scholarly journals Can management buffer pasture loss and fragmentation for Sami reindeer herding in Sweden?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Uboni ◽  
Birgitta Åhman ◽  
Jon Moen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Governmental Support ◽  
Herd Structure ◽  
Harvest Strategy ◽  
Psychosocial Costs

Abstract Today, climate change and competing land use practices are threatening rangelands around the world and the pastoral societies that rely on them. Reindeer husbandry practised by the indigenous Sami people is an example. In Sweden, approximately 70% of the most productive lichen pastures (important in winter) has been lost, either completely or because of a reduction in forage quality, as a result of competing land use (primarily commercial forestry). The remaining pastures are small and fragmented. Yet, the number of reindeer in Sweden shows no general decline. We investigated the strategies that have allowed reindeer herders to sustain their traditional livelihood despite a substantial loss of pastures and thus natural winter forage for their reindeer. Changes in harvest strategy and herd structure may partially explain the observed dynamics, and have increased herd productivity and income, but were not primarily adopted to counteract forage loss. The introduction of supplementary feeding, modern machinery, and equipment has assisted the herders to a certain extent. However, supplementary feeding and technology are expensive. In spite of governmental support and optimized herd productivity and income, increasing costs provide low economic return. We suggest that the increased economical and psychosocial costs caused by forage and pasture losses may have strong effects on the long-term sustainability of reindeer husbandry in Sweden.

Participatory GIS to mitigate conflicts between reindeer husbandry and forestry in Vilhelmina Model Forest, Sweden

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (03) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Sandström ◽  
Camilla Sandström ◽  
Johan Svensson ◽  
Leif Jougda ◽  
Karin Baer
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Participatory Gis

To improve communication between reindeer-herders and other land users, we developed and implemented a system to produce reindeer husbandry plans together with Sami reindeer-herding communities. A central component of our communications strategy was the introduction and use of a participatory GIS (pGIS). We evaluated the potential and limitations of pGIS as a tool for collaborative learning. We concluded that by merging traditional and scientific knowledge in a pGIS, the process of spatial communication has contributed to a more inclusive planning process, and to improved knowledge-sharing. Furthermore, the process has contributed to a more efficient long-term perspective where land use planning focuses on key areas but with solutions applied to the landscape. The Model Forest offered an appropriate platform to facilitate the process.

scholarly journals Forestry and reindeer husbandry in northern Sweden – the development of a land use conflict

Rangifer ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Widmark
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Land Use Conflict ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The Relationship

Both the forestry sector and reindeer herders in northern Sweden use the forest resources in northern Sweden, albeit for different purposes, and have adverse effects on each other. To reduce conflicts between them negotiations take place in so-called “consultations”, but the institutional arrangement does not seem to be working well; the conflicts have not been resolved, and the reindeer herders are generally more dissatisfied with the outcome than the forest companies. This paper provides an overview of the parallel development of forestry and reindeer herding in the region. In addition several issues that complicate the consultations and need to be resolved in order to secure the continued co-existence of the two activities are identified, based on an analysis of physical, societal and judicial aspects of the relationship between them.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:Skogsbruk och rennäringen i norra Sverige – utveckling av en markanvändningskonflikt Skogsresursen i norra Sverige nyttjas för bland annat timmerproduktion och renbete och skogsbruket respektive rennäring påverkar varandra negativt. För att minska konflikterna har samråd instiftats men processen fungerar inte tillfredsställande eftersom det finns ett missnöje bland renskötarna. Denna studie ger en översikt av den parallella utvecklingen av de två näringarna och deras inbördes relationer och därmed identifieras flera nyckelområden som komplicerar relationen mellan de båda näringarna och därmed även samråden. Genom att analysera de fysiska, sociala och juridiska aspekterna av relationen mellan rennäring och skogsbruk pekar studien på ett antal problem som måste lösas för att kunna säkerställa en fortsatt parallell existens.

scholarly journals 2nd Nordic NJF Seminar on Reindeer Husbandry Research "Reindeer herding and land use management - Nordic perspectives"

Rangifer ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Päivi Soppela ◽  
Jouko Kumpula ◽  
Kari Oinonen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Research Section

The 2nd NJF Seminar on Reindeer Husbandry Research was held at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland from 19 to 21 October 2014. The seminar was organised under the framework of Reindeer Husbandry Research Section of NJF (Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists), established in 2012. Over 100 Nordic and international delegates including researchers, managers, educators, students and reindeer herders participated in the seminar. 

scholarly journals Fencing the forest: early use of barrier fences in Sami reindeer husbandry

Rangifer ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudrun Norstedt ◽  
Anna-Maria Rautio ◽  
Lars Östlund
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Whole Tree

Barrier fences are generally not considered to have been used in Sami reindeer husbandry in Sweden before the early 20th century. As a rule, they are thought to have been introduced with the transition from intensive to extensive herding that is assumed to have taken place at this time. However, in this study, we show that barrier fences were widely used in Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog Municipalities from the mid-18th century onwards, especially in the forests. Until the early 20th century, these fences were built of local materials, mainly whole trees and boulders, and we therefore call them whole-tree fences. Some of the barrier fences were used during periods of loose supervision by herders who otherwise practised intensive methods, while others were built in a context of extensive herding, large herds and conflicts over land use. Extensive reindeer herding was thus practised in the area much earlier than usually presumed, and it overlapped with intensive herding in both time and space.

scholarly journals Trait-based responses to forestry and animal husbandry modify long-term changes in forest understories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konsta Happonen ◽  
Lauralotta Muurinen ◽  
Risto Virtanen ◽  
Eero Kaakinen ◽  
John-Arvid Grytnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Understory Communities ◽  
Land Use Practices

AbstractAimLand use is the foremost cause of global biodiversity decline, but species do not respond equally to land-use practices. Instead, responses are mediated by species traits, but long-term data on the trait-mediated effects of land-use on communities is scarce. Here we study how forest understory communities have been affected by common land-use practices during 4–5 decades, and whether changes in diversity are related to changes in functional composition.LocationFinlandTime period1968–2019Major taxa studiedVascular plantsMethodsWe resurveyed 245 semi-permanent vegetation plots in boreal herb-rich forest understories, and used path analysis to relate changes in diversity, species composition, average plant size, and leaf economic traits to reindeer husbandry, forest management intensity, and changes in canopy cover and canopy traits.ResultsForestry affected understories indirectly by increasing canopy shading, which increased understory SLA and decreased LDMC over the study period. Intensive management also decreased species richness and increased turnover. In areas with reindeer husbandry, reindeer density had increased along with understory evenness and diversity. Areas with reindeer husbandry also had lower temporal community turnover. Plant height had increased in areas without reindeer, but this trend was suppressed or even reversed within the reindeer herding area.Main conclusionsFunctional traits are useful in connecting vegetation changes to the mechanisms that drive them. Forest management causes directional selection on light-interception traits by altering shade. Reindeer husbandry seems to buffer forest understory communities against compositional changes by altering selection on whole-plant traits such as size. These trait-dependent selection effects could inform which species benefit and which suffer from different types of land use, and point to the potential usefulness of large herbivores as tools for managing vegetation changes under global change.

scholarly journals Developing an ecologically and economically more stable semi-domestic reindeer management - a Finnish point of view

Rangifer ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouko Kumpula
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Herd Structure ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
Adequate Data

In arctic and sub-arctic regions semi-domestic reindeer management forms an important livelihood which should be able to provide enough income for herders. Reindeer management has natural limits of growth. Consequently it should be managed to optimise both the use of reindeer pastures and herder income. Reindeer pastures should be grazed at the economic carrying capabity level. This gives the maximum sustained harvest from reindeer stock and also the maximum sustained foraging from pastures. How is this to be accomplished? First, reliable knowledge about reindeer pastures in time and place is necessary: to estimate the quantity and quality of specific reindeer pastures within each management district, as well as the productive capacity and the changes in condition and productivity of those pastures. Secondly, data is needed on the accurate productivity of reindeer stock and the production costs for each management district. Thirdly, study the relationships between pasture resources and productivity of reindeer stock together with the effects of long-term reindeer densities on pasture condition and productivity. Finally, knowledge is needed about the effects of herd structure on reindeer stock productivity as well as the factors which restrict the use of reindeer pastures. Models based on adequate data could provide a useful tool for optimising the use of reindeer pastures and herder income. First the economic carrying capacity of reindeer pastures should be studied. Subsequently the economy of reindeer husbandry could be modelled with respect to reindeer stock density. Also the economy of reindeer husbandry based on different levels of feeding, and the effects of this husbandry practice on pastures, should be modelled. Models should be accurate and flexible enough to use when looking for solutions to practical questions and challenges in reindeer management.

scholarly journals Factors Driving Long Term Declines in Inland Fishery Yields in the Mekong Delta

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1005
Author(s):  
An V. Vu ◽  
Kent G. Hortle ◽  
Du N. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Catch Rates

The Mekong basin’s fisheries are important sources of food, income, and livelihoods for millions of people in six countries. However, fish yields appear to have declined in recent years according to reports from local fishers throughout the basin. It is important to understand the factors driving the decline in fisheries so that they can be adequately managed. We analysed interview data from 1020 fishers in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam in 2014 to identify trends in catch rates and the possible factors driving the trends. Most of the fishers (68–90%) reported that their catch rates had declined over the previous five years, although some fishers stated that their fish catches had remained stable or even increased. They identified eleven factors that they believed contribute to declines in fish catches, among which the use of illegal gears and overfishing were considered most important, with other factors relatively unimportant. Separately, long-term datasets (1995–2016) showed a general decline in commercial fish catches, which was positively correlated with peak water levels (which indicate flood levels), and negatively correlated with the intensification of rice farming, especially where flooding has been prevented to allow a third annual rice crop. Some data suggests that fishing effort has declined significantly in recent years, so an apparent downward trend in catches is not likely to be a result of overfishing as believed by fishers, which suggests that fishers are not aware of or under-rate the significance of hydrological and land-use/landscape changes. Due to the exceptional importance of the Mekong fishery and the interactions with other more dominant sectors, improved data collection is required to quantify changes in fisheries that result from land use and hydrological changes, and to guide planning which would better resolve competing demands for water and land use.

Central Otago - Built on gold, growing on grass.

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Barrie J. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
District Council ◽  
Definition Of

A warm welcome to our "World of Difference" to all delegates attending this conference - we hope your stay is enjoyable and that you will leave Central Otago with an enhanced appreciation of the diversity of land use and the resilient and growing economic potential that this region has to offer. Without regional wellbeing the national economy will struggle to grow, something Central Government finally seems to be realising, and the Central Otago District Council Long Term Plan 2012-2022 (LTP) signals the importance of establishing a productive economy for the local community which will aid in the economic growth of the district and seeks to create a thriving economy that will be attractive to business and residents alike. Two key principles that underpin the LTP are sustainability and affordability, with the definition of sustainability being "… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Recent change in non-present perfect constructions in British and American English

Corpora ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Yao ◽  
Peter Collins
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
British English ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Modal Auxiliaries

A number of recent studies of grammatical categories in English have identified regional and diachronic variation in the use of the present perfect, suggesting that it has been losing ground to the simple past tense from the eighteenth century onwards ( Elsness, 1997 , 2009 ; Hundt and Smith, 2009 ; and Yao and Collins, 2012 ). Only a limited amount of research has been conducted on non-present perfects. More recently, Bowie and Aarts’ (2012) study using the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English has found that certain non-present perfects underwent a considerable decline in spoken British English (BrE) during the second half of the twentieth century. However, comparison with American English (AmE) and across various genres has not been made. This study focusses on the changes in the distribution of four types of non-present perfects (past, modal, to-infinitival and ing-participial) in standard written BrE and AmE during the thirty-year period from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. Using a tagged and post-edited version of the Brown family of corpora, it shows that contemporary BrE has a stronger preference for non-present perfects than AmE. Comparison of four written genres of the same period reveals that, for BrE, only the change in the overall frequency of past perfects was statistically significant. AmE showed, comparatively, a more dramatic decrease, particularly in the frequencies of past and modal perfects. It is suggested that the decline of past perfects is attributable to a growing disfavour for past-time reference in various genres, which is related to long-term historical shifts associated with the underlying communicative functions of the genres. The decline of modal perfects, on the other hand, is more likely to be occurring under the influence of the general decline of modal auxiliaries in English.

Interrelationships between municipal spatial policy strategy and airport operation and development. Lodz Airport case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Nikorowicz-Zatorska
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
The One ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Abstract The present paper focuses on spatial management regulations in order to carry out investment in the field of airport facilities. The construction, upgrades, and maintenance of airports falls within the area of responsibility of local authorities. This task poses a great challenge in terms of organisation and finances. On the one hand, an active airport is a municipal landmark and drives local economic, social and cultural development, and on the other, the scale of investment often exceeds the capabilities of local authorities. The immediate environment of the airport determines its final use and prosperity. The objective of the paper is to review legislation that affects airports and the surrounding communities. The process of urban planning in Lodz and surrounding areas will be presented as a background to the problem of land use management in the vicinity of the airport. This paper seeks to address the following questions: if and how airports have affected urban planning in Lodz, does the land use around the airport prevent the development of Lodz Airport, and how has the situation changed over the time? It can be assumed that as a result of lack of experience, land resources and size of investments on one hand and legislative dissonance and peculiar practices on the other, aviation infrastructure in Lodz is designed to meet temporary needs and is characterised by achieving short-term goals. Cyclical problems are solved in an intermittent manner and involve all the municipal resources, so there’s little left to secure long-term investments.

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