drug use practices and HIV infection among people who inject drugs in Kigali, Rwanda: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Olivier Twahirwa Rwema ◽  
Vianney Nizeyimana ◽  
Neia M. Prata ◽  
Nneoma E. Okonkwo ◽  
Amelia A. Mazzei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Needle Sharing ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background In Rwanda, epidemiological data characterizing people who inject drugs (PWID) and their burden of HIV are limited. We examined injection drug use (IDU) history and practices, and HIV infection in a sample of PWID in Kigali. Methods From October 2019 to February 2020, 307 PWID aged ≥ 18 were enrolled in a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling in Kigali. Participants completed interviewer-administered questionnaires on IDU history and practices and HIV testing. We used Poisson regression with robust variance estimation to assess IDU practices associated with HIV infection and assessed factors associated with needle sharing in the six months preceding the study. Results The median age was 28 years (IQR 24–31); 81% (251) were males. Female PWID were more likely to report recent IDU initiation, selling sex for drugs, and to have been injected by a sex partner (p < 0.05). In the prior six months, heroin was the primary drug of choice for 99% (303) of participants, with cocaine and methamphetamine also reported by 10% (31/307) and 4% (12/307), respectively. In total, 91% (280/307) of participants reported ever sharing needles in their lifetime and 43% (133) knew someone who died from a drug-related overdose. HIV prevalence was 9.5% (95% CI 8.7–9.3). Sharing needles at least half of the time in the previous six months was positively associated with HIV infection (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 2.67; 95% CI 1.23–5.78). Overall, 31% (94/307) shared needles and 33% (103/307) reused needles in the prior six months. Female PWID were more likely to share needles compared to males (aPR 1.68; 95% CI 1.09–2.59). Additionally, bisexual PWID (aPR 1.68; 95% CI 1.09–2.59), those who shared needles at the first injection (aPR 2.18; 95% CI 1.59–2.99), reused needles recently (aPR 2.27; 95% CI 1.51–3.43) and shared other drug paraphernalia (aPR 3.56; 95% CI 2.19–5.81) were more likely to report recent needle sharing. Conclusion HIV infection was common in this study. The high prevalence of needle reuse and sharing practices highlights significant risks for onward transmission and acquisition of HIV and viral hepatitis. These data highlight the urgent need for PWID-focused harm reduction services in Rwanda, including syringe services programs, safe injection education, naloxone distribution, and substance use disorder treatment programs and optimizing these services to the varied needs of people who use drugs in Rwanda.

Socio-Demographic Correlates of Injection Drug Use Among Male Drug Users: A Cross Sectional Study in Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Raj Neupane ◽  
Shiva Raj Mishra ◽  
Samaj Adhikari ◽  
Amod Kumar Poudyal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demographic Correlates

scholarly journals Why the Treatment of Mental Disorders Is an Important Component of HIV Prevention among People Who Inject Drugs

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Buckingham ◽  
Ezra Schrage ◽  
Francine Cournos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Positive

People who inject drugs are more likely to be HIV positive and to have a mental disorder than the general population. We explore how the detection and treatment of mental illness among people who are injecting drugs are essential to primary and secondary prevention of HIV infection in this population. Aside from opioid addiction, few studies have been conducted on the links between mental disorders and injection-drug use. However, independent of the injection-drug use literature, a growing number of studies demonstrate that untreated mental illness, especially depression and alcohol/substance use disorders, is associated with HIV-related risk behaviors, acquiring HIV infection, failure to access HIV care and treatment, failure to adhere to HIV care and treatment, and increased morbidity and mortality from HIV-related diseases and comorbidities. In our review of both the published literature and gray literature we found a dearth of information on models for providing care for both opioid addiction and other mental illnesses regardless of HIV status, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We therefore make recommendations on how to address the mental health needs of HIV-positive people who inject drugs, which include the provision of opioid substitution therapy and integrated mental health, substance abuse, and HIV services.

scholarly journals Injection Drug use Practices and HIV infection among People Who Inject Drugs in Kigali, Rwanda.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Olivier Twahirwa Rwema ◽  
Vianney Nizeyimana ◽  
Neia Prata Menezes ◽  
Nneoma E. Okonkwo ◽  
Amelia A. Mazzei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Variance Estimation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background In Rwanda, epidemiological data characterizing people who inject drugs (PWID) and their burden of HIV are limited. We examined injecting drug use (IDU) history, practices, and HIV infection in a sample of PWID in Kigali. Methods From October 2019–February 2020, 322 PWID aged >18 were enrolled in a cross–sectional study using convenience sampling in Kigali. Participants underwent a structured interview and HIV testing. We used Poisson regression with robust variance estimation to assess IDU practices associated with HIV infection. Results The median age was 28 years(IQR:24–31) and 81%(248) were male. The median age at first injection was 23 years (IQR:20–27). HIV prevalence was 9.5%(95%CI:8.7–9.3). In the six months preceding the study, heroin was the primary drug of choice for 99%(303); but cocaine and methamphetamine were also reported by 10%(31) and 4%(12) respectively. Furthermore, 31%(94) and 33%(103) of participants, shared or reused needles in the previous six months, respectively. Up to 43%(133) knew someone who died from a drug–related overdose. PWID reporting sharing needles at least half the time in the previous six months had increased likelihood of HIV infection, compared to those who did not (aPR: 2.67; 95%CI:1.23–5.78). Conclusion HIV infection was common in this sample of PWID in Kigali. The high prevalence of needle reuse and sharing practices highlight significant risk for onward transmission and acquisition of HIV and hepatitis B and C. PWID–focused harm reduction services, including needle and syringe programs, safer injection education, naloxone distribution, and substance use disorder treatment programs, are needed in Rwanda.

scholarly journals Recreational Drug use and Risk of HIV Infection Among Young Men Who Have Sex with men: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tianjin, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changping Li ◽  
Zeyang Yu ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Honglu Zhang ◽  
Huijie Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Recreational Drug ◽  
Recreational Drugs ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recreational Drug Use ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract Background- Recreational drug use among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) was a public health issue of worldwide concern. Evidence had shown the relevance between recreational drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study aimed to investigate the current prevalence state of recreational drug use among YMSM in Tianjin, discern the characteristics of YMSM who used recreational drugs or not and examine the interaction effect of recreational drug use and unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) on HIV infection.Methods- In 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Tianjin, China. The snowball sampling method was used to recruit YMSM. Participants were recruited from gay bars, gay bathhouses, social network sites (WeChat, QQ, gay chat website), gay apps and peer referrals. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data.Results- A total of 1075 YMSM met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study eventually. The overall HIV prevalence was 4.3% (46/1075). Of all the recreational drugs involved in this study (rush poppers, methamphetamine, capsule No.0), rush poppers (406/517,78.5%) were the most popular among YMSM in Tianjin. Compared with non-drug users, drug users were more likely to have first sex earlier, be bisexual, be male sex worker (MSW), have a higher education level, seek sex partners through physical venues, engage in UAI, have sexually transmitted infection (STI), and receive HIV testing. Moreover, recreational drug use and UAI were associated with the increased risk of HIV infection [adjusted OR:3.6 (95%CI: 1.7-7.6) and 4.9 (95%CI: 2.2-10.4), respectively]. There was additive interaction of recreational drug use and UAI on HIV infection [relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): 6.949 (95%CI: 0.011‐13.887); attributable proportion due to interaction (AP): 0.809 (95%CI: 0.578‐1.039)].Conclusions- Recreational drug use was common and correlated with HIV infection among YMSM in Tianjin. There was an urgent need to build novel targeted HIV prevention strategies to discern and reduce recreational drug use among YMSM in China.

Evaluation of Drug Use Based on WHO Prescribing Indicator in Mizan- Tepi University Teaching Hospital, south Western Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Hambisa ◽  
Rediet Feleke ◽  
Ameha Zewudie ◽  
Mohammed Yimam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization

Background:: Rational drug use comprises aspects of prescribing, dispensing and patient use of medicines for different health problems. This study is aimed to assess drug prescribing practice based on the world health organization prescribing indicators in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Methods:: An institutional based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate prescribing practices in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Data were collected based on World health organization drug use indicators using prescription papers. 600 prescriptions dispensed through the general outpatient pharmacy of the hospital were collected by systematic random sampling method from prescriptions written for a 1-year time in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Results:: The present study found that the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.04 ± 0.87 in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital with a range between 1 and 5. Prescribing by generic name was 97.6 % and 47.8% of prescriptions contained antibiotics in the hospital. 27.7% of prescriptions contained at least one injectable medication in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. From prescribed drugs, 96.7% of them were prescribed from Ethiopian essential drug list. Conclusion:: Present study indicated that the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the percentage of generic prescribing and prescribing from the EDL were close to optimal value. However, the percentage of encounters with antibiotics and injections prescribed were found be very high. Thus, the study highlights some improvements in prescribing habits, particularly by focusing on the inappropriate consumption of antibiotics and injections.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Effects of Age and Duration of HIV Infection on Anxiety and Depression in Cisgender Men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gianella ◽  
Rowan Saloner ◽  
Genevieve Curtin ◽  
Susan J. Little ◽  
Anne Heaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results

AbstractThis observational cross-sectional study of 152 people with HIV (PWH) examined the effects of age and estimated duration of HIV infection (EDI) on depressive and anxiety symptoms. All participants were cisgender men and completed the Profile of Moods State (POMS), a self-report inventory of current (i.e., past week) mood states. Overall, study results confirmed higher levels of anxiety and depression in PWH compared to individuals without HIV. Age group (< 50 or ≥ 50 years) moderated the effect of EDI (< 3 or ≥ 3 years) on mood disturbance. Specifically, younger PWH with early diagnosed infection exhibited the highest levels of depression and anxiety, whereas depression and anxiety were attenuated in older PWH with early infection such that their POMS scores did not significantly differ from the HIV-negative and chronically HIV-infected groups. Despite the small sample size and other important limitations in our study design, our preliminary findings confirm previous observations that older people may have some adaptive ability to better handle the acute psychological stressors associated with recent HIV infection.

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