scholarly journals A cross-sectional study of COVID-19-related bullying in a sample of Lebanese adults: scale validation, correlates, and mediating effect of fear and anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Danielle Saadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bullying Behaviors ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to prolonged exposure to stress and anxiety, raising concerns about a large spectrum of psychological side effects. The primary objective of the study was to validate the COVID-19 Bullying Scale (CBS-11). The second objective was to explore factors associated with COVID-19-related bullying and evaluate the mediating effect of fear and anxiety between knowledge and COVID-19-related bullying. Methods A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, recruited 405 Lebanese adults using a snowball sampling technique. The CBS-11, an 11-item tool specifically created for this study, was used to measure bullying behaviors towards COVID-19 patients. Results All items of the CBS-11 converged over a 1-factor solution with an eigenvalue over 1, accounting for a variance of 75.16%. The scale has a high Cronbach’s alpha (.974), indicating excellent reliability. A positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 bullying scale and fear, anxiety, and stigma discrimination. The logistic regression showed that higher fear of COVID-19 (ORa = 1.04), a positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures and hygiene recommendations (ORa = 1.18), higher stigma discrimination scores (ORa = 1.09), and having a health professional family member (ORa = 2.42) were significantly associated with bullying. Conclusion Our main findings showed that the CBS-11 could be an efficient tool to measure bullying behaviors toward COVID-19 patients. Stigma discrimination and fear from COVID-19 were associated with higher bullying attitudes. Future prospective studies are needed to understand better the factors related to bullying among adults during a pandemic, such as COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of COVID-19-Related Bullying in a Sample of Lebanese Adults: Scale Validation, Correlates, and Mediating Effect of Fear and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Danielle Saadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bullying Behaviors ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to prolonged exposure to stress and anxiety, raising concerns about a large spectrum of psychological side effects. The primary objective of the study was to validate the COVID-19 Bullying Scale (CBS-11). The second objective was to explore factors associated with COVID-19-related bullying and evaluate the mediating effect of fear and anxiety between knowledge and COVID-19-related bullying.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, involved 405 Lebanese adults recruited using the snowball sampling technique. The CBS-11, an 11-item tool specially created for this study, was used to measure bullying behaviors towards COVID-19 patients.Results: All items of CBS-11 converged over a 1-factor solution with an eigenvalue over 1, accounting for a variance of 75.16%. The scale has a high Cronbach’s alpha (0.974), indicating excellent reliability. A positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 bullying scale and fear, anxiety, and stigma discrimination. The logistic regression showed that higher fear of COVID-19 (ORa=1.04), a positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures and hygiene recommendations (ORa=1.18), higher stigma discrimination scores (ORa=1.09), and having a health professional family member (ORa=2.42) were significantly associated with bullying. Conclusion: Our main findings show that CBS-11 could be an efficient tool to measure bullying behaviors toward COVID-19 patients. Stigma discrimination and fear from COVID-19 were associated with higher bullying attitudes. Future prospective studies are needed to understand better the factors related to bullying among adults during a pandemic, such as COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Influence of B2B Relationship Quality on Opportunism and Firm Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-87
Author(s):  
Amy Chu May Yeo ◽  
Marcus Ee Ken Lai
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect

AbstractThe primary objective of the research is to determine the influences of B2B relationship quality and opportunism on firm performance. This study takes a general perspective of business organisations by examining the hypothesised relationships in the context of B2B’s in the industrial business environment. The research employs a cross-sectional design whereby quantitative data is collected by means of an online survey. Using non-probability, judgmental and snowball sampling technique, a sample size of 98 employees from the industrial business environment within Malaysia was collected. The gathered data was analysed using statistical software Smart -PLS. The research yields several interesting findings on the association between B2B relationship quality and firm performance in the industrial business environment within Malaysia. Findings also unfolded that the quality of a relationship between businesses is able to influence firm performance and opportunism. Opportunism on the other hand was not found to have any influence on Firm Performance. The results of the study implied that the quality of the relationship between businesses that is built upon trust, commitment, satisfaction and information sharing are important in business relationships. A high-quality relationship that is shared among suppliers and customers is able to predict better firm performance and inhibit the negative effect of opportunism.

scholarly journals Implementation of Standard Operating Procedure in Ophthalmic Practice during Covid 19 Era across Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzma Taqi ◽  
Erum Shahid ◽  
Uzma Fasih
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Standard Operating Procedures ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Ocular Surgery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinic Management ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Precautionary Measures

Purpose:  To analyze the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) in different ophthalmic settings of Pakistan during Covid 19. Study Design:  Cross sectional online survey. Place and Duration of Study:  Baqai Medical University & Karachi Medical and Dental College, from 11th to 25th January 2021. Methods:  This online survey included doctors working as consultants, medical officers and trainees in ophthalmology setups. A self-designed questionnaire on Google forms was sent online to see the implementation of standard operating procedures during COVID 19. Results:  A total of 400 participants were selected by snowball sampling technique. A response rate was 105 (26.5%). Females were 66 (62.86%). Among all participants, 36.19% responded that they always screened patients for COVID 19 at reception. Doctors who always wore masks were 96.19%. Out of those who responded, 16.19% and 11.43% always wore protective goggles and disposable gowns respectively. Only 55.24% practiced hand sanitization, 18.10% washed hands with soap and 30.48% cleaned slit lamps after seeing each patient. Doctors who always asked for PCR before ocular surgery under general anesthesia were 65 (61.90%) and for local anesthesia were 36 (34.29%).  Direct Ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, and gonioscopy were performed when necessary by 56.19%, 80.00%, 80.00% of doctors respectively. Only 69.5% were satisfied with precautionary measures. Conclusion:  Clinic management needs improvement in implementing SOPs among patients in an eye OPD. Fifty percent of the ophthalmologists received PPE by their administration. Only 69.5% doctors were satisfied with precautionary measures. Key Words:  COVID 19, standard operating procedures, Pakistan, Ophthalmology

scholarly journals Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception towards COVID-19 Vaccination in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10081
Author(s):  
Salman Mohammed Al-Zalfawi ◽  
Syed Imam Rabbani ◽  
Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq ◽  
Abdulhakeem S. Alamri ◽  
Walaa F. Alsanie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Arabic And English

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infection that mainly affects the respiratory system of patients. To date, more than 10 million people have been affected by this virus, and Saudi Arabia has also reported over 210 million cases. At present, there is no established treatment for COVID-19. Vaccination is one of the ways to defeat the pandemic. Recent reports have indicated rare but serious adverse events after vaccination, causing an anxious response from the general public worldwide. Therefore, this study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and perception of the COVID-19 vaccine among the Saudi population. This study is a cross-sectional, web-based online survey conducted using a snowball sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire prepared in Arabic and English was used to collect feedback from the general population on their knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants (n = 2022) from different regions of the country replied to the questions. The responses to the questions were recorded on a spreadsheet and analyzed using the SPSS software. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and non-parametric tests to draw conclusions about the results. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine the association between the knowledge, attitude, and perception scores and the demographic variables. p < 0.05 was used to indicate the significance of the data. The data from the study indicated that most of the participants were males (81%), between 18 and 59 years of age (85.9%), Saudi nationals (98.3%), and possessed graduation or above as a qualification (62.9%). The results suggest that a major portion of respondents have satisfactory knowledge (76%), a positive attitude (72.4%), and perception (71.3%) towards the use of COVID-19 vaccines. Their responses can be categorized as between ‘good’ and ‘fair’. However, 30–40% of respondents lacked information about COVID-19 vaccination availability for under 18-year-olds as well as for pregnant women, in addition to the lack of knowledge about the serious unreported adverse reactions and long-term protection offered by the vaccine against coronavirus. The correlation analysis between the variables (p > 0.05) indicated that the response to the KAP domains has no direct relationship. The survey results suggest that most of the Saudi population has sound knowledge and a positive attitude and perception. Since the COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for use in pregnancy and above 12-year-old children by health authorities, the lack of information shown by a significant percentage of participants requires strategies to update this information. Awareness programs targeting all sections of the population must be continued to provide all the updates, including vaccinations for pregnant women and children.

scholarly journals Social Distancing, Lockdown Obligatory, and Response Satisfaction During COVID-19 Pandemic: Perception of Nigerian Social Media Users

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Olalekan Seun Olagunju ◽  
Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa ◽  
Tesleem Kayode Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
General Acceptance

Background: Pandemics are challenging for clinical and public health agencies and policymakers because of the scientific and medical uncertainty that accompanies novel viruses like COVID-19 makes an increase of morbidity and mortality prominent. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the public perception of social distancing, lockdown obligatory, and response satisfactory during the pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional survey used an anonymous online google based questionnaire to collect data from respondents via social media platforms. The online survey was conducted among social media users from 1st to 30th April 2020. A snowball sampling technique was employed to recruit respondents for the survey. A total of 1,131 respondents responded across the country. Results: Nine out of every ten respondents believed that social distancing is an effective measure to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Also, 8 out of every ten respondents agreed with the lockdown measures. However, just 36.8% think their government is doing enough to stop the outbreak, and only 25% of the respondents were satisfied with the country’s response to the worldwide epidemic. The age of respondents was found to be significantly associated with satisfaction with emergency response during pandemics. Conclusion: It could be concluded that Nigerian public accepted social distancing as an effective way of curbing the spread of COVID-19 and general acceptance on lockdown obligatory; however, more than half of respondents expressed non-satisfactory with government and other agencies responses during the pandemics.

A Cross Sectional Study on Covid-19 Related Depression amongst the Population Working from Home during the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 844-848
Author(s):  
Darshan Yallapp Jotibannad ◽  
Ayushi Devendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Working From Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 has detrimental effects on physical and mental health globally. A large number of people have developed psychological disorders due to the pandemic. This study was an attempt to explore the occurrence of depression and its severity level amongst the population who are working from home online during the pandemic period. METHODS A cross sectional online survey was conducted by sharing Zung self-administered depression questionnaire using Google form. Informed consent was obtained from 106 participants and snowball sampling technique was used in the study. Chisquare test and P-value were also calculated to determine the level of significance and association between different variables.c RESULTS Out of 106 participants, 5 (4.71 %) were found to have depression. Females were more affected than men; higher numbers came from those living in a joint family and those who were not married. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the incidence of depression amongst the group working from home during the pandemic. It is the need of the hour to recognise the psychological impact of the pandemic on an peoples’ minds and help them seek immediate help from their nearest health centre to overcome the sufferings they go through. KEYWORDS Covid-19 Pandemic, Depression, Mental Health

scholarly journals Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions Among College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lovely Jain ◽  
Jatina Vij ◽  
Prakasini Satapathy ◽  
Venkatesan Chakrapani ◽  
Binod Patro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
To Receive

Background: Students act as messengers in delivering effective messages for better uptake of health-promoting behavior. Understanding their knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), intentions to use the COVID-19 vaccine, and its associated factors will help develop promising strategies in vaccine promotion concerning the current COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out among students in the healthcare and non-healthcare sectors to assess their intentions to get vaccinated against the COVID-19. A non-probability snowball sampling technique was used to recruit study participants (N = 655) through social media platforms and emails. Study participants were recruited across the country, including six major geographical regions (Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern, North-east, and Central) in India between November 2020 and January 2021 before the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine. Descriptive statistics were used to present the sociodemographic, and vaccine-related behaviors of the study participants. Key determinants that likely predict vaccine acceptance among students were modeled using logistic regression analysis. For each analysis, p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total of 655 students were recruited, 323 from healthcare and 332 from non-healthcare sectors, to assess their intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Of the 655 students, 63.8% expressed intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The acceptance was higher among non-healthcare students (54.07 vs. 45.93%). At the time of the study, 27.8% of the students indicated that they had been exposed to a confirmed COVID-19 patient. A vast majority (93.4%) of the students knew about the COVID-19 virus, and most (89.3%) of them were aware of the development of a COVID-19 vaccine. The history of vaccine hesitancy was found to be low (17.1%). Only one-third (33.4%) of the students showed concern about contracting COVID-19. Trust in the healthcare system [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.13; (95% CI: 2.83–6.04), p &lt; 0.00] and trust in domestic vaccines [aOR: 1.46; (95% CI: 1.02–2.08), p &lt; 0.05] emerged as the significant predictors of student's intention to get vaccinated. Higher acceptance for vaccine was observed among students in the non-healthcare [aOR: 1.982; 95% CI: 1.334–2.946, p &lt; 0.00].Conclusion: This study shows that the Indian college students had relatively high levels of positive intentions to receive COVID-19 vaccines, although about one-third were not sure or unwilling to receive the vaccine, highlighting possible vaccine hesitancy. Informational campaigns and other strategies to address vaccine hesitancy are needed to promote uptake of COVID-19 vaccines.

scholarly journals Children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: experiences and satisfaction encountered by Indian parents

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Special3) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Hepsi Bai Joseph ◽  
Sandhiya Kuppuswamy ◽  
Asha Prabhakar Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Parental Experience

Background: Online learning by children is pressure for children as well as parents. The Covid-19 lockdown was ended up putting much stress on parents in India. The current study aimed to assess the parental experience and satisfaction on online learning for their children during Covid -19 pandemic lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among 300 parents of children who attended online learning during the COVID -19 pandemic lockdown. The data was collected using the snowball sampling technique. The survey tool consists of a sociodemographic questionnaire, self-report scales on parent's satisfaction and experiences. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, frequency, percentage, and inferential statistics such as the Chi-square test. Results: Out of 300 parents surveyed, 72% were mothers, 65.6% of children who attended online classes were from primary class, through zoom platform (52.2%) using an android mobile phone (71.1%) for a mean duration of 180±30 minutes. 80.4% of parents preferred the traditional learning method comparing to online classes for their children. More than half (52.2%) of parents reported that they were partially satisfied with children's online learning, whereas 26% were not satisfied. More than half of the parents (61.1%) experienced a great challenge and burden of online learning. Conclusion: Parents were worried that prolonged exposure to screen devices in online learning might affect child health's visual, physical, and psychological aspects.

scholarly journals Stigma toward people with COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: a cross-sectional study of correlates and mediating effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Danielle Saadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract Introduction Stigma develops during outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic due to the human fear that arises from the anxiety about a disease of an unknown etiology, with the associated detrimental consequences on both the individual and society. This study was conducted to assess if knowledge about COVID-19, attitude, practice and behavior regarding preventive measures against COVID-19, fear, and anxiety towards COVID-19 will affect the level of stigma and evaluate the mediating effect of fear, anxiety, and diagnosis of COVID-19 on stigma. Methods A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 05, 2021, enrolled 405 participants recruited from the Lebanese population. Two scales were created and adapted to the Lebanese context to measure the current stigma (stigma discrimination scale, self-stigma scale) toward COVID-19. Results More than half of the sample had moderate to severe stigma discrimination (62%) and self-stigma (65.9%). The multivariable analysis showed that higher fear of COVID-19 scale (Beta = .143) was significantly associated with a higher stigma discrimination scale. Whereas, higher knowledge score (Beta =  −.153) was significantly associated with a lower stigma discrimination scale. Fear of COVID-19, anxiety from COVID-19, being diagnosed with COVID-19, and having a family member with COVID-19 partially mediated the association between knowledge and stigma discrimination scale. No mediation effect of fear and anxiety scale was found between the knowledge and self-stigma score. Conclusion Our main findings indicate that a considerable proportion of the Lebanese population has stigma discrimination behaviors toward COVID-19 patients and that those who were infected with the virus experienced COVID-19-related stigmatization.

scholarly journals Emotional Bonding and Sexual Activity During COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross-National Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 263183182110274
Author(s):  
Deblina Roy ◽  
Sujita Kumar Kar ◽  
SM Yasir Arafat ◽  
Pawan Sharma ◽  
Russell Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Emotional Bonding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures have affected the sexuality and emotional bonding among the couple across the world. Objectives: We aimed to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the married people’s emotional bonding and sexual relationships in 3 south Asian counties (Bangladesh, India, and Nepal). Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Bangladesh, India, and Nepal residents from April 3 to April 15, 2020. The survey was designed in English. The participants were selected through convenience sampling technique, the link of the online questionnaire was shared with the participants. Only participants older than 18 years and above, married, and living with their spouses were included in the study. Results: A total number of 120 respondents were included finally for analysis from the participating countries (India, Nepal, and Bangladesh). The mean age of the participants was 35.42 (±5.73) years; the majority were males under the age of 40 years and had completed postgraduation as their qualification. Among the study participants, more than half (53.8%) of the women reported being sexually active during the lockdown, whereas 41% of the men reported being sexually active. Among the sexually active participants, most women (57.7%) reported that they perceived positive emotional bonding with their partners. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference observed when compared with men. There are variations in responses. However, no significant association was identified. Conclusion: There are a few insights from the study, that is, there was no significant difference found in almost 3 countries in emotional intimacy. There had been a trend that there is improved emotional bonding with their partners, although no significant difference was observed.

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