scholarly journals Co-formulant in a commercial fungicide product causes lethal and sub-lethal effects in bumble bees

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Straw ◽  
Mark J. F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Alcohol Ethoxylates ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Gut Damage ◽  
Commercial Fungicide

AbstractPollinators, particularly wild bees, are suffering declines across the globe, and pesticides are thought to be drivers of these declines. Research into, and regulation of pesticides has focused on the active ingredients, and their impact on bee health. In contrast, the additional components in pesticide formulations have been overlooked as potential threats. By testing an acute oral dose of the fungicide product Amistar, and equivalent doses of each individual co-formulant, we were able to measure the toxicity of the formulation and identify the ingredient responsible. We found that a co-formulant, alcohol ethoxylates, caused a range of damage to bumble bee health. Exposure to alcohol ethoxylates caused 30% mortality and a range of sublethal effects. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees consumed half as much sucrose as negative control bees over the course of the experiment and lost weight. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees had significant melanisation of their midguts, evidence of gut damage. We suggest that this gut damage explains the reduction in appetite, weight loss and mortality, with bees dying from energy depletion. Our results demonstrate that sublethal impacts of pesticide formulations need to be considered during regulatory consideration, and that co-formulants can be more toxic than active ingredients.

scholarly journals Commercial bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) hives under exclusion netting systems for apple pollination in orchards

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mélanie Normandeau Bonneau ◽  
Olivier Samson-Robert ◽  
Valérie Fournier ◽  
Gérald Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Bombus Impatiens ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Factors Affecting

Abstract Exclusion netting systems are effective in various contexts and are increasingly used to control crop pests. However, factors affecting pollination management under nets are poorly known. The pollination effectiveness of commercial bumble bee hives of Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was studied for apple production under exclusion netting systems in a research orchard located in Quebec, Canada during 2016–2017. Sixteen single-row plots of apple trees (plot length: 18.5 m, cultivar GingerGold) were subjected to one of the following four treatments during bloom: (1) introduction of a bumble bee hive placed at the end of the row, under nets; (2) introduction of a bumble bee hive placed in the middle of the row, under nets; (3) negative control with no pollinators, under nets and (4) agronomic control with nearby bee hives (<50 m), without nets. Resulting post-harvest fruit quality (e.g., fruit weight, size, number and distribution of seeds) was evaluated, as well as correlations between bumble bee visitation rates and fruit quality parameters were evaluated. Results suggest that bumble bees provided adequate pollination under exclusion netting systems and that resulting fruit quality was equivalent to that of apple fruit conventionally pollinated by honey bees and wild bees community (bumble bees and other bees) in the orchard environment. Positioning bumble bee hives in the middle of the row provided better fruit load homogeneity in pollinated trees. Additional discussion on bumble bees as apple pollinators and on pollen distribution methods is also included.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS PERTUMBUHAN RAMBUT KELINCI JANTAN DARI SEDIAAN HAIR TONIC YANG MENGANDUNG EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MANGKOKAN (Nothopanax scutellarium L.)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qurrota Aini
Keyword(s):  
Hair Loss ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Male Rabbit ◽  
Anova Test ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Dosage Formulation

Preparation stimulating hair growth (hair tonic) is cosmetic preparations used for volumizing hair growth or stimulate hair growth on balding or hair loss. This research aims to formulate hair tonic preparation of extract Nothopanax scutellarium and determine the effect of dosage formulation hair tonic N. scutellarium towards the growth of male rabbit. This research makes five sample formula with active ingredients extract N. scutellarium with concentration 0% (basic hair tonic), 25%, 35%, 45% and positive control (hair tonic preparations containing minoxidil). The treatment is done every day with the volume every time the basting of one mili liter each plot every day for twenty one days. Hair Length measurements performed on days 8 th , 15 th and 22 nd using calipers and the hair weight measurements performed on day 22 by way of shaved hair grows and then weighed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test. The data length and weight of the negative control hair, formula-A (25%), formula-B (35%), formula-C (45%) and positive control at day 22 in a row is 11.56, 16.19, 14.60, 14.10, 18.58 mm and 387.325, 390.85, 386.9, 387.275, 392.1 mg. Dosage formulations hair tonic of N. scutellarium extract can increase hair growth male rabbits. Keywords : hair grower, extract of Nothopanax scutellarium , anova.

scholarly journals Lethal and sublethal effects of toxicants on bumble bee populations: a modelling approach

Ecotoxicology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-245
Author(s):  
J. E. Banks ◽  
H. T. Banks ◽  
N. Myers ◽  
A. N. Laubmeier ◽  
R. Bommarco
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Modelling Approach

scholarly journals Chronic High-Dose Neonicotinoid Exposure Decreases Overwinter Survival of Apis mellifera L.

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Wood ◽  
Ivanna V. Kozii ◽  
Igor Medici de Mattos ◽  
Roney de Carvalho Macedo Silva ◽  
Colby D. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Temperature Homeostasis ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Overwinter Mortality

Overwinter colony mortality is an ongoing challenge for North American beekeepers. During winter, honey bee colonies rely on stored honey and beebread, which is frequently contaminated with the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam. To determine whether neonicotinoid exposure affects overwinter survival of Apis mellifera L., we chronically exposed overwintering field colonies and winter workers in the laboratory to thiamethoxam or clothianidin at different concentrations and monitored survival and feed consumption. We also investigated the sublethal effects of chronic thiamethoxam exposure on colony pathogen load, queen quality, and colony temperature regulation. Under field conditions, high doses of thiamethoxam significantly increased overwinter mortality compared to controls, with field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam showing no significant effect on colony overwinter survival. Under laboratory conditions, chronic neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreased survival of winter workers relative to negative control at all doses tested. Chronic high-dose thiamethoxam exposure was not shown to impact pathogen load or queen quality, and field-realistic concentrations of thiamethoxam did not affect colony temperature homeostasis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic environmental neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreases survival of winter workers in the laboratory, but only chronic high-dose thiamethoxam significantly decreases overwinter survival of colonies in the field.

scholarly journals A Review of Native Wild Bee Nutritional Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Leach ◽  
Frank Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Nutritional Guidelines ◽  
Nutritional Health ◽  
Conservation Effort ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Honey Bee Nutrition

Declines in wild and managed bee species richness and abundances have been observed throughout Europe and North America in recent decades. These declines have led to questions regarding pollination of wild and cultivated plants. In response to these concerns, efforts towards the conservation of pollinators have been initiated. Part of this conservation effort should be to provide the basic nutritional needs for bees. Nutrition plays one of the most important roles in bee growth, development, and reproduction. There is a large body of information regarding honey bee nutrition, whereas we lack nutritional information on native wild bees. Our knowledge of bumble bee nutritional needs has increased since the introduction of commercial rearing and sale of certain bumble bee species; however, there is still a lack of basic nutritional guidelines such as minimum dietary needs of proteins, amino acids, lipids, and sterols. The large difference in physiology and life history between honey bees and North American wild bees suggests that their nutritional requirements could be quite different.

scholarly journals Effect of Triton X-100 on the wheat and lettuce growth and contaminant absorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sora Shin ◽  
Eun Hea Jho ◽  
Han Sol Park
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Triton X

AbstractThis study was set to study the effects of surfactants on crops using Triton X-100, one of widely used surfactants for various purposes including agricultural uses, as a target surfactant. The effects of Triton X-100 on the growth of wheat and lettuce were studied and the germination and shoot growth of wheat were not significantly affected by Triton X-100. With lettuce, the increasing Triton X-100 concentrations tend to negatively affect the growth, possibly due to the absorption of Triton X-100 by lettuce. The average lettuce fresh mass was reduced by 31% when Triton X-100 concentration increased from 0 to 240 mg L−1. This may mean that chemicals dissolved or mobilized by Triton X-100 can be absorbed by lettuce. The Cd mobilization was facilitated with Triton X-100, and the absorption of procymidone in soil by lettuce was greater when Triton X-100 was applied (i.e., 0.18 mg kg−1) than when water was applied (i.e., 0.15 mg kg−1), although they were statistically not different (p-value > 0.05). The average lettuce masses in the presence of residual procymidone in soil and Triton X-100 (16 g) were lower than that of the control soils (20 g), although they were statistically not different (p-value > 0.05). The results suggest that surfactants contained in pesticide formulations can potentially affect crop growth and absorption of other contaminants. Therefore, the residual surfactants and active ingredients in pesticide formulations need to be properly managed to protect the environment and to produce crops free of contaminants.

scholarly journals The role of active ingredients nanopowder Stichopus hermanii gel to bone resorption in tension area of orthodontic tooth movement

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Noengki Prameswari ◽  
Arya Brahmanta
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Ingredients

Background: Orthodontic tooth movement is a continual and balanced process between bone deposition and bone resorption in pressure and tension sites. Stichopus hermanii is one of the best fishery commodities in Indonesia. It is natural and contains various active ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, cell growth factor, eicosa pentaenoic acid (EPA) docosa hexaenoic acid (DHA) and flavonoid that potentially play a role in orthodontic tooth movement. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the active ingredients of nanopowder Stichopus hermanii promoting bone resorption in tension area orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: A quantitative test for active ingredients of stichopus hermanii was conducted. Thirty two male Cavia cobaya were divisibled became four groups. K (–) groups as a negative control group (without treatment), K (+) groups as a positive control group which were provided with a separator rubber for orthodontic tooth movement, and P1, P2 groups, which were treated with 3% and 3.5% stichopus hermanii for orthodontic tooth movement. After treatment the cavia cobaya were sacrificed. TRAP-6 expression as a osteoclast marker was examined by means of an immunohistochemistry method. Results: A one-way Anova test confirmed that TRAP-6 expression was significantly increased with p = 0.00 (p≤0,05) in P2 compared to K (+). P2 to K (–), P2 to P1 and P1 to K (+) had no significant differences Conclusion: Nanopowder Stichopus hermanii 3.5% has an active ingredient that could increase osteoclast activity to resorb periodontal ligament and alveolar bone in tension areas of orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals A MALDI-MS biotyping-like method to address honey bee health status through computational modelling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Arafah ◽  
Sébastien Nicolas Voisin ◽  
Victor Masson ◽  
Cédric Alaux ◽  
Yves Le Conte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Predictive Score ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Honey Bee Health

AbstractAmong pollinator insects, bees undoubtedly account for the most important species. They play a critical role in boosting reproduction of wild and commercial plants and therefore contribute to the maintenance of plant biodiversity and sustainability of food webs. In the last few decades, domesticated and wild bees have been subjected to biotic and abiotic threats, alone or in combination, causing various health disorders. Therefore, monitoring solutions to improve bee health are increasingly necessary. MALDI mass spectrometry has emerged within this decade as a powerful technology to biotype micro-organisms. This method is currently and routinely used in clinical diagnosis where molecular mass fingerprints corresponding to major protein signatures are matched against databases for real-time identification. Based on this strategy, we developed MALDI BeeTyping as a proof of concept to monitor significant hemolymph molecular changes in honey bees upon infection with a series of entomopathogenic Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. ASerratia marcescensstrain isolated from one “naturally” infected honey bee collected from the field was also considered. We performed a series of individually recorded hemolymph molecular mass fingerprints and built, to our knowledge, the first computational model made of nine molecular signatures with a predictive score of 97.92%. Hence, we challenged our model by classifying a training set of individual bees’ hemolymph and obtained overall recognition of 91.93%. Through this work, we aimed at introducing a novel, realistic, and time-saving high-throughput biotyping-like strategy that addresses honey bee health in infectious conditions and on an individual scale through direct “blood tests”.Significance StatementDomesticated and wild bees worldwide represent the most active and valuable pollinators that ensure plant biodiversity and the success of many crops. These pollinators and others are exposed to deleterious pathogens and environmental stressors. Despite efforts to better understand how these threats affect honey bee health status, solutions are still crucially needed to help beekeepers, scientists and stakeholders in obtaining either a prognosis, an early diagnosis or a diagnosis of the health status of the apiaries. In this study, we describe a new method to investigate honey bee health by a simple “blood test” using fingerprints of some peptides/proteins as health status signatures. By computer modelling, we automated the identification of infected bees with a predictive score of 97.92%.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Methyl Benzoate on the Predatory Bug Nesidiocoris tenuis

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Md Munir Mostafiz ◽  
Errol Hassan ◽  
Jae-Kyoung Shim ◽  
Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Nesidiocoris Tenuis ◽  
Rating Scheme ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Positive Controls

Benzoates (naturally occurring plant toxins) produce pesticidal effects on various pest insects and mites, but their effects on non-target insects are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluate the lethal and sublethal toxicity of methyl benzoate (MB) to adults of the generalist predatory bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae). To assess lethal effects, N. tenuis was exposed to plant surfaces treated with 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% MB, as well as negative and positive controls (water and the neonicotinoid acetamiprid, respectively). Exposure to 1% MB resulted in the highest corrected mortality of 17.8% and 13.3% under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Thus, 1% MB can be classified as harmless to N. tenuis according to the International Organization for Biological Control rating scheme. At the sublethal level, MB exposure did not significantly affect the consumption of eggs of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci by N. tenuis relative to negative control feeding rates. In contrast, acetamiprid at the manufacturer’s recommended concentration reduced N. tenuis feeding activity by 45.4%. Furthermore, in a Y-tube olfactometer assay, there were no significant differences between the olfactory responses of N. tenuis to MB concentrations and the negative control (water). This study therefore suggests that MB could be used safely for pest control in combination with N. tenuis.

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