scholarly journals Effect of Triton X-100 on the wheat and lettuce growth and contaminant absorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sora Shin ◽  
Eun Hea Jho ◽  
Han Sol Park
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Triton X

AbstractThis study was set to study the effects of surfactants on crops using Triton X-100, one of widely used surfactants for various purposes including agricultural uses, as a target surfactant. The effects of Triton X-100 on the growth of wheat and lettuce were studied and the germination and shoot growth of wheat were not significantly affected by Triton X-100. With lettuce, the increasing Triton X-100 concentrations tend to negatively affect the growth, possibly due to the absorption of Triton X-100 by lettuce. The average lettuce fresh mass was reduced by 31% when Triton X-100 concentration increased from 0 to 240 mg L−1. This may mean that chemicals dissolved or mobilized by Triton X-100 can be absorbed by lettuce. The Cd mobilization was facilitated with Triton X-100, and the absorption of procymidone in soil by lettuce was greater when Triton X-100 was applied (i.e., 0.18 mg kg−1) than when water was applied (i.e., 0.15 mg kg−1), although they were statistically not different (p-value > 0.05). The average lettuce masses in the presence of residual procymidone in soil and Triton X-100 (16 g) were lower than that of the control soils (20 g), although they were statistically not different (p-value > 0.05). The results suggest that surfactants contained in pesticide formulations can potentially affect crop growth and absorption of other contaminants. Therefore, the residual surfactants and active ingredients in pesticide formulations need to be properly managed to protect the environment and to produce crops free of contaminants.

scholarly journals Emergência e crescimento de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) submetida a substratos orgânicos

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Franciele Mara Lucca Zanardo Bohm ◽  
Adriana Strieder Philippsen ◽  
Débora Larissa de Oliveira ◽  
Lucas Henrique Teixeira Garcete ◽  
Paula Bonomo Bertola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Sustainable System

<p>A agricultura orgânica se destaca como modo de produção que consiste em um sistema sustentável. Um dos desafios desse método de cultivo é a produção de alimentos com qualidade em quantidades suficientes sem comprometer o meio ambiente. Objetivou-se analisar o efeito de substratos orgânicos na germinação e crescimento inicial de alface. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (substratos) e duas repetições. Foram testados os substratos: composto de Sibipiruna, substrato comercial, composto de Sibipiruna com chorume e substrato comercial com chorume. O chorume foi obtido exclusivamente da decomposição de vegetais. Foi avaliado o efeito dos substratos pelo percentual de germinação, massa fresca, massa seca e comprimento da radícula. Pôde-se considerar que houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. As sementes, quando germinadas em substrato de Sibipiruna com chorume, apresentaram maior massa seca e comprimento de radícula. Com relação à massa fresca, os valores obtidos foram maiores quando o chorume foi adicionado a ambos os substratos. O chorume obtido da decomposição de vegetais aumentou a germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Emergence and growth of lettuce (</em></strong><em>Lactuca sativa<strong> </strong>L.<strong>) submitted to organic substrates</strong></em></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Organic agriculture stands out as a mode of production consisting of a sustainable system. One of the challenges of this method of cultivation is the production of sufficient quality food in sufficient quantities without compromising the environment. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of organic substrates on germination and initial lettuce growth. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (substrates) and two replicates. The substrates were tested: Sibipiruna compound, commercial substrate, Sibipiruna compound with slurry and commercial slurry substrate. The manure was obtained exclusively from the decomposition of vegetables. The effect of the substrates was evaluated by percentage of germination, fresh mass, dry mass and radicular length. It was possible to consider that there was a significant difference between treatments. The seeds, when germinated in substrate of Sibipiruna with slurry, presented higher dry mass and radicle length. Regarding the fresh mass, the values obtained were higher when the slurry was added to both substrates. The slurry obtained from the decomposition of plants increased the germination and the initial growth of the seedlings.</pre>

scholarly journals Fertilizer Placement and Herbicide Rate Affect Weed Control and Crop Growth in Containers

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Kathy Von Arx
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei ◽  
Common Groundsel

Abstract Three experiments were conducted in Oregon and Mississippi to evaluate the effect of fertilizer placement and rate of herbicide application on weed control and crop growth. In Expt. 1, Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10.0K (18–6–12) controlled release fertilizer (CRF) was applied at 12 g (0.4 oz) per container (#1) either topdressed, incorporated, or dibbled (placed under the liner prior to potting); and OH2 (pendimethalin + oxyfluorfen) was applied at 0, 28, 56, or 112 kg/ha (0, 25, 50, or 100 lbs/A). Containers were overseeded with common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). In Expt. 2, Osmocote 17N–3.0P–10.1K (17–7–12) CRF was applied at 18 g (0.6 oz) per container using the same placement methods as Expt. 1; and Rout (oryzalin + oxyfluorfen) was applied at 0, 28, 56, or 112 kg/ha (0, 25, 50, or 100 lbs/A). A hand-weeded check was also included, and containers were overseeded with prostrate spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata). In Expt. 3, containers were fertilized with either 12 g (0.4 oz) of Apex 20N–4.3P–8.4K (20–10–10) CRF or 14 g (0.5 oz) of Apex 17N–2.2P–9.2K (17–5–11) CRF using similar fertilizer placement methods; and Snapshot 2.5TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) was applied at 0, 84, or 168 kg/ha (0, 75, or 150 lb/A). Containers were overseeded with creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata). Weed control improved with increasing herbicide rate. Across the three experiments, dibbling CRFs with no herbicide resulted in 85 to 97% weed control, while topdressing resulted in 19 to 85% and incorporating resulted in 55 to 88% control. With herbicides, dibbling fertilizer resulted in 89 to 99% weed control while topdressing resulted in 82 to 90% and incorporating 81 to 98%. Dibbling fertilizer resulted in greater shoot growth (growth index) of azalea (Rhododendron ‘Stewartsonian’), holly (Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’), lavender (Lavandula × intermedia ‘Grosso’), and wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald Gaiety’). In Expt. 3, incorporating CRFs resulted in higher root ratings than dibbling in lavender and euonymus. Though measurable differences in root and shoot growth were observed in all experiments, differences were economically unimportant.

Effects of Pesticide Formulations and Active Ingredients on the Coelenterate Hydra attenuata (Pallas, 1766)

2011 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo M. Demetrio ◽  
Gustavo D. Bulus Rossini ◽  
Carlos A. Bonetto ◽  
Alicia E. Ronco
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Hydra Attenuata

scholarly journals Co-formulant in a commercial fungicide product causes lethal and sub-lethal effects in bumble bees

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Straw ◽  
Mark J. F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Alcohol Ethoxylates ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Gut Damage ◽  
Commercial Fungicide

AbstractPollinators, particularly wild bees, are suffering declines across the globe, and pesticides are thought to be drivers of these declines. Research into, and regulation of pesticides has focused on the active ingredients, and their impact on bee health. In contrast, the additional components in pesticide formulations have been overlooked as potential threats. By testing an acute oral dose of the fungicide product Amistar, and equivalent doses of each individual co-formulant, we were able to measure the toxicity of the formulation and identify the ingredient responsible. We found that a co-formulant, alcohol ethoxylates, caused a range of damage to bumble bee health. Exposure to alcohol ethoxylates caused 30% mortality and a range of sublethal effects. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees consumed half as much sucrose as negative control bees over the course of the experiment and lost weight. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees had significant melanisation of their midguts, evidence of gut damage. We suggest that this gut damage explains the reduction in appetite, weight loss and mortality, with bees dying from energy depletion. Our results demonstrate that sublethal impacts of pesticide formulations need to be considered during regulatory consideration, and that co-formulants can be more toxic than active ingredients.

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Pyrethroids as Active Ingredients in Pesticide Formulations

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Koppen
Keyword(s):  
Total Content ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Concentrate Suspension ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A normal-phase liquid chromatographic method for determining pyrethroids as active ingredients in pesticide formulations was developed. The method uses isooctane–ethyl acetate as mobile phase and UV detection at 275 nm. The method was evaluated for the following 7 pyrethroid active ingredients: α-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin, and permethrin. Evaluation covered 3 formulation types (emulsifiable concentrate, suspension concentrate, and water-dispersible granule) containing a single pyrethroid active ingredient. The method separates diastereomers of cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and permethrin and can be used to determine total content as well as relative distribution of diastereomers.

SEM of non-coated hepatocellular cytoskeleton of perfused livers

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
S.W. French ◽  
N.C. Benson ◽  
C. Davis-Scibienski
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Detergent Extraction ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Excised Tissue

Previous SEM studies of liver cytoskeletal elements have encountered technical difficulties such as variable metal coating and heat damage which occurs during metal deposition. The majority of studies involving evaluation of the cell cytoskeleton have been limited to cells which could be isolated, maintained in culture as a monolayer and thus easily extracted. Detergent extraction of excised tissue by immersion has often been unsatisfactory beyond the depth of several cells. These disadvantages have been avoided in the present study. Whole C3H mouse livers were perfused in situ with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a modified Jahn's buffer including protease inhibitors. Perfusion was continued for 1 to 2 hours at ambient temperature. The liver was then perfused with a 2% buffered gluteraldehyde solution. Liver samples including spontaneous tumors were then maintained in buffered gluteraldehyde for 2 hours. Samples were processed for SEM and TEM using the modified thicarbohydrazide procedure of Malich and Wilson, cryofractured, and critical point dried (CPD). Some samples were mechanically fractured after CPD.

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