scholarly journals The epidemiology of intransient TB-induced hyperglycaemia in previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus 2 individuals: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Menon ◽  
Joel Francis ◽  
Natasha Zdraveska ◽  
Alfred Dusabimana ◽  
Samit Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Selective Reporting

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is burgeoning as a global chronic health condition. Some studies suggest that tuberculosis (TB) can even cause diabetes in those not previously known to be diabetic, which as a corollary can add to the already heavy global DM burden. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends screening for DM at the start of TB treatment; however, it remains to be elucidated which patients with TB-induced hyperglycaemia are at risk for developing DM and who would benefit from a more regular follow-up. This systematic review will aim to firstly synthesise literature on the irreversibility of TB-induced hyperglycaemia in individuals with previously undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and secondly to synthesise literature on risk factors for progression from TB-induced hyperglycaemia to overt DM in previously undiagnosed. Methods We will search for relevant studies in electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, PROQUEST, and SCOPUS. Furthermore, references will be hand searched to identify other studies. A flow diagram will be drawn to identify the studies retrieved from each database. We will review all publications that include studies containing data on impaired glucose metabolism upon TB diagnosis, and the quality of all eligible studies will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We will further conduct a meta-analysis to pool estimates on the risk of progression of persistent hyperglycaemia to overt DM within this population group, as well as the risk factors for this progression. We will use a random effect model to assess heterogeneity, will carry out sensitivity analysis to explore the influence of a single study on the overall estimate, and will report our findings from our systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. Egger’s test will be performed to explore the presence of selective reporting bias. If data allow, we will perform a subgroup/meta-regression analysis. Summary effects will be reported using odds ratio, hazard ratio, and relative risk ratios. Furthermore, any clinical, epidemiological, and public health research gaps we identify will be described in a research proposal.

scholarly journals Gestational Diabetes in Malaysia: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2367-2377
Author(s):  
Lieng Teng Cheong ◽  
Ken Yong Foo ◽  
Mun Lum Ka ◽  
Yung Toh Shen ◽  
Xuan Hii Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
International Data

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy. In Malaysia, the prevalence, risk factors, and maternal/foetal outcomes vary somewhat among the local studies. In this systematic review of Malaysian studies, we synthesise relevant data from 13 journal articles (including 10,285 women with gestational diabetes). A meta-analysis of twelve datasets showed a prevalence of 21.5% (95% CI 17.3 to 25.9%, random effect model). Clinical factors in the mother found to increase her risk of GDM were consistent with international data. A meta-analysis of complications showed statistically significant increase for macrosomia (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.77 to 5.36) but not for pre-eclampsia (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.52 to 4.00) and caesarean delivery (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.75). The high prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and documented adverse consequences support the need for universal screening of this condition in all pregnant women in Malaysia.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, and Pamrevlumab for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 106002802096445
Author(s):  
Enrica Di Martino ◽  
Alessio Provenzani ◽  
Patrizio Vitulo ◽  
Piera Polidori
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Positive Effect

Background: The comparative efficacy of pirfenidone, nintedanib, and pamrevlumab in slowing the rate of forced vital capacity (FVC) decline and mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is unknown. Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) of these drugs for IPF. Methods: We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, ClincalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization’s registry databases up to March 2020. Phase II/III randomized controlled trials in adults with IPF were eligible. The random-effect model was implemented calculating the effect size and respective 95% CI as Cohen’s d for change from baseline FVC (in percentage predicted and liters) and odds ratio (OR) for 10% reduction in FVC and all-cause mortality (ACM). Results: Six studies were included in the MA. For change from baseline in percentage predicted FVC, the MA indicated that the 3 drugs were more effective than placebo (pirfenidone: d=3.30%, 95% CI=2.15-4.45; nintedanib: d=3.15%, 95% CI=2.35-3.95; pamrevlumab: d=4.30%, 95% CI=0.45-8.15). These results are superimposable to those relating to change from baseline FVC in liters (pirfenidone: d=0.09L, 95% CI=0.04-0.14; nintedanib: d=0.13L, 95% CI=0.10-0.16; pamrevlumab: d=0.20L, 95% CI=0.05-0.35). Each drug had a positive effect on 10% reduction in FVC (pirfenidone: OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.45-0.74; nintedanib: OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.51-0.85; pamrevlumab: OR=0.24, 95% CI=0.08-0.73), but only pirfenidone showed an effect on ACM (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.31-0.83). Conclusion and Relevance: This MA provided encouraging results on pamrevlumab efficacy in slowing the decline in FVC compared with pirfenidone and nintedanib. Actually, in phase 3, it could become a potential IPF treatment.

P1790TAVI is associated with less patient-prosthesis-mismatch than surgical aortic valve repair of severe aortic stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Abi Khalil ◽  
B Ignatiuk ◽  
G Erdem ◽  
H Chemaitely ◽  
F Barilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Severe Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Paravalvular Leak ◽  
Effective Orifice Area

Abstract Background TAVI has shown to be non-inferior to surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) in terms of mortality for the treatment of intermediate and high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Purpose We sought to assess whether there is a difference on echocardiographic parameters up to 2 years after TAVI and sAVR Methods We conducted a systematic review and a random-effect model meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared TAVI and sAVR. The primary outcome was post-proceduralpatient-prosthesis-mismatch (PPM). Secondary outcomes were post-procedural and 2-year effective orifice area (EOA), paravalvular gradient (PVG) and moderate/severe paravalvular leak (PVL). Results We identified 5 trials with a total of 5552 participants with AS, including 2777 patients randomized to TAVI and 2775 randomized to sAVR (Figure 1). TAVI was associated with a significant 35% relative risk reduction (95% CI [0.50–0.8), p=0.005) in moderate/severe post-procedural PPM. The effect was more evident in self- than balloon-expandable valves (p=0.029). Similar results were found in terms of post procedural EOA (RR=0.53, 95% CI [0.43–0.62]), and residual gradients (RR=0.54, 95% CI [0.32–0.76]). As expected, TAVI demonstrated higher rates of moderate/severe PVL (RR=9.41, 95% CI [5.22–16.96]). The results were sustainable at 2 years as seen in pooled increased EOA (pooled mean difference 0.48, 95% CI [0.24–0.72]), and the pooled decreased residual gradients of 0.58 (95% CI [0.77–0.25]) in favor of TAVI. The incidence of moderate/severe PVL remained also lower in sAVR patients (RR=10.39, 95% CI [4.80–22.46]). Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram Conclusions Our meta-analysis suggests that TAVI is associated with a lower risk of PPM, as well as higher EOA and lower residual gradients through 2 years of follow-up. This was accompanied by a higher incidence of moderate/severe PVL compared to sAVR. Future research should focus on the effect of these echocardiographic differences on clinical outcomes.

scholarly journals Failure of miniscrews installed in maxilla and mandible: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Henrique Batista dos Santos ◽  
Victório Poletto-Neto ◽  
Ana Beatriz Lima de Queiroz ◽  
Rafael Sarkis-Onofre ◽  
Tatiana Pereira-Cenci
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to compare the clinical failure rate of orthodontic miniscrews in maxilla and mandible. Material and Methods: Randomized controlled trials of patients in orthodontic treatment, which required miniscrews for orthodontic intervention reporting the failure rate of miniscrews in the maxilla and mandible were searched in Pubmed database. Two authors independently reviewed all identified titles and abstracts for eligibility. Comparison between failures in maxilla and mandible were estimated using pairwise meta-analysis to calculate the relative risk (RR) of failure and the 95% confidence intervals using a random-effect model. The reports of randomized trials were assessed for bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Four studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. 299 patients with a total of 628 miniscrews installed were included in the analysis. The analysis showed a 0.55 RR (95% CI 0.23–1.29) and I2 = 85%. All studies had an unclear risk of bias regarding to the two following items: allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel. All studies had a low risk of bias with regard to incomplete outcome data and selective reporting. The results did not demonstrate statistical difference between risk of failure of miniscrew between maxilla and mandible. Conclusion: The results of the meta-analysis showed that miniscrews installed in maxilla presents reduced risk of failure. A tendency of higher number of failures in mandible was also demonstrated. However, results should be interpreted with caution because of the very low quality of included studies and the differences among methodologies. KeywordsMeta-analysis; Orthodontic anchorage procedures; Review.

Mortality associated with Blastomyces dermatitidis infection: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alex Carignan ◽  
Mélina Denis ◽  
Claire Nour Abou Chakra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Blastomyces Dermatitidis ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients

Abstract Published case fatality in blastomycosis patients ranges between 4% and 78%. This study aimed to assess mortality associated with blastomycosis and identify its associated risk factors. We conducted a systematic review of publications related to Blastomyces dermatitidis available in PubMed and Scopus databases. Studies that reported data on blastomycosis mortality and that were published from inception through February 2018 were assessed and included in the analysis. Using the R meta package, a random-effect model meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled and stratified estimates of case-fatality proportions and risk ratios. Of 1553 publications, we included 20 studies reporting on a total of 2820 cases of blastomycosis between 1970 and 2014 and three case series reports with 10, 21, and 36 patients. The mean or median ages ranged from 28 to 59 years. Mortality was defined as attributable mortality caused by blastomycosis in 13 studies. Among 14 studies with a standard error ≤0.05, the overall pooled mortality was 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9–8.2) with 57% heterogeneity. The mortality rate was 37% (95% CI, 23–51) in immunocompromised patients and 75% (95% CI, 53–96) in patients who developed an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (n = 3 studies each). ARDS was the only identified risk factor in general patients (risk ratio = 10.2). The overall mortality was significantly higher in studies involving immunocompromised patients and ARDS patients. Our analysis showed considerable heterogeneity among studies. Inconsistent mortality definitions may have contributed to the observed heterogeneity. Further research is needed to assess potential risk factors for mortality.

scholarly journals The Effect of Physical Activity on Glycemic Variability in Patients With Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyun Zhu ◽  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Chu Lin ◽  
Fang Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Glycemic Variability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

PurposeThe effect of physical activity on glycemic variability remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall effect of physical activity treatment on glycemic variability in patients with diabetes.MethodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for clinical trials that conducted in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus with reports of the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR), or time below range (TBR). Eligible trials were analyzed by fixed-effect model, random effect model, and meta-regression analysis accordingly.ResultsIn total, thirteen trials were included. Compared with the control group, physical activity intervention was significantly associated with increased TIR (WMDs, 4.17%; 95% CI, 1.11 to 7.23%, P<0.01), decreased MAGE (WMDs, -0.68 mmol/L; 95% CI, -1.01 to -0.36 mmol/L, P<0.01) and decreased TAR (WMDs, -3.54%; 95% CI, -5.21 to -1.88%, P<0.01) in patients with diabetes, but showed insignificant effects on TBR. Patients with higher baseline BMI levels was associated with a greater decrease in MAGE (β=-0.392, 95% CI: -0.710, -0.074), and patients with lower baseline HbA1c levels was associated with a greater increase in TBR during physical activities (β=-0.903, 95% CI: -1.550, -0.255).ConclusionPhysical activity was associated with significantly decreased glycemic variability in patients with diabetes. Patients with higher BMI might benefit more from physical activity therapy in terms of a lower MAGE. Hypoglycemia associated with physical activity treatment still warranted caution, especially in patients with intensive glycemic control.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO [CRD42021259807].

scholarly journals COVID-19 clinical characteristics, and sex-specific risk of mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Nasiri ◽  
Sara Haddadi ◽  
Azin Tahvildari ◽  
Yeganeh Farsi ◽  
Mahta Arbabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Health Organization

Objectives: The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. It was first detected in the city of Wuhan in China and has spread globally resulting in substantial health and economic crisis in many countries. Observational studies have partially identified the different aspects of this disease. Up to this date, no comprehensive systematic review for the clinical, laboratory, epidemiologic and mortality findings has been published. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis for a better understanding of COVID-19. Methods: We reviewed the scientific literature published from January 1, 2019 to March 3, 2020. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA (version 14, IC; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). The pooled frequency with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was assessed using random effect model. Publication bias was assessed and p <0.05 was considered a statistically significant publication bias. Results: Out of 1102 studies, 32 satisfied the inclusion criteria. A total of 4789 patients with a mean age of 49 years were evaluated. Fever (83.0%, CI 77.5 to 87.6), cough (65.2%, CI 58.6 to 71.2) and myalgia/fatigue (34.7, CI 26.0 to 44.4) were the most common symptoms. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (18.5 %, CI 12.7 to 24.4) and Cardiovascular disease (14.9 %, CI 6.0 to 23.8). Among the laboratory abnormalities, elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (72.0% (CI 54.3 to 84.6) and lymphopenia (50.1%, CI 38.0 to 62.4) were the most common findings. Bilateral ground-glass opacities (66.0%, CI 51.1 to 78.0) was the most common CT-Scan presentation. Pooled mortality rate was 6.6%, with males having significantly higher mortality compared to females (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 9.1, P = 0.01). Conclusion: COVID-19 commonly presented with a progressive course of cough and fever with more than half of hospitalized patients showing leukopenia or a high CRP on their laboratory findings. Mortality associated with COVID19 was higher than that reported in studies in China with Males having a 3-fold higher risk of mortality in COVID19 compared to females.

Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as two Emerging Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahsa Jalili ◽  
Hassan Nourmohammadi ◽  
Kourosh Sayehmiri
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Persian Language

Background: Previous studies suggested an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumonia with atherosclerosis, separately. Until now, according to inconsistent information, the relationship between C.pneumoniae and M.pneumoniae with atherosclerosis is controversial. Objective: The aim of this study, investigate of the association between C.pneumoniae and M.pneumoniae as two separate risk factors with atherosclerosis by systematic review and meta-analysis study. Methods: We searched databases such as Pubmed, SID, Magiran, Google scholar and Iranmedex using the following keywords in English and Persian language as C. pneumoniae , M. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. Data were analyzed with meta-analysis and a random effect model. Also, in this study Heterogeneity of articles were estimated by using I2 index. Finally, data was analyzed with STAT (version 11.2) Results: Among thirty-eight articles for C. pneumoniae and five articles for M. pneumoniae individually reviewed that included 2980 samples for M. pneumoniae and 23298 samples for C. pneumoniae, result demonstrated that association between M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis is significant with OR (odd ratio) = 1.58 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 2.50), OR (odd ratio) = 2.25(95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.91 to 2.64), respectively. Conclusion: This systematic review study provides strong evidence for the role of persistent bacterial infection such as M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in potential atherosclerosis. Thus, a novel way should be employed for the complete management of bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic utilization in Chinese children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Guo ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Xinyang Zhao ◽  
Liyan Shen ◽  
Xuemei Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Antibiotic Utilization ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to public health globally. Irrational utilization of antibiotics being one of the main reasons of antibiotic resistant. Children as a special group, there's more chance of getting infected. Although most of the infection is viral in etiology, antibiotics still are the most frequently prescribed medications for children. Therefore, high use of antibiotics among children raises concern about the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing. This systematic review aims to measuring prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic utilization in children in China. Methods English and Chinese databases were searched to identify relevant studies evaluating the prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic utilization in Chinese children (0-18 years), which were published between 2010 and July 2020. A Meta-analysis of prevalence was performed using random effect model. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and modified Jadad score was used to assess risk of bias of studies. In addition, we explored the risk factors of antibiotic utilization in Chinese children using qualitative analysis. Results Of 10,075 studies identified, 98 eligible studies were included after excluded duplicated studies. A total of 79 studies reported prevalence and 42 studies reported risk factors for antibiotic utilization in children. The overall prevalence of antibiotic utilization among outpatients and inpatients were 63.8% (35 studies, 95% confidence interval (CI): 55.1-72.4%), and 81.3% (41 studies, 95% CI: 77.3-85.2%), respectively. In addition, the overall prevalence of caregiver’s self-medicating of antibiotics for children at home was 37.8% (4 studies, 95% CI: 7.9-67.6%). The high prevalence of antibiotics was associated with multiple factors, while lacking of skills and knowledge in both physicians and caregivers was the most recognized risk factor, caregivers put pressure on physicians to get antibiotics and self-medicating with antibiotics at home for children also were the main factors attributed to this issue. Conclusion The prevalence of antibiotic utilization in Chinese children is heavy both in hospitals and home. It is important for government to develop more effective strategies to improve the irrational use of antibiotic, especially in rural setting.

scholarly journals Alteration of Postural Balance in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
David Núñez-Fuentes ◽  
Esteban Obrero-Gaitán ◽  
Noelia Zagalaz-Anula ◽  
Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera ◽  
Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Fibromyalgia Syndrome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Functional Balance ◽  
Sensory Organization ◽  
Effect Model

Balance problems are one of the most frequent symptoms in patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). However, the extent and nature of this balance disorder are not known. The objective of this work was to determine the best evidence for the alteration of postural balance in patients with FMS and analyze differences with healthy controls. To meet this objective, a systematic review with meta-analysis was performed. A bibliographical search was carried out in PubMed Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and SciELO. Observational studies that assessed postural balance in patients with FMS compared to healthy subjects in baseline conditions, were selected. In a random-effect model, the pooled effect was calculated with the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Nineteen studies reporting data of 2347 participants (95% female) were included. FMS patients showed poor balance with a large effect on static (SMD = 1.578; 95% CI = 1.164, 1.992), dynamic (SMD = 0.946; 95% CI = 0.598, 1.294), functional balance (SMD = 1.138; 95% CI = 0.689, 1.588) and on balance confidence (SMD = 1.194; 95% CI = 0.914, 1.473). Analysis of the Sensory Organization Test showed large alteration of vestibular (SMD = 1.631; 95% CI = 0.467, 2.795) and visual scores (SMD = 1.317; 95% CI = 0.153, 2.481) compared to healthy controls. Patients with FMS showed worse scores for different measures of postural balance compared to healthy controls. Concretely, FMS patients appear to have poor vestibular and visual scores with a possible somatosensory dependence.

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