scholarly journals Effects of glucose ingestion at different frequencies on glycogen recovery in mice during the early hours post exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Matsunaga ◽  
Kenya Takahashi ◽  
Yumiko Takahashi ◽  
Hideo Hatta
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Glucose Ingestion

Abstract Background When a high-carbohydrate diet is ingested, whether as small frequent snacks or as large meals, there is no difference between the two with respect to post-exercise glycogen storage for a period of 24 h. However, the effect of carbohydrate intake frequency on glycogen recovery a few hours after exercise is not clear. Athletes need to recover glycogen quickly after physical exercise as they sometimes exercise multiple times a day. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of carbohydrate intake at different frequencies on glycogen recovery during the first few hours after exercise. Methods After 120 min of fasting, 6-week-old male ICR mice were subjected to treadmill running exercise (20 m/min for 60 min) to decrease the levels of muscle and liver glycogen. Mice were then given glucose as a bolus (1.2 mg/g of body weight [BW], immediately after exercise) or as a pulse (1.2 mg/g of BW, every 15 min × 4 times). Following this, the blood, tissue, and exhaled gas samples were collected. Results In the bolus group, blood glucose concentration was significantly lower and plasma insulin concentration was significantly higher than those in the pulse group (p < 0.05). The plantaris muscle glycogen concentration in the bolus group was 25.3% higher than that in the pulse group at 60 min after glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). Liver glycogen concentration in the pulse group was significantly higher than that in the bolus group at 120 min after glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). Conclusions The present study showed that ingesting a large amount of glucose immediately after exercise increased insulin secretion and enhanced muscle glycogen recovery, whereas frequent and small amounts of glucose intake was shown to enhance liver glycogen recovery.

Effects of maternal exercise on liver and skeletal muscle glycogen storage in pregnant rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Mottola ◽  
P. D. Christopher
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Maternal Exercise ◽  
White Gastrocnemius

To examine the effects of maternal exercise on liver and skeletal muscle glycogen storage, female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, nonpregnant runner, pregnant nonrunning control, pregnant runner, and prepregnant exercised control groups. The exercise consisted of treadmill running at 30 m/min on a 10 degree incline for 60 min, 5 days/wk. Pregnancy alone, on day 20 of gestation, decreased maternal liver glycogen content and increased red and white gastrocnemius muscle glycogen storage above control values (P less than 0.05). In contrast, exercise in nonpregnant animals augmented liver glycogen storage and also increased red and white gastrocnemius glycogen content (P less than 0.05). By combining exercise and pregnancy, the decrease in liver glycogen storage in the pregnant nonexercised condition was prevented in the pregnant runner group and more glycogen was stored in both the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius than all other groups (P less than 0.05). Fetal body weight was greatest (P less than 0.05) in the pregnant runner group and lowest (P less than 0.05) in the prepregnant exercise control group. These results demonstrate that chronic maternal exercise may change maternal glycogen storage patterns in the liver and skeletal muscle with some alteration in fetal outcome.

Diurnal variation in skeletal muscle and liver glycogen in humans with normal health and Type 2 diabetes

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (10) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavin Macauley ◽  
Fiona E Smith ◽  
Peter E Thelwall ◽  
Kieren G Hollingsworth ◽  
Roy Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Glycogen Concentration

In health, food carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in muscle and liver, preventing a deleterious rise in osmotically active plasma glucose after eating. Glycogen concentrations increase sequentially after each meal to peak in the evening, and fall to fasting levels thereafter. Skeletal muscle accounts for the larger part of this diurnal buffering capacity with liver also contributing. The effectiveness of this diurnal mechanism has not been previously studied in Type 2 diabetes. We have quantified the changes in muscle and liver glycogen concentration with 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3.0 T before and after three meals consumed at 4 h intervals. We studied 40 (25 males; 15 females) well-controlled Type 2 diabetes subjects on metformin only (HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) 6.4±0.07% or 47±0.8 mmol/mol) and 14 (8 males; 6 females) glucose-tolerant controls matched for age, weight and body mass index (BMI). Muscle glycogen concentration increased by 17% after day-long eating in the control group (68.1±4.8 to 79.7±4.2 mmol/l; P=0.006), and this change inversely correlated with homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] (r=−0.56; P=0.02). There was no change in muscle glycogen in the Type 2 diabetes group after day-long eating (68.3±2.6 to 67.1±2.0 mmol/mol; P=0.62). Liver glycogen rose similarly in normal control (325.9±25.0 to 388.1±30.3 mmol/l; P=0.005) and Type 2 diabetes groups (296.1±16.0 to 350.5±6.7 mmol/l; P<0.0001). In early Type 2 diabetes, the major physiological mechanism for skeletal muscle postprandial glycogen storage is completely inactive. This is directly related to insulin resistance, although liver glycogen storage is normal.

Effects of exercise on maternal glycogen storage patterns and fetal outcome in mature rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1634-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Mottola ◽  
J. H. Plust ◽  
P. D. Christopher ◽  
C. L. Schachter
Keyword(s):  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Maternal Liver ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Maternal Exercise ◽  
Storage Patterns

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of exercise on maternal glycogen storage patterns and fetal outcome in mature (approximately 12 months of age) Sprague–Dawley rats. The exercise consisted of treadmill running at 30 m∙min−1, on a 10° incline, for 60 min, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks prior to pregnancy, which continued until day 19 of gestation. In mature animals, chronic exercise increased (p < 0.05) liver glycogen concentration in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats. In pregnant exercised animals, the glycogen concentration of the maternal liver increased almost twofold (p < 0.05) compared with the sedentary pregnant group. There was no difference in the amount of glycogen stored in the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles in response to training, pregnancy, or chronic maternal exercise in the mature rat. In the pregnant groups, there were fewer (p < 0.05) viable fetuses and more (p < 0.05) resorption sites than in young rats. In addition, exercise during pregnancy in the mature animal decreased (p < 0.05) fetal body weight. These results demonstrate that a conflict may exist between maternal exercise and fetal demands for energy in the mature rat. This conflict seems to favour the maternal system, as evidenced by the enhanced maternal liver glycogen storage and the negative effect on fetal growth.Key words: age, exercise, pregnancy, glycogen storage patterns.

Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky ◽  
Carol Zawada ◽  
Lindsay B. Richmond ◽  
Sherry Carter ◽  
Jane Shearer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Hexokinase Activity ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Absolute Energy ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

We demonstrated that female endurance athletes did not increase their muscle glycogen concentration after an increase in the dietary carbohydrate intake (58 → 74%), whereas men did (Tarnopolsky MA, SA Atkinson, SM Phillips, and JD McDougall, J Appl Physiol 78: 1360–1368, 1995). This may have been related to a lower energy or carbohydrate intake by the women or due to an inherent gender difference in glycogen storage capacity. We examined whether well-trained men ( n = 6) and women ( n = 6) increased muscle glycogen concentration after an increase in both the relative (58 → 75%) and absolute energy and carbohydrate intake and whether potential gender differences were related to muscle hexokinase enzyme activity. Subjects were randomly allocated to three diets [Hab, habitual; CHO, high carbohydrate (75%); and CHO + E, extra energy + CHO (↑∼34%)] for a 4-day period before a muscle biopsy for analysis of total and pro- and macroglycogen and hexokinase activity. Total glycogen concentration was higher for the men on the CHO and CHO + E trials compared with Hab ( P < 0.05), whereas women increased only on the CHO + E trial compared with Hab ( P < 0.05). There were no gender differences in the proportion of pro- and macroglycogen or hexokinase activity. A low energy intake may explain the previously reported lower capacity for women to glycogen load compared with men.

Carbohydrate loading failed to improve 100-km cycling performance in a placebo-controlled trial

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1284-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
John A. Hawley ◽  
Elske J. Schabort ◽  
Alan St Clair Gibson ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Road Racing ◽  
Mean Power Output

We evaluated the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) loading on cycling performance that was designed to be similar to the demands of competitive road racing. Seven well-trained cyclists performed two 100-km time trials (TTs) on separate occasions, 3 days after either a CHO-loading (9 g CHO ⋅ kg body mass− 1 ⋅ day− 1) or placebo-controlled moderate-CHO diet (6 g CHO ⋅ kg body mass− 1 ⋅ day− 1). A CHO breakfast (2 g CHO/kg body mass) was consumed 2 h before each TT, and a CHO drink (1 g CHO ⋅ kg.body mass− 1 ⋅ h− 1) was consumed during the TTs to optimize CHO availability. The 100-km TT was interspersed with four 4-km and five 1-km sprints. CHO loading significantly increased muscle glycogen concentrations (572 ± 107 vs. 485 ± 128 mmol/kg dry wt for CHO loading and placebo, respectively; P < 0.05). Total muscle glycogen utilization did not differ between trials, nor did time to complete the TTs (147.5 ± 10.0 and 149.1 ± 11.0 min; P = 0.4) or the mean power output during the TTs (259 ± 40 and 253 ± 40 W, P = 0.4). This placebo-controlled study shows that CHO loading did not improve performance of a 100-km cycling TT during which CHO was consumed. By preventing any fall in blood glucose concentration, CHO ingestion during exercise may offset any detrimental effects on performance of lower preexercise muscle and liver glycogen concentrations. Alternatively, part of the reported benefit of CHO loading on subsequent athletic performance could have resulted from a placebo effect.

Glycogen resynthesis in leg muscles of rats during exercise

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. R880-R883 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Constable ◽  
J. C. Young ◽  
M. Higuchi ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Glycogen Resynthesis ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Insulin In Plasma

This study was undertaken to determine whether glycogen resynthesis can occur in glycogen-depleted muscles in response to glucose feeding during prolonged exercise. Rats were exercised for 40 min with a treadmill running program designed to deplete muscle glycogen. One group was studied immediately after the glycogen-depletion exercise. A second group was given 1 g glucose by stomach tube and exercised for an additional 90 min at a running speed of 22 m/min on a treadmill set at an 8 degree incline; they were given additional 1-g glucose feedings after 30 and 60 min of running. The initial 40-min run resulted in liver glycogen depletion, large decreases in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and a marked lowering of muscle glycogen. The glucose feedings resulted in greater than twofold increases in the concentrations of glucose and insulin in plasma, and of glycogen in leg muscles, during the 90 min of running. No repletion of liver glycogen occurred. These results provide evidence that glycogen resynthesis can occur in glycogen-depleted muscle despite continued moderate intensity exercise if sufficient glucose is made available.

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise Duration on Postprandial Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses in Adolescents

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Karah J. Dring ◽  
Simon B. Cooper ◽  
Ryan A. Williams ◽  
John G. Morris ◽  
Caroline Sunderland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) is a potential intervention to manage hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum duration of HIIE to reduce postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in adolescents and the longevity of the response. Thirty-nine participants (12.4 ± 0.4 year) completed a 30- and 60-min exercise trial (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test) and a rested control trial in a randomised crossover design. Capillary blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 1-h post-exercise; and 30, 60 and 120 min following a standardised lunch (day one) and a standardised breakfast 24-h post-exercise. Plasma insulin total area under the curve (tAUC) following lunch was lower following 60-min HIIE (21,754 ± 16,861 pmol·L−1 × 120 min, p = 0.032) and tended to be lower following 30-min HIIE (24,273 ± 16,131 pmol·L−1 × 120 min, p = 0.080), when compared with the resting condition (26,931 ± 21,634 pmol·L−1 × 120 min). Blood glucose concentration was lower 1-h post-exercise following 30-min HIIE (3.6 ± 0.6 mmol·L−1) when compared to resting (4.1 ± 0.9 mmol·L−1, p = 0.001). Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration did not differ across trials on day two. Shorter bouts of HIIE (30-min), as well as a 60-min bout, reduced the postprandial insulinaemic response to lunch, an ecologically valid marker of insulin sensitivity. As the beneficial effects of HIIE were limited to 3 h post-exercise, adolescents are recommended to engage daily HIIE to enhance metabolic health.

THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF THE LAMPREY LAMPETRA FLUVIATILIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. BENTLEY ◽  
B. K. FOLLETT
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Concentration

SUMMARY River lampreys regulated their blood glucose concentration when injected with glucose. Mammalian insulin decreased the blood glucose concentration in the lamprey while adrenaline, cortisol and arginine vasotocin increased it. Glucagon had no effect initially but after a delay of 4 hr. decreased the blood glucose level. Insulin and cortisol increased the liver glycogen concentration. Adrenaline decreased the muscle glycogen concentration; vasotocin increased it. Treatment with alloxan increased the blood glucose concentration. Fat and glycogen in the lamprey are stored mainly in the skeletal muscles and their histochemical distribution in muscle is described. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolism of the migrating lamprey and the evolution of the control of carbohydrate metabolism in vertebrates.

Route of carbohydrate administration affects early post exercise muscle glycogen storage in horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (S36) ◽  
pp. 590-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. GEOR ◽  
L. LARSEN ◽  
H. L. WATERFALL ◽  
L. STEWART-HUNT ◽  
L. J. McCUTCHEON
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Muscle

Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 1019-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Burke ◽  
G. R. Collier ◽  
M. Hargreaves
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen Content ◽  
Exercise Effect ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

The effect of the glycemic index (GI) of postexercise carbohydrate intake on muscle glycogen storage was investigated. Five well-trained cyclists undertook an exercise trial to deplete muscle glycogen (2 h at 75% of maximal O2 uptake followed by four 30-s sprints) on two occasions, 1 wk apart. For 24 h after each trial, subjects rested and consumed a diet composed exclusively of high-carbohydrate foods, with one trial providing foods with a high GI (HI GI) and the other providing foods with a low GI (LO GI). Total carbohydrate intake over the 24 h was 10 g/kg of body mass, evenly distributed between meals eaten 0, 4, 8, and 21 h postexercise. Blood samples were drawn before exercise, immediately after exercise, immediately before each meal, and 30, 60, and 90 min post-prandially. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately after exercise and after 24 h. When the effects of the immediate postexercise meal were excluded, the totals of the incremental glucose and insulin areas after each meal were greater (P < or = 0.05) for the HI GI meals than for the LO GI meals. The increase in muscle glycogen content after 24 h of recovery was greater (P = 0.02) with the HI GI diet (106 +/- 11.7 mmol/kg wet wt) than with the LO GI diet (71.5 +/- 6.5 mmol/kg). The results suggest that the most rapid increase in muscle glycogen content during the first 24 h of recovery is achieved by consuming foods with a high GI.

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