scholarly journals Efficacy of fipronil/(S)-methoprene/eprinomectin/praziquantel (Broadline®) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally infected cats

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Zanet ◽  
Simone Morelli ◽  
Angela Di Cesare ◽  
Stefano Bò ◽  
Donato Traversa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thelazia Callipaeda ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
Efficacy Assessment ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Ocular Signs ◽  
Inflammation Signs

Abstract Background The present clinical field trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a broad-spectrum parasiticide spot-on formulation containing eprinomectin (Broadline®) against Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in naturally infected cats. Methods Fifteen privately owned cats harboring at least one live adult T. callipaeda were included in the study. Cats were randomly allocated to an untreated control group of seven cats or to a Broadline®-treated group of eight cats. Cats were treated on Day 0; ocular examinations were performed at inclusion and on Days 7 and 14; eyeworms were recovered and counted on Day 14. The primary efficacy assessment was based on group comparison of number of T. callipaeda on Day 14. Results Seven days after treatment, six of eight treated cats were negative for eyeworm infection per visual examination, and on Day 14 no eyeworms were found in the treated cats while the seven untreated cats were still infected (geometric mean: 1.97). All cats had inflammatory ocular signs at inclusion; on Day 14, five of eight treated cats had recovered while all untreated control cats were still symptomatic. All collected parasites were confirmed to be T. callipaeda by morphology and molecular characterization. Conclusions A single treatment with Broadline® provided 100% efficacy against feline thelaziosis and improved related ocular inflammation signs. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Assessment of the insecticidal activity of oral afoxolaner against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Nadège Perier ◽  
Wilfried Lebon ◽  
Leon Meyer ◽  
Noua Lekouch ◽  
Nesrine Aouiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Phlebotomus Perniciosus ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Insecticidal Efficacy ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Twelve healthy dogs were included in this laboratory efficacy study. Six dogs were randomly allocated based on body weight to an untreated control group and six to an afoxolaner (NexGard®) treated group. In the treatment group, afoxolaner was administered orally on Day 0 in accordance with label instructions. On Days 1, 14 and 28, each dog was exposed to 60 unfed female and 10 male Phlebotomus perniciosus sandflies for 1 h. At the end of each exposure period, sandflies were counted and assessed for viability and feeding status. There was no statistical difference in mortality (0.0–5.4%), nor in feeding proportion (61.6–78%) between the control and the treated groups at all 1-h post-exposure assessments. After collection, live fed and unfed sandflies were kept for viability assessments at 48 and 72 h post-exposure. In the untreated control group, the average percentages of live, fed, female sandflies after exposure, on Days 1, 14 and 28, ranged from 51% to 74% at 48 h and from 46% to 57% at 72 h, demonstrating model robustness over the 28 days of the study. Significantly fewer live fed sandflies were recorded for the afoxolaner treated group (p < 0.01). The insecticidal efficacy was 100%, 95.9% and 75.2% at 48 h post Days 1, 14 and 28 exposures, respectively, and 100%, 100% and 86.3% at 72 h post Days 1, 14, and 28 exposures, respectively. A single administration of oral afoxolaner (NexGard®) to dogs significantly killed P. perniciosus sandflies 48 and 72 h after blood feeding for 1 month.

scholarly journals Prevention of canine ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) with a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra®) in endemic areas in France and Spain

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Lebon ◽  
Jacques Guillot ◽  
Maria-Jesús Álvarez ◽  
José Antonio Bazaga ◽  
Marie-Laure Cortes-Dubly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical History ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Thelazia Callipaeda ◽  
Milbemycin Oxime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endemic Areas

In the past decade, canine thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda has been diagnosed in an increasing number of European countries, with endemic areas being identified. A multi-center field trial was conducted in endemic areas in France and Spain to evaluate the efficacy of monthly administrations of the oral milbemycin oxime/afoxolaner combination (NexGard Spectra®) for the prevention of T. callipaeda infection in at-risk dogs. A total of 79 dogs negative for T. callipaeda and with a clinical history of eyeworm infection in the past two years completed the study. Dogs were randomly allocated either to a negative control group (42 dogs) or to the NexGard Spectra® treated group (37 dogs). All dogs were followed up for a 6-month period and assessed monthly for the presence of nematodes on the eyes and for the signs of ocular thelaziosis (e.g., conjunctivitis, keratitis, and ocular discharge). When the presence of nematodes was confirmed, the conjunctival fornix was flushed with a saline solution for parasite recovery and counting, and the dogs were treated appropriately. Recovered parasites were stored in 70% alcohol for subsequent morphological identification. During the course of the study, 57.1% (24/42) of the control dogs were diagnosed positive for Thelazia infection, which illustrates a high incidence rate of parasite infection. Conversely, no eyeworm was recovered from any of the 37 dogs that received NexGard Spectra®. All parasites sampled were confirmed to be T. callipaeda. This clinical field study demonstrated that monthly administrations of NexGard Spectra® provided 100% preventive efficacy against canine thelaziosis.

scholarly journals The efficacy of a topically applied combination of cyphenothrin and pyriproxyfen against the southern African yellow dog tick, Haemaphysalis elliptica, and the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, on dogs

2010 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Fourie ◽  
L. J. Fourie ◽  
I. G. Horak ◽  
M. G. Snyman
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Ctenocephalides Felis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Cat Flea ◽  
Haemaphysalis Elliptica ◽  
Residual Efficacy ◽  
Dog Tick

The objective of this study was to determine the therapeutic and residual efficacy of a topically applied combination of cyphenothrin (40 %) and pyriproxyfen (2 %) against the tick Haemaphysalis elliptica and the flea Ctenocephalides felis on dogs. Twelve dogs were infested with 50 ticks 2 days before they were treated and with approximately 100 fleas 6 days before treatment and again 2 days before treatment and with 50 ticks and approximately 100 fleas at weekly intervals thereafter. They were ranked according to their flea counts and sex 5 days before treatment and randomly allocated to an untreated control group of 6 dogs and a treated group of 6 dogs. Ticks and fleas were collected from the dogs 48 h after treatment and 48 h after each infestation and live and dead ticks and live fleas were counted. The counts of ticks and fleas were transformed to geometric means, and efficacy was calculated by comparing these means. The product had a therapeutic efficacy of 83.1 % against H. elliptica and 97.5 % against C. felis 2 days after treatment. The residual period of protection during which efficacy was ≥ 90 % was 5 weeks for both H. elliptica and C. felis.

Effect of Aspirin and Methysergide During Acute Intracoronary Thrombosis in the Dog

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Kordenat
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cardiac Dynamics ◽  
Catheter Technique ◽  
Pretreated Group ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents ◽  
Q Wave

An occluding intracoronary thrombus was produced in two groups of dogs by placing a thrombogenic wire into the anterior descending coronary artery, by catheter technique (under x-ray control). One group of six dogs was pretreated with methysergide (100 micrograms/kg, i.v.-two hours before wire placement) and aspirin (60 mg/kg, per os.-daily for three days). The other group of seven dogs served as the control. Central aortic blood pressure (CAPB), heart rate (HR), S–T segment elevation and Q wave depression (lead V4 in the electrocardiograph) were measured before, one and three hours after angio-graphically verified occlusion. Arterial and coronary venous lactate (Lac, pyruvate (PYR), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum electrolyte (Mg, Ca, K and Na). Concentrations were also measured during these times. There were no S–T or Q wave changes, at any time, in five of the six pretreated dogs over the observed time, and a fifty percent reduction of the S–T amplitude was found in the dog that did develop these signs of injury and infarction, at the third hour. All control dogs showed S–T and Q wave changes by the third hour. The mean CAPB dropped significantly (p < 0.01) in the control but not in the treated group. There were significant elevations (p < 0.05) of CV concentrations of Lac and K in the control group at the third hour. There were no significant changes in concentrations for these biochemical variables in the pretreated group. The cardiac dynamics and biochemical integrity appeared to be sustained by these pharmaceutical agents in the early stages of acute coronary thrombosis.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fluralaner (Exzolt®) for the Treatment of Natural Allopsoroptoides Galli Infestations in Laying Hens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilce Maria Soares ◽  
Edna Clara Tucci ◽  
Gustavo Perdoncini ◽  
Ricardo Della Matta Junior
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Sharp Drop

Abstract BackgroundMite infestations in laying hens can cause losses to producers due to stress, reduced egg production and even death of birds. A new species of mite, Allopsoroptoides galli (A. galli), Analgoidea: Psoroptoididae, was recently identified in commercial laying farms in Brazil, causing damage due to its highly aggressive infestation that results in a sharp drop in egg production and culling. The present study evaluated the acaricidal action of a formulation containing fluralaner (Exzolt®) against A. galli.Methods The study was carried out from November 2019 to January 2020. Thirty-four laying hens naturally infested with A. galli were equally divided into a fluralaner-treated group and an untreated control group. The fluralaner-treated group received Exzolt® in drinking water at a dose of 0.05 mL/kg body weight (equivalent to 0.5 mg fluralaner/kg body weight), twice, seven days apart. Both groups were followed for 70 days evaluating the level of infestation by counting mites in skin scrapings and assessment of skin lesions.Results The average mite count of the treated group decreased significantly, dropping from 61.6 to 3.8 mites (D+7 to D+70). The efficacy progressively increased on subsequent days, reaching 98.8% on day +56 post-treatment and 96.9% on day +70. Recovery of skin lesions was observed after administration of Exzolt®, showing a marked remission in the degree of lesions (2.5 on day -14 to 0.2 on day +70). The mean number of mites in the untreated control group ranged from 79.3 to 124.1 and the lesion score from 2.6 to 2.9, thus remaining stable throughout the study.Conclusion The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that Exzolt® administered at a dose of 0.05 mL of product/kg body weight (equivalent to 0.5 mg of fluralaner/kg body weight), twice at a seven-day interval, in drinking water was effective in the treatment of the mite Allopsoroptoides galli in naturally infested laying hens.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Curative Effect of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Knee Arthritis in Dogs Using Imaging Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei-ying Zhang ◽  
Bing-yun Wang ◽  
Shao-chuan Li ◽  
Dong-zhang Luo ◽  
Xiaoshu Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
X Ray

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of canine umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) on the treatment of knee osteoarthritis in dogs. Methods. Eight dogs were evenly assigned to two groups. The canine model of knee osteoarthritis was established by surgical manipulation of knee articular cartilage on these eight dogs. UC-MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly by 0.1% type collagenase I and identified by immunofluorescence staining and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. A suspension of allogeneic UC-MSCs (1 × 106) and an equal amount of physiological saline was injected into the cavitas articularis in the treated and untreated control groups, respectively, on days 1 and 3 posttreatment. The structure of the canine knee joint was observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), B-mode ultrasonography, and X-ray imaging at the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after treatment. Concurrently, the levels of IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-α in the blood of the examined dogs were measured. Moreover, the recovery of cartilage and patella surface in the treated group and untreated group was compared using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after a 35-day treatment. Results. Results revealed that the isolated cells were UC-MSCs, because they were positive for CD44 and negative for CD34 surface markers, and the cells were differentiated into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Imaging technology showed that as treatment time increased, the high signal in the MRI T2-weighted images decreased, the echo-free space in B ultrasonography images disappeared basically, and the continuous linear hypoechoic region at the trochlear sulcus thickened. On X-ray images, the serrate defect at the ventral cortex of the patella improved, and the low-density gap of the ventral patella and trochlear crest gradually increased in the treated group. On the contrary, the high signal in the MRI T2-weighted images and the echo-free space in B ultrasonography images still increased after a 14-day treatment in the untreated control group, and the linear hypoechoic region was discontinuous. On the X-ray images, there was no improvement in the serrate defect of the ventral cortex of the patella. Results for inflammatory factors showed that the blood levels of IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-α of the untreated control group were significantly higher than those of the treated group (P<0.05) 7–14 days posttreatment. The result of SEM showed that the cartilage neogenesis in the treated group had visible neonatal tissue and more irregular arrangement of new tissue fibers than that of the untreated control group. Furthermore, more vacuoles but without collagen fibers were observed in the cartilage of the untreated control group, and the thickness of the neogenetic cartilage in the treated group (65.13 ± 5.29, 65.30 ± 5.83) and the untreated control group (34.27 ± 5.42) showed a significant difference (P<0.01). Conclusion. Significantly higher improvement in cartilage neogenesis and recovery was observed in the treated group compared to the untreated control group. The joint fluid and the inflammatory response in the treated group decreased. Moreover, improved recovery in the neogenetic cartilage, damaged skin fascia, and muscle tissue around the joints was more significant in the treated group than in the untreated control group. In conclusion, canine UC-MSCs promote the repair of cartilage and patella injury in osteoarthritis, improve the healing of the surrounding tissues, and reduce the inflammatory response.

Croup: IPPB and/or Racemic Epinephrine Therapy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
James W. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Significant Benefit ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing

In 1975 Taussig and associates1 evaluated the use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) with racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup. Apparently their untreated control group received neither racemic epinephrine nor IPPB although all patients received mist tent therapy with 30% to 40% oxygen. A statistically significant benefit was observed in the treated group. A previous controlled study evaluating the effectiveness of aerosol racemic epinephrine alone, without IPPB, failed to show a significant difference between treated patients and placebo (aerosolized saline)-treated controls.2

Effects of periparturient systemic treatment with penethamate hydriodide on udder health and milk yield of dairy heifers

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kreiger ◽  
Gabriele M Friton ◽  
Johannes Hofer ◽  
Klemens Fuchs ◽  
Petra Winter
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Dairy Heifers

Sixty dairy heifers from seven Austrian herds, with high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, were used in this pilot study. Heifers were randomly allocated to two groups. The treatment group received at parturition intramuscularly 10 million i.u. of penethamate hydriodide and then 24 h later, 5 million i.u.; the control group received no treatment. Bacteriological examination was conducted on 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 d post partum (pp) and milk yield data, fat and protein contents and SCC data were collected every 5th week for the first 200 d of lactation. Occurrence of retained placenta and endometritis were recorded, and the days open of both groups were compared. No effect was observed on the postparturient genital tract health and reproduction indicators. On day 7 pp, four intramammary infections (IMI; two severe clinical; one mild clinical; and one subclinical mastitis) were detected in the untreated control group, whereas there were no IMI in the antibiotic-treated group. At subsequent samplings, there were fewer IMI in the antibiotic-treated group, which were later in lactation, less severe and less persistent. Although SCC was numerically lower in the treatment group, significant differences in SCC between groups could not be detected. Antibiotic-treated heifers produced significantly more milk during the first 15 weeks of lactation than untreated heifers. Over the whole observation period (200 d), peripartum antibiotic-treated heifers produced 323 kg more milk than heifers in the untreated control. Periparturient antibiotic treatment of heifers with penethamate hydriodide prevented IMI during the first week after parturition and achieved a significant increase in milk yield, which was found to be economically beneficial.

scholarly journals Comparative preventive efficacy of ProHeart® 12, Heartgard® Plus and Interceptor® Plus against a macrocyclic lactone-resistant strain (JYD-34) of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom L. McTier ◽  
Susan Holzmer ◽  
Kristina Kryda ◽  
Sean Mahabir ◽  
John W. McCall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactone ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Preventive Efficacy ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The current studies compared ProHeart® 12, Heartgard® Plus and Interceptor® Plus for preventive efficacy against JYD-34, a macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant strain of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Methods In two studies, each using 24 adult beagles, dogs were allocated to four treatment groups (n = 6): placebo-treated control; ProHeart 12 as per label (0.5 mg/kg moxidectin); Heartgard Plus (HGP) as per label (minimum 6 µg/kg ivermectin); and Interceptor Plus (INP) as per label (minimum 0.5 mg/kg milbemycin oxime). In both studies, ProHeart 12 was administered as a single subcutaneous dose on day 0, and HGP and INP were administered orally on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150. In Studies 1 and 2, dogs were inoculated with 50 third-stage heartworm larvae (JYD-34 strain) on days −30 and 165, respectively. In Study 2, treatment for both HGP and INP was continued on days 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 and 330. Adult heartworm recoveries were performed on day 185 in Study 1 and on day 360 in Study 2. Results In Studies 1 and 2, all placebo-treated dogs developed adult heartworm infections (geometric mean, 29.9 and 34.9 worms/dog, respectively). A single dose of ProHeart 12 was 100% effective in preventing the development of adult JYD-34 heartworms when treatment was initiated 30 days after heartworm inoculation, while six consecutive monthly doses of HGP and INP were only 10.5% and 14.6% effective, respectively. The mean worm count for the ProHeart 12-treated group was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than that for the placebo control, HGP- and INP-treated groups. In Study 2, the dogs treated with ProHeart 12 had an efficacy of 98.3%. All dogs treated with HGP and INP for 12 consecutive months had adult heartworms with efficacies of 37.7% and 34.9%, respectively. The mean worm count for the ProHeart 12-treated dogs was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than those for the control group, HGP- and INP-treated groups. Conclusions A single administration of ProHeart 12 was 98–100% effective in preventing the development of the ML-resistant JYD-34 heartworm strain and was significantly better than multiple consecutive monthly doses of either Heartgard Plus or Interceptor Plus in both studies. Graphic Abstract

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

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