Identification of discrepancies in grain quality and grain protein composition through avenin proteins of oat after an effort to increase protein content

Abstract Improvement of grain protein content (GPC), loaf volume and resistance to rusts was achieved in 11 Indian wheat cultivars that are widely grown in four different agro-climatic zones of India. This involved use of marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) for introgression and pyramiding of the following genes: (i) the high GPC gene Gpc-B1; (ii) HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10 at Glu-D1 loci, and (iii) rust resistance genes, Yr36, Yr15, Lr24 and Sr24. GPC was improved by 0.8–3.3%, although high GPC was generally associated with yield penalty. Further selection among high GPC lines, allowed development of progenies with higher GPC associated with improvement in 1000-grain weight and grain yield in the following four cultivars: NI5439, UP2338, UP2382 and HUW468. The high GPC progenies (derived from NI5439) were also improved for grain quality using HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10 at Glu-D1 loci. Similarly, progenies combining high GPC and rust resistance were developed in the backgrounds of following five cultivars: Lok1, HD2967, PBW550, PBW621 and DBW1. The improved pre-bred lines developed during the present study should prove useful for development of cultivars with improved nutritional quality associated with rust resistance in future wheat breeding programmes.

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EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS AND LEVELS OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF THE “VLADIMIR” SPRING BARLEY VARIETY IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE

Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii ◽

10.26897/0021-342x-2021-1-18-28 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 18-28

Author(s):

А.N. FILATOV ◽

◽

V.N. MAZUROV ◽

V.K. KHRAMOY ◽

E.R. ARLANTSEVA

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Mineral Nutrition ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Grain Protein Content ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Grain Protein

Providing the brewing industry with locally produced raw materials is important both from an economic point of view and in terms of import substitution. Breeders create brewing barley varieties with a reduced protein content, however, in production they often use universal varieties that combine high yields with an average protein content of 11–12%. For such varieties, it is necessary to develop technological methods for obtaining a crop with specified properties, depending on the purposes of using the products. The quality indicators of barley grain and the efficiency of its production are significantly influenced by mineral fertilizers and the minimization of soil cultivation. In this regard, the authors studied the effect of minimal tillage on the yield and grain quality of spring barley of the Vladimir variety at two levels of mineral nutrition (without fertilizers 26 and with full supply oif mineral fertilizer – N35P40K135) in a two-factor field experiment carried out in 2018–2019 on the medium-loamy light gray forest soil. The experiment helped determine the yield and structure of the crop, the content of protein, starch, and grain hoodness (hull content). It was found that the lack of precipitation during the barley tillering – heading period leads to a decrease in grain yield by 40.0–54.8% as compared with the conditions of increased moisturizing. At the same time, there was an increase in the grain protein content by 1.4–1.7% and the grain filminess by 0.5–0.9%. The use of moderate rates of complete mineral fertilizer (N35P40K85) led to an increase in the barley yield by an average of 13.2% and the grain protein content by an average of 0.2%. On the other hand, it led to a decrease in the grain filminess by 0.2% and starch content by 0.4–0.6%. The positive effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the increase in protein content in barley grain was higher under minimal tillage. Under minimal tillage, regardless of the level of moisture supply and mineral nutrition, there was a tendency towards a decrease in the barley yield by an average of 3.9%, mainly due to a decrease in the density of the productive stalk. There was also a tendency towards a decrease in the protein content in the barley grain – by 0.3% – when no complete mineral fertilizer was used.

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Quality responses of winter wheat cultivars to nitrogen and fungicide applications in Croatia

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.55.2007.1.5 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 37-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

B. Varga ◽

Z. Svečnjak ◽

Z. Jurković ◽

M. Pospišil

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Protein Content ◽

Grain Quality ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Quality Traits ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Falling Number ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars

Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars may differ in grain quality responses to nitrogen (N) and fungicide applications, the two most important management inputs in the temperate climates of Europe. Limited information is available on N and fungicide effects on wheat quality in Croatia, where the wheat crop is widely grown under low N inputs without fungicide application. Field experiments were conducted during three years to evaluate the effects of fungicide (tebuconazol applied around heading) and two N fertilization rates on the grain quality of six widely grown winter wheat cultivars. Most cultivars failed to achieve the minimum breadmaking standards at a low N rate because of low protein content (103 g kg −1 ), Zeleny sedimentation (22.2 cm 3 ) and wet gluten (201 g kg −1 ). High N fertilization significantly increased these quality traits in all cultivars (an average of 21% for grain protein, 58% for Zeleny sedimentation and 40% for wet gluten). However, some cultivars with low genetic potential for accumulating grain protein failed to reach the breadmaking quality even at a high N rate when the N availability in the soil was limited by drought. Significant cultivar × N interactions existed for all grain quality traits, but were mainly associated with differences in the magnitude of the responses and less with the ranks. Five cultivars consistently showed increased falling number as the N rate rose, but these cultivar-specific responses to N fertilization were of much lesser magnitude than those across years. Fungicide application showed no effect on grain protein. Zeleny sedimentation, wet gluten or gluten index in all six cultivars tested, whereas one cultivar consistently showed decreased falling number after fungicide use. Only the hectolitre weights increased following fungicide application, especially for disease-susceptible cultivars at the high N rate. Thus, high N fertilization resulted in cultivar-dependent increases in protein content, Zeleny sedimentation, wet gluten and falling number, whereas fungicide application had no effect on grain quality except improved hectolitre weights.

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Gluten Protein Compositional Changes in Response to Nitrogen Application Rate

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11020325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 325

Author(s):

Daniela Horvat ◽

Gordana Šimić ◽

Krešimir Dvojković ◽

Marko Ivić ◽

Ivana Plavšin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Protein Content ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Nitrogen Level ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Glutenin Subunits ◽

High Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Levels

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen level on wheat protein content and composition in 16 cultivars over two years at three locations. The nitrogen treatment comprised two nitrogen levels, 0 kg ha−1 as low and 100 kg ha−1 as high nitrogen, applied as top dressings of 50 kg nitrogen per ha at tillering and stem extension growth stages. Increased nitrogen level generally enhanced grain protein by 11.3% (11.5% vs. 12.8%). Considering protein composition determined by reversed phase–high-pressure liquid chromatography, higher nitrogen supply generally enhanced the proportion of total gliadins, α-gliadins, γ-gliadins and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits by 1.1%, 2.0%, 3.7%, 0.6% and 0.9%, respectively, and reduced albumins and globulins, ω-gliadins, total glutenins and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits by 1.1%, 1.7%, 1.9% and 3.2%. Under a high nitrogen level, the historical cultivars Libellula, San Pastore and U-1 had a higher protein content (13.1–15.2%) with significantly higher total gliadins, which resulted in a significantly higher gliadin/glutenin ratio (1.68–1.92). In the modern cultivars, protein content varied between 11.4% and 14.6% with a well-balanced gliadin/glutenin ratio (1.08–1.50), except for cultivar MV Nemere which had a high gliadin/glutenin ratio at both nitrogen levels (1.81 vs. 1.87). In summary, increasing nitrogen level enhanced grain protein content while the composition of gliadin and glutenin fractions was changed to a lesser extent and was largely cultivar specific and therefore should be considered for wheat baking quality assessment and breeding purposes.

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Relationships between Australian wheats on the basis of pedigree, grain protein composition, grain quality and morphology

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9820419 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 419 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

CW Wrigley ◽

PJ Robinson ◽

WT Williams

Keyword(s):

Numerical Analysis ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Phenotypic Characteristics ◽

Agronomic Characteristics

A procedure using numerical analysis has been devised for illustrating ancestry relationships. It has been applied to 60 wheat cultivars recently grown in Australia. The program also permits the grouping of parents to indicate those that are often used in combination. The network illustrating pedigree relationships between these cultivars corresponded closely to a second network which illustrated phenotypic similarities (morphology of plants, heads and grains, agronomic characteristics, grain quality and gluten composition). The specific attributes that most closely followed pedigree relationships were identified in this set of wheats. These procedures thus provide a basis for evaluating the role of pedigree in observed associations between phenotypic characteristics.

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Grain quality indices in common wheat lines with introgressions of chromosome 1U from Aegilops biuncialis Vis.

Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv ◽

10.7124/feeo.v29.1412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 87-91

Author(s):

N. A. Kozub ◽

I.O. Sozinov ◽

H.Ya. Bidnyk ◽

N.O. Demianova ◽

O.I. Sozinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Protein Content ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Grain Protein Content ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Quality Indices ◽

Sedimentation Volume ◽

Wheat Lines

Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze grain quality indices in winter common wheat lines with introgressions of chromosome 1U from Aegilops biuncialis Vis. marked by storage protein loci. Methods. Acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-electrophoresis of storage proteins were performed to identify introgressions. Grain quality indices (SDS sedimentation volume and grain protein content) were analyzed in lines with introgressed chromosome 1U or its arm 1UL, as well as in the cultivars Panna and Bezostaya 1. Results. SDS-sedimentation volume in the cultivars and lines depended on year’s conditions. The studying of the lines during two years has demonstrated that the presence of the allele at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit locus Glu-U1 from Ae. biuncialis was associated with a high volume of SDS-sedimentation SDS30 (higher than that in the cultivar Bezostaya 1). The introgressive lines show high grain protein content. Conclusions. The effect of the allele at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit locus Glu-U1 from Ae. biuncialis on SDS-sedimentation value is similar to that of the high-quality allele Glu-B1al. The lines with the introgressed allele at Glu-U1 from Ae. biuncialis are valuable initial material for breeding for quality.Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Aegilops biuncialis, high molecular weight glutenin subunits, SDS-sedimentation, protein content.

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Relation of grain protein content and some agronomic traits in European cultivars of winter wheat

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1556/crc.2012.0004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 532-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Mladenov ◽

B. Banjac ◽

A. Krishna ◽

M. Milošević

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Protein Content ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Grain Protein Content ◽

Grain Protein

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Proteomics-Based Characterization of the Effects of MMP14 on the Protein Content of Exosomes from Corneal Fibroblasts

Protein and Peptide Letters ◽

10.2174/0929866527666200408142827 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 979-988

Author(s):

Kyu-Yeon Han ◽

Jin-Hong Chang ◽

Dimitri T. Azar

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Catalytic Domain ◽

Protein Composition ◽

Proteomics Analysis ◽

Knock Out ◽

Corneal Fibroblast ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Corneal Fibroblasts ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

Background: Exosomes secreted by corneal fibroblasts contain matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 14, which is known to influence pro-MMP2 accumulation on exosomes. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the enzymatic activity of MMP14 may alter the protein content of corneal fibroblast- secreted exosomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MMP14 on the composition and biological activity of corneal fibroblast-derived exosomes. Methods: Knock out of the catalytic domain (ΔExon4) of MMP14 in corneal fibroblasts was used to determine the effect of MMP14 expression on the characteristics of fibroblast-secreted exosomes. The amount of secreted proteins and their size distribution were measured using Nano Tracking Analysis. Proteins within exosomes from wild-type (WT) and ΔExon4-deficient fibroblasts were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) proteomics analysis. The proteolytic effects of MMP14 were evaluated in vitro via MS identification of eliminated proteins. The biological functions of MMP14-carrying exosomes were investigated via fusion to endothelial cells and flow cytometric assays. Results: Exosomes isolated from WT and ΔExon4-deficient fibroblasts exhibited similar size distributions and morphologies, although WT fibroblasts secreted a greater amount of exosomes. The protein content, however, was higher in ΔExon4-deficient fibroblast-derived exosomes than in WT fibroblast-derived exosomes. Proteomics analysis revealed that WT-derived exosomes included proteins that regulated cell migration, and ΔExon4 fibroblast-derived exosomes contained additional proteins that were cleaved by MMP14. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MMP14 expression influences the protein composition of exosomes secreted by corneal fibroblasts, and through those biological components, MMP14 in corneal fibroblasts derived-exosomes may regulate corneal angiogenesis.

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Mutant Lines of Spring Wheat with Increased Iron, Zinc, and Micronutrients in Grains and Enhanced Bioavailability for Human Health

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/9692053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Saule Kenzhebayeva ◽

Alfia Abekova ◽

Saule Atabayeva ◽

Gulzira Yernazarova ◽

Nargul Omirbekova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Protein Content ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Grain Protein Content ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Cereal Products ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

Stable Mutant ◽

Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽

Mutant Lines

Deficiency of metals, primarily Fe and Zn, affects over half of the world’s population. Human diets dominated by cereal products cause micronutrient malnutrition, which is common in many developing countries where populations depend heavily on staple grain crops such as wheat, maize, and rice. Biofortification is one of the most effective approaches to alleviate malnutrition. Genetically stable mutant spring wheat lines (M7 generation) produced via 100 or 200 Gy gamma treatments to broaden genetic variation for grain nutrients were analyzed for nutritionally important minerals (Ca, Fe, and Zn), their bioavailability, and grain protein content (GPC). Variation was 172.3–883.0 mg/kg for Ca, 40.9–89.0 mg/kg for Fe, and 22.2–89.6 mg/kg for Zn. In mutant lines, among the investigated minerals, the highest increases in concentrations were observed in Fe, Zn, and Ca when compared to the parental cultivar Zhenis. Some mutant lines, mostly in the 100 Gy-derived germplasm, had more than two-fold higher Fe, Zn, and Ca concentrations, lower phytic acid concentration (1.4–2.1-fold), and 6.5–7% higher grain protein content compared to the parent. Variation was detected for the molar ratios of Ca:Phy, Phy:Fe, and Phy:Zn (1.27–10.41, 1.40–5.32, and 1.78–11.78, respectively). The results of this study show how genetic variation generated through radiation can be useful to achieve nutrient biofortification of crops to overcome human malnutrition.

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Efficacy of Irrigation Interval after Anthesis on Grain Quality, Alkali Digestion, and Gel Consistency of Rice

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11040325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 325

Author(s):

Ramin Rayee ◽

Tran Dang Xuan ◽

Tran Dang Khanh ◽

Hoang-Dung Tran ◽

Kifayatullah Kakar

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Cooking Quality ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Gelatinization Temperature ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Irrigation Interval ◽

Gel Consistency ◽

Alkali Digestion

The management of amylose and protein contents and cooking quality are the main challenges in rice macronutrients and quality improvement. This experiment was conducted to examine the rice grain quality, alkali digestion, and gel consistency responses to irrigation interval after anthesis. Three rice varieties (K1, K3, and K4) were subjected to different irrigation intervals (1, 2, and 3 d) after anthesis. The findings of this study showed that the protein content was markedly increased from 6.53–6.63% to 9.93–10.16%, whilst the amylose content was decreased significantly from 22.00–22.43% to 16.33–17.56% under stressed treatments at irrigation intervals, whilst the quantity of fatty acids was not affected. The 3-d irrigation interval recorded the highest protein content but the lowest amylose value. In addition, this treatment shows lower gelatinization temperature, but it is negatively associated with hard gel consistency under irrigation interval. This study highlights that the water management following a 3-d irrigation interval from anthesis is a useful and simple treatment to improve rice nutrients and grain cooking quality.

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