scholarly journals Gene flow from transgenic soybean, developed to obtain recombinant proteins for use in the skin care industry, to non-transgenic soybean

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Young Kim ◽  
Min Sik Eom ◽  
Hye Jin Kim ◽  
Eun Mi Ko ◽  
In-Soon Pack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Care Industry ◽  
Transgene Flow

Abstract Soybean has been recognized as a useful platform for heterologous protein production. This study compared the pollen characteristics of transgenic and non-transgenic soybean and investigated the rate of gene flow from transgenic soybean events, developed to obtain recombinant proteins (such as human epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, or thioredoxin) for use in the skin care industry, to non-transgenic soybean under field conditions, and determined the distance at which gene flow could occur. The lack of significant differences in pollen grain size, viability and pollen germination rates between transgenic and non-transgenic cultivars indicates that the overexpression of transgenes did not alter pollen characteristics in soybean. The highest rates of gene flow from the three transgenic soybean events to non-transgenic soybean ranged from 0.22 to 0.46% at the closest distance (0.5 m). Gene flow was observed up to 13.1 m from the transgenic plots. Our data fell within the ranges reported in the literature and indicate that an isolation distance greater than at least 13 m from transgenic soybean is required to prevent within-crop gene flow in soybean. As the potential markets for transgenic crops as a recombinant protein factory increase, gene flow from transgenic to non-transgenic conventional crops will become a key decision factor for policy makers during the approval process of transgenic crops. Our study may provide useful baseline data for the prevention of transgenic soybean seed contamination caused by transgene flow.

scholarly journals Gene flow from herbicide resistant transgenic soybean to conventional soybean and wild soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Kim ◽  
Do Young Kim ◽  
Ye Seul Moon ◽  
In Soon Pack ◽  
Kee Woong Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Glycine Soja ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Detectable Rate ◽  
Food And Feed

Abstract Gene flow from transgenic crops to conventional cultivars or wild relatives is a major environmental and economic concern in many countries. South Korea is one of the major importer of transgenic crops for food and feed, although commercial cultivation of transgenic crops is not yet allowed in this country. This study evaluated gene flow from the herbicide glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant transgenic soybean (Glycine max) to five non-transgenic soybean cultivars and three accessions of wild soybean (Glycine soja). Field trials were conducted over 2 years, and gene flow was monitored up to 10 m distance from the pollen source. The results indicated that the detectable rate of gene flow from transgenic to conventional soybeans varied between 0 and 0.049% in both 2014 and 2015 field trials, while no hybrids were detected among wild soybean progenies. The highest rate of gene flow was found in the progenies of the Bert cultivar, which exhibited the longest period of flowering synchronization between the pollen donor and the recipient. In addition, overall gene flow rates declined with increased distance from the transgenic soybean plot. Gene flow was observed up to 3 m and 8 m from the transgenic soybean plot in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Our results may be useful for developing measures to prevent gene flow from transgenic soybean.

Controlling transgene flow from engineered crops to unintended hosts by molecular approaches.

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
C. Neal Stewart Jr
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Transgene Flow ◽  
Plant Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Crop Biotechnology ◽  
Hybridization And Introgression

Abstract For most transgenic crops, the purported ecological risk from transgenic-host hybridization and introgression to unintended host species is negligible. Nonetheless, there remains a risk-associated focus on the potential for gene flow in the governance and regulation of crop biotechnology. Because of uncertainties in the large world of biology as well as regulatory certainties (regulations will likely not diminish), researchers and stakeholders have a great interest in eliminating or substantially decreasing gene flow from transgenic crops. To that end, numerous approaches have been investigated for limiting transgene flow via hybridization and introgression to unintended hosts. While such bioconfinement may be accomplished by ecological and management strategies as discussed elsewhere in this book, this chapter focuses on mitigating unintended gene flow from engineered crops by way of genetic engineering itself. The chapter will mainly discuss the manipulation of relatively simple means to alter plant sexual reproduction and plant growth and development to control transgene flow, with the desired outcome being the prevention of transgenes from moving and/or introgression into free-living unintended hosts. These approaches include: (i) decreasing or delaying flowering; (ii) eliminating pollen production via male sterility or selective male sterility; (iii) removing transgenes from pollen or eggs by gene use restriction technologies; and (iv) kill switches. Emerging synthetic biology approaches that may be used for transgene bioconfinement are explored. Taken together, the same molecular biology strategies that are used to improve crops can also help assure their biosafety.

scholarly journals Current knowledge of gene flow in plants: implications for transgene flow

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1434) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman C. Ellstrand
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Transgene Flow ◽  
Negative Impacts

Plant evolutionary biologists' view of gene flow and hybridization has undergone a revolution. Twenty–five years ago, both were considered rare and largely inconsequential. Now gene flow and hybridization are known to be idiosyncratic, varying with the specific populations involved. Gene flow typically occurs at evolutionarily significant rates and at significant distances. Spontaneous hybridization occasionally has important applied consequences, such as stimulating the evolution of more aggressive invasives and increasing the extinction risk for rare species. The same problems have occurred for spontaneous hybridization between crops and their wild relatives. These new data have implications for transgenic crops: (i) for most crops, gene flow can act to introduce engineered genes into wild populations; (ii) depending on the specific engineered gene(s) and populations involved, gene flow may have the same negative impacts as those observed for traditionally improved crops; (iii) gene flow's idiosyncratic nature may frustrate management and monitoring attempts; and (iv) intercrop transgene flow, although rarely discussed, is equally worthy of study.

Generation Z: The Purchase Intention of Green Skin Care Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-83
Author(s):  
Ying San, Lim ◽  
Phing Cai ◽  
Andy Hong ◽  
Tuan Hock, Ng ◽  
Ying Zhee, Lim
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behaviour ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Care Industry ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Skin Care Products ◽  
The Way

The cosmetics and toiletry industry has growing up very fast. In 2016, the total global revenue cosmetics industry amounted to USD$444 billion. According to Lee, Goh, & Noor ( 2019), the skincare products dominated the cosmetics and toiletry market with a market value of approximately USD$ 120 billion. Between 2012 and 2019, the global skincare market expanded by 41.8 percent, and by 2025, it is expected to be worth $189 billion (Ledesma, 2020). The skin is the largest organ in the body, hence, many people will find ways to protect it, one of the way people are using to protect the skin is to apply any supplement on skin to keep the good condition of the skin. However, according to Cunningham (2014), the used of chemical items in the cosmetic skin care industry is extremely unregulated. For example, Parabens that cause breast cancer are found in cosmetics. The chemical used in the skin care products had rise the attention of the users to start to pay attention on the ingredient of the skin care products. One of the way people are using in order to avoid the harmful chemical in skin care products is to to choose skin care with natural ingredient (Espitia, 2020), this happend especially among the younger consumers (Boon et al., 2020; Hsu et al.,2017). The green skincare industry is growing rapidly. Green skin care, according to previous studies (Fauzi & Hashim, 2015; Hsu et al., 2017), is any skin care products which can preserve or enhance the natural environment by conserving energy or resources and decreasing or eliminating the usage of harmful agents, pollution, and waste. Studies showed there is an increasing in the consumption of green skincare products and toiletries by 45%, from a peak of RM 1.6 billion (in 1998) to RM 2.2 billion (in 2010), with sales estimated to exceed $1.1 billion in 2010 among young people (Boon et al., 2020). Keywords: Green Skin Care, Generation Z, Theory Of Planned Behaviour

Assessing environmental impact of pollen-mediated transgene flow.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Bao-Rong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Fitness Effect ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Transgene Flow

Abstract Potential environmental impact caused by pollen-mediated transgene flow from commercially cultivated genetically engineered (GE) crops to their non-GE crop counterparts and to their wild and weedy relatives has aroused tremendous biosafety concerns worldwide. This chapter provides information on the concept and classification of gene flow, the framework of the environmental biosafety assessment caused by pollen-mediated gene flow, and relevant case studies about transgene flow and its environmental impact. In general, gene flow refers to the movement of genes or genetic materials from a plant population to other populations. Crop-to- crop transgene flow at a considerable frequency may result in transgene 'contamination' of non-GE crops, causing potential food/feed biosafety problems and regional or international trade disputes. Crop-to- wild/weedy transgene flow may bring about environmental impacts, such as creating more invasive weeds, threatening local populations of wild relative species, or affecting genetic diversity of wild relatives, if the incorporated transgene can normally express in the recipient wild/weedy plants and significantly alter the fitness of the wild/weedy plants and populations. It is therefore necessary to establish a proper protocol to assess the potential environmental impacts caused by transgene flow. Three steps are important for assessing potential environment impacts of transgene flow to wild/weedy relatives: (i) to accurately measure the frequencies of transgene flow: (ii) to determine the expression level of a transgene incorporated in wild/weedy populations; and (iii) to estimate the fitness effect (benefit or cost) conferred by expression of a transgene in wild/weedy populations. The recently reported case of non-random allele transmission into GE and non-GE hybrid lineages or experimental populations challenges the traditional method of estimating the fitness effect for the assessment of environmental impacts of transgene flow. Furthermore, case studies of transgenic mitigation (TM) strategies illustrate ways that may reduce the impacts of a transgene on wild/weedy populations if crop-to- wild/weedy transgene flow is not preventable, such as in the case of gene flow from crop rice to its co-occurring weedy rice.

The secretion of gonadotrophins, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 by Merino rams supplemented with different legume seeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Blache ◽  
DW Miller ◽  
JTB Milton ◽  
GB Martin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

Supplementing mature rams with lupin seed (Lupinus angustifolius, a highly digestible source of energy and protein) increases gonadotrophin secretion within 5-10 days. When sheep receive a post-ruminal supplement of protein and energy equivalent to that in the lupin supplement, LH secretion is increased but not to the same extent as with lupin seed itself. This suggests that lupin seed contains a specific mixture of nutrients or an unknown component that exerts effects on the brain centres that control gonadotrophin secretion. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the responses to isonitrogenous and isoenergetic supplements of 3 legumes: lupins, cowpeas, and soybeans. Rams were fed the supplements for 10 days and blood was sampled every 20 min for 24 h on days -1, 5, and 10 relative to the start of supplementation. The plasma was assayed for LH, FSH, and the metabolic hormones insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Both the cowpea and the lupin supplements increased LH pulse frequency and the mean concentrations of insulin and IGF-1 on days 5 and 10 compared with day -1 (P < 0.05). The soybean supplement did not affect LH pulse frequency or the concentrations of insulin or IGF-1. Only the cowpea supplement increased the mean concentration of FSH. The nutritional stimulation of the reproductive centres of the brain appears not to be specific to lupins, because the diet supplemented with cowpeas evoked similar responses. The lack of response to soybean seed suggests that the effects of diet on secretion of metabolic and gonadotrophic hormones are not due simply to the total energy and protein content of the diets, but to subtle differences in their chemical constituents.

scholarly journals Voter Model and Biased Voter Model in Heterogeneous Environments

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 770-787
Author(s):  
N. Lanchier ◽  
C. Neuhauser
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Voter Model ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Transgenic Crop ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Type Gene

With the rapid adoption of transgenic crops, gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives through pollen dispersal is of significant concern and warrants both empirical and theoretical studies to assess the risk of introduction of transgenes into wild populations. We propose to use the (biased) voter model in a heterogeneous environment to investigate the effects of recurrent gene flow from transgenic crop to wild relatives. The model is defined on the d-dimensional integer lattice that is divided into two parts, Δ and Z d \ Δ. Individuals carrying the transgene and individuals carrying the wild type gene compete according to the evolution rules of a (biased) voter model on Z d \ Δ, while the process is conditioned to have only individuals carrying the transgene on Δ. Our main findings suggest that unless transgenes confer increased fitness in wild relatives, introgression of transgenes into populations of wild plants is slow and may even be reversible without intervention. Our study also addresses the effects of different spatial planting patterns of transgenic crops on the rate of introgression.

scholarly journals The Role of Recombinant Proteins and Growth Factors in the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Mahdipour ◽  
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Foot Ulcers ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Diabetic Foot Ulcers ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Background. Recombinant proteins and growth factors are emerging therapies for diabetic foot ulcers. Despite several clinical reports, there has been no comprehensive and systematic assessment of the totality of clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of recombinant proteins and growth factors in diabetic foot ulcers. We tried to address this gap through an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched, and RCTs on the efficacy of recombinant proteins and growth factors in the treatment of cutaneous wounds in diabetic patients were selected. The literature search and assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Methodological quality of studies was appraised using the Jadad scale. Results. We identified 26 RCTs involving diabetic patients with ulcer that evaluated the effectiveness of platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, transforming growth factor, talactoferrin, and rusalatide acetate. The main primary outcome was complete healing though different indices were employed to define this such as wound closure, granulation tissue formation, or complete reepithelialization. Few studies had a follow-up period to report any recurrence and amputation rate. No adverse effect was reported due to the intervention. Conclusion. Overall, there is a greater agreement on the effectiveness of EGF to enhance the healing of diabetic ulcers. Nevertheless, extant evidence is lacking for other agents since few trials have been conducted for most of the growth factors and available studies are heterogeneous in their methodologies.

scholarly journals Voter Model and Biased Voter Model in Heterogeneous Environments

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 770-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lanchier ◽  
C. Neuhauser
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Voter Model ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Transgenic Crop ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Type Gene

With the rapid adoption of transgenic crops, gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives through pollen dispersal is of significant concern and warrants both empirical and theoretical studies to assess the risk of introduction of transgenes into wild populations. We propose to use the (biased) voter model in a heterogeneous environment to investigate the effects of recurrent gene flow from transgenic crop to wild relatives. The model is defined on the d-dimensional integer lattice that is divided into two parts, Δ and Zd \ Δ. Individuals carrying the transgene and individuals carrying the wild type gene compete according to the evolution rules of a (biased) voter model on Zd \ Δ, while the process is conditioned to have only individuals carrying the transgene on Δ. Our main findings suggest that unless transgenes confer increased fitness in wild relatives, introgression of transgenes into populations of wild plants is slow and may even be reversible without intervention. Our study also addresses the effects of different spatial planting patterns of transgenic crops on the rate of introgression.

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