Prevalence and distribution of resistance and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like genes in different clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

Abstract Background Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) is considered to be the major reservoirs for genes facilitating the evolution of S. aureus as a successful pathogen. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone, determining of the prevalence of insertion sequence elements IS256, IS257 and different superantigens (SAgs) among CoNS isolates obtained from various clinical sources. Materials and methods The current study conducted on a total of the 91 CoNS species recovered from clinical specimens in Hamadan hospitals in western Iran in 2017–2019. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method and the presence of the IS256 and IS257, genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like encoding genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results Among genes encoding classic enterotoxins, sec was the most frequent which was carried by 48.4% of the 91 isolates, followed by seb in 27.5% of the isolates. None of the CoNS isolates was found to be positive to enterotoxin-like encoding genes. In 11(12%) of all isolates that were phenotypically resistant to levofloxacin, 9 isolates (81.8%) were positive for gyrB, 8 isolates (72.7%) were positive for gyrA, 8 isolates (72.7%) harbored grlB and 7 isolates (63.6%) were found to carry grlA. The IS256 and IS257 were identified in 31.8% and 74.7% of the isolates, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistant determinants and SEs are co-present in clinical CoNS isolates that confer selective advantage for colonization and survival in hospital settings. The coexistence of insertion elements and antibiotic resistance indicate their role in pathogenesis and infectious diseases.

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Prevalence and Distribution of Resistance and Enterotoxins/Enterotoxin-likes Genes in Different Clinical Isolates of Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

10.21203/rs.2.22783/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mona Nasaj ◽

Zahra Saeidi ◽

Hamed Tahmasebi ◽

Sanaz Dehbashi ◽

Mohammad Arabestani

Keyword(s):

Selective Advantage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Sequence Elements ◽

Insertion Elements ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Encoding Genes

Abstract Background: Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) are considered to be the major reservoirs for genes facilitating the evolution of S. aureus as a successful pathogen. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone, determining of the prevalence of insertion sequence elements IS256, IS257 and different superantigenes (SAgs) among CoNS isolates obtained from various clinical sources.Materials and Methods: The current study conducted on a total of the 91 CoNS species recovered from clinical specimens in Hamadan hospitals in western Iran in 2017-19. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method and the presence of the IS256 and IS257, genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like encoding genes were investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Results: Among genes encoding classic enterotoxins, sec was the most frequent which was carried by 48.4% of the 91 isolates, followed by seb in 27.5% of the isolates. None of the CoNS isolates was found to be positive to enterotoxin-like encoding genes. In 11(12%) of all isolates that were phenotypically resistant to levofloxacin, 9 isolates (81.8%) were positive for gyrB, 8 isolates (72.7%) were positive for gyrA, 8 isolates (72.7%) harbored grlB and 7 isolates (63.6%) were found to carry grlA. The IS256 and IS257 were identified in 31.8 % and 74.7% of the isolates, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance.Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistant determinants and SEs are co-present in clinical CoNS isolates that confer selective advantage for colonization and survival in hospital settings. The coexistence of insertion elements and antibiotic resistance indicate their role in pathogenesis and infectious diseases.

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Prevalence and Distribution of Resistance and Enterotoxins/Enterotoxin-likes Genes in Different Clinical Isolates of Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

10.21203/rs.2.22783/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mona Nasaj ◽

Zahra Saeidi ◽

Mohammad Arabestani

Keyword(s):

Selective Advantage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Sequence Elements ◽

Insertion Elements ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Encoding Genes ◽

Insertion Sequence Elements

Abstract Background CoNS serve as a major reservoir for genes facilitating the evolution of S. aureus as a successful pathogen. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone, determining of the prevalence of insertion sequence elements IS256 and IS257 and different superantigenes (SAgs) among CoNS isolates obtained from various clinical sources. Materials and Methods The current study conducted on a total of 91 CoNS species isolated from clinical specimens in Hamadan hospitals in western Iran in 2017-19. The Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method and the presence of the IS256 and IS257, genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-likes encoding genes were investigated by PCR method. Results Among genes encoding classic enterotoxins, sec was the most frequent which was carried by 48.4% of isolates, followed by seb in 27.5%. None of the CoNS isolates were found to be positive to enterotoxin-like encoding genes. Among the 11 CoNS isolates that have shown phenotypically resistant to levofloxacin, 9 isolates (81.8%) with gyrB , 8 isolates (72.7%) with gyrA, 8 isolates (72.7%) with grlB and 7 isolates (63.6%) with grlA were identified. The IS256 and IS257 were identified in 31.8% and 74.7% of CoNS isolates. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of SEs encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistant determinants and staphylococcus enterotoxins (SEs) are co-present in clinical CoNS isolates that confer selective advantage for colonization and survival in hospital settings. The coexistence of insertion elements and antibiotic resistance indicate their role in pathogenesis and infectious disease.

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Prevalence of SHV-extended spectrum β-lactamase producing carbapenem –resistantKlebsiellapneumoniae among patients with lower respiratory tractinfections in Babylon Province-Iraq.

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v9ispl1.1299 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽

Author(s):

Fatima Moeen Abbas

Keyword(s):

Resistance Rate ◽

Combination Method ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Positive Results

This study was carried out to screen the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infections in Babylon province.From December,2015 to the end of March,2016,a total of 100 sputum samples were collected from patients visited or hospitalized Merjan Teaching Hospital and Al- Hashimya General Hospital. Fifteenth (65%) isolates were identified as Klebsiellapneumoniae. All bacterial isolates were evaluated for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production phenotypically using disk combination method. Eleven (73.3%) isolates were detected as ESBL-producers. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed to determine resistance profile of ESBLs-positive isolates. Higher rates of resistance were observed for ampicillin and piperacillin antibiotics with (81.8%) and (72.7%) resistance rate, respectively, while the lowest rate was noticed for imipenem antibiotic (14.28%). Carbapenem-resistant isolates were investigated for blaSHV gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, 2 (100%) isolates gave positive results.

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Molecular Characterization of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in children with diarrhea in rural Burkina Faso

10.21203/rs.3.rs-92210/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rene DEMBELE ◽

Issiaka Soulama ◽

Wendpoulomdé A. D. Kaboré ◽

Ali Konaté ◽

Assèta Kagambèga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Pcr Assays ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Encoding Genes

Abstract Background: In recent years, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) resistance to antibiotics has dramatically increased leading to limitations of their treatment options. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in rural Burkina Faso. Methods: Salmonella isolates were serotyped according to the Kauffman White scheme. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains was identified using 16-plex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), whereas antibiotic susceptibility was realized using the disk diffusion method. Furthermore, multiplex PCR assays were carried out using oligonucleotides to detect the presence of genes of the blaKPC, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaCTX-M types in all E. coli and Salmonella strains.Results: The study highlighted high resistance rates of the identified bacteria to common antibiotics. Likewise, two strains of E. coli were imipenem resistant with carbapenemase-encoding genes. The genes detected were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), Verona integrin-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) and Imipenemase (IMP-2) reaching a rate of 40% each in E. coli strains. However, no Salmonella carbapenemases blaKPC, blaVIM or blaIMP were detected.Conclusions: This study showed that for a real-time infection control and prompt application of antimicrobial chemotherapy, characterization of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in patients is crucial.

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Antibiotic resistance assessment of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Tehran hospitals due to the presence of efflux pumps encoding genes (adeA and adeS genes) by molecular method

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-020-05387-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Batool Basatian-Tashkan ◽

Mohammad Niakan ◽

Mansoor Khaledi ◽

Hamed Afkhami ◽

Fatemeh Sameni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

High Frequency ◽

Efflux Pumps ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Molecular Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Encoding Genes

Abstract Objective Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) has caused many problems in nosocomial infections. Efflux pumps are considered as one of the most important mechanisms of resistance in this bacterium and have the ability to excrete toxic substances such as antibiotics out of the cell. Results In this study, 60 isolates of A. baumannii were collected from patients in several hospitals in Tehran, Iran. After diagnosis using standard biochemical methods, the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. The adeA and adeS genes were identified by PCR method. The highest resistance to Piperacillin and the lowest resistance to Gentamicin were observed (100% compared to 48.4%). 6.6% of the isolates had only adeA gene and adeS gene was observed in 8.4% of isolates and both genes were detected in 73.4% of the samples. Despite the high resistance of t A. baumannii o antibiotics and due to the high frequency of genes of adeA and adeS efflux pumps in A. baumannii isolates, it can be concluded that these efflux pumps may play an important role in resistance of this bacterium. By determining the pattern of antibiotic the resistance before treatment, the resistance of this pathogen can be prevented in societies.

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Prevalence, Antibiogram, and cdt Genes of Toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in Salad Style Vegetables (Ulam) at Farms and Retail Outlets in Terengganu

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 65-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

MOHD IKHSAN KHALID ◽

JOHN YEW HUAT TANG ◽

NABILA HUDA BAHARUDDIN ◽

NASIHA SHAKINA RAHMAN ◽

NURUL FAIZZAH RAHIMI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cytolethal Distending Toxin ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Retail Outlets ◽

Pcr Method

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni in ulam at farms and retail outlets located in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 526 samples (ulam, soil, and fertilizer) were investigated for the presence of C. jejuni and the gene for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) by using a multiplex PCR method. Antibiotic susceptibility to 10 types of antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method for 33 C. jejuni isolates. The average prevalence of contaminated samples from farms, wet markets, and supermarkets was 35.29, 52.66, and 69.88%, respectively. The cdt gene was not detected in 24 of the 33 C. jejuni isolates, but 9 isolates harbored cdtC. Antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni isolates was highest to penicillin G (96.97% of isolates) followed by vancomycin (87.88%), ampicillin (75.76%), erythromycin (60.61%), tetracycline (9.09%), amikacin (6.06%), and norfloxacin (3.03%); none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin. In this study, C. jejuni was present in ulam, and some isolates were highly resistant to some antibiotics but not to quinolones. Thus, appropriate attention and measures are required to prevent C. jejuni contamination on farms and at retail outlets.

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Occurrence of toxigenic Escherichia coli in raw milk cheese in Brazil

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352007000200035 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 508-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

B.R. Paneto ◽

R.P. Schocken-Iturrino ◽

C. Macedo ◽

E. Santo ◽

J.M. Marin

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Raw Milk Cheese

The occurrence of toxigenic Escherichia coli in raw milk cheese was surveyed in Middle Western Brazil. Fifty samples of cheese from different supermarkets were analyzed for E.coli. The isolates were serotyped and screened for the presence of verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The susceptibility to thirteen antimicrobial agents was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. E.coli were recovered from 48 (96.0%) of the samples. The serogroups identified were O125 (6.0%), O111 (4.0%), O55 (2.0%) and O119 (2.0%). Three (6.0%) and 1(2.0%) of the E.coli isolates were VTEC and ETEC, respectively. Most frequent resistance was observed to the following antimicrobials: cephalothin (60.0%), nalidixic acid (40.0%), doxycyclin (33.0%), tetracycline (31.0%) and ampicillin (29.0%).

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Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040191 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sobur ◽

Hasan ◽

Haque ◽

Mridul ◽

Noreddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Fish Market ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

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Vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus species

Microbiology Research ◽

10.4081/mr.2016.6441 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seyda Ozarslan Kurtgoz ◽

Burcin Ozer ◽

Melek Inci ◽

Nizami Duran ◽

Erkan Yula

Keyword(s):

Vancomycin Resistance ◽

Automated System ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gradient Diffusion ◽

Gentamicin Resistance ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

High Level

The aim of the study was to investigate vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) in Enterococcus species by phenotypic and genotypic methods. A hundred Enterococcus strains were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains were investigated by automated system, betalactamase production was investigated by nitrocefin disks, vancomycin resistance and HLAR were investigated by gradient diffusion method (GDM) and disk diffusion method, respectively. For detection of vancomycin and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) genes, polymerase chain reaction was used. Teicoplanin linezolid, vancomycin, ampicillin, penicillin are the most susceptible antibiotics and strains were detected not to produce beta lactamase. Vancomycin resistance was detected in ten isolates by automated system and in only five isolates by GDM. Five isolates carrying VanA gene were determined. The ratio of HLGR and high-level streptomycin resistance was found 40 and 63% respectively. aac (6’)-1eaph (2’’)-1a gene was detected in 58% of strains. E. faecium strains were found more resistant to the antibiotics than the other species. Beta lactamase was detected in none of strains. The automated system detected vancomycin resistance in more strains than GDM. Therefore it is concluded that strains, which were detected to be resistant to vancomycin, should be confirmed by GDM. The ratio of VanA gene in strains is consistent with other studies. The HLAR ratio was found in about half of strains. The ratio of aac(6’)-1e-aph(2’’)-1a gene, which is the most reported gene in our country and other countries and one of the HLGR genes investigated in our study, was detected 58%.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli from Diarrheic Weaned Piglets after the Ban on Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Feed

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9110755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 755 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Do Kyung-Hyo ◽

Byun Jae-Won ◽

Lee Wan-Kyu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Before And After ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Polymerase Chain

This study aimed to survey the antimicrobial resistance profiles of 690 pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained from Korean pigs with symptoms of enteric colibacillosis between 2007 and 2017, while assessing the change in antimicrobial resistance profiles before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, the antimicrobial resistance phenotype was analyzed through the disk diffusion method, and the genotype was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. After the ban on AGPs, resistance to gentamicin (from 68.8% to 39.0%), neomycin (from 84.9% to 57.8%), ciprofloxacin (from 49.5% to 39.6%), norfloxacin (from 46.8% to 37.3%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (from 40.8% to 23.5%) decreased compared to before the ban. However, resistance to cephalothin (from 51.4% to 66.5%), cefepime (from 0.0% to 2.4%), and colistin (from 7.3% to 11.0%) had increased. We confirmed a high percentage of multidrug resistance before (95.0%) and after (96.6%) the ban on AGPs. The AmpC gene was the most prevalent from 2007 to 2017 (60.0%), followed by the blaTEM gene (55.5%). The blaTEM was prevalent before (2007–2011, 69.3%) and after (2012–2017, 49.2%) the ban on AGPs. These results provide data that can be used for the prevention and treatment of enteric colibacillosis.

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