scholarly journals Brass products in the coronet excavated from an M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbing Shao ◽  
Fengrui Jiang ◽  
Jingnan Du ◽  
Junchang Yang ◽  
Quanmin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Zinc Smelting ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Copper Ores

AbstractAncient Chinese brass smelting technology has promoted the invention of zinc smelting, thus becoming an important part of the metallurgical history. However, the information concerning its origin and development is still controversial. In that regard, thorough analysis of composition and structure of the early brass is crucial for studying various stages of the ancient brass smelting technology history. This study aimed to investigate brass artifacts from Kunlun M2 tomb in Xi'an, Shaanxi, dating back during Sui to early Tang Dynasty (581–712 AD). The composition and metallographic characterization of the materials was performed using XRF, SEM–EDS and metallographic analysis. According to the results, brass was composed of 83 wt% of copper, 12 wt% of zinc, and 3 wt% of tin. Furthermore, its microstructure consisted of α-isometric single crystals with some slip lines and a few twinned grains. This indicated that brass was obtained by melting an appropriate mixture of zinc ores and copper ores at a temperature above 920 °C. Furthermore, brass support components were installed on the coronet after integral hot forging and partial cold shaping. Besides, the use of brass in the coronet was in conformity with the social hierarchy of that historical period, and also reflected the attention paid to the properties of materials.

scholarly journals Brass products in the coronet excavated from a M2-numbered Sui-Tang-dynasty tomb situated in Kun Lun Company in Xi'an, Shaanxi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbing Shao ◽  
Fengrui Jiang ◽  
Jingnan Du ◽  
Junchang Yang ◽  
Quanmin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
Composition Segregation ◽  
Tangible Evidence ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract In this study, the brass wires in the coronet excavated from M2 tomb in Xi'an, Shaanxi, dating back to Sui-Tang-dynasty were probed via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) techniques. The wires were found to be composed of 83 wt% of copper, 12 wt% of zinc, and 3 wt% of tin. According to the metallographic analysis, the wires were formed by integral hot forging, and were then installed on the coronet after surface cold shaping, via cutting and hammering during the production of the support parts. It indicated that the composition of brass was evenly distributed without obvious composition segregation, revealing the features of the second stage of brass smelting in ancient China, which may prove brass had appeared and brass smelting technology had been mastered in the Sui-Tang-dynasty in the Central Plains of China. In addition, the use of brass in the coronet was in accorded with the hierarchical symbol given to the material by the feudal society. And the selection of brass was based on the dual combination of the excellent mechanical properties and the golden surface of brass. Thus, brass in the Sui-Tang-dynasty historical period was the tangible evidence of the development level of metallurgical technology, and also reflected the artistic and social attributes given to materials by different stages of social development.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nife Thin Film Composition Modulated Alloys

1996 ◽  
Vol 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Leith ◽  
D. T. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Rate ◽  
Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Oscillation Period ◽  
Rotating Disk Electrode ◽  
Disk Rotation ◽  
Rate Oscillation ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Spatially Periodic

ABSTRACTDescribed are results showing that an oscillating flow-field can induce spatially periodic composition variations in electrodeposited NiFe films. Flow-induced NiFe composition modulated alloys (CMA's) were deposited on the disk of a rotating disk electrode by oscillating the disk rotation rate during galvanostatic plating. Deposit composition and structure were investigated using potentiostatic stripping voltammetry and scanning probe microscopy. Results illustrate a linear relationship between the composition modulation wavelength and the flow oscillation period. CMA's with wavelengths less than 10 nm can be fabricated when plating with a disk rotation rate oscillation period less than 3 seconds.

CHARACTERIZATION OF RELIGIOUS STYLE AS A FUNCTIONAL STYLE IN LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
Barnokhon Kushakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Creation

This article discusses the conditions, reasons and factors of characterization of religious style as a functional style in the field of linguistics. In addition, religious style and its main peculiarities, its importance in the social life, and the functional features of religious style are highlighted in the article. As a result of our investigation, the following results were obtained: a) the increase in the need for the creation and significance of religious language, particularly religious texts has been scientifically proved; b) the possibility of religious texts to represent the thoughts of the people, culture and world outlook has been verified; c) the specificity of religious language, religious texts has been revealed; d) the development of religious style as a functional style has been grounded.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Characterization of the Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Yaks

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Yaping Wang ◽  
Yuhang Fu ◽  
Yuanyuan He ◽  
Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar ◽  
Mudassar Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Aging ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Intestinal Functions ◽  
Development Phases

Development phases are important in maturing immune systems, intestinal functions, and metabolism for the construction, structure, and diversity of microbiome in the intestine during the entire life. Characterizing the gut microbiota colonization and succession based on age-dependent effects might be crucial if a microbiota-based therapeutic or disease prevention strategy is adopted. The purpose of this study was to reveal the dynamic distribution of intestinal bacterial and fungal communities across all development stages in yaks. Dynamic changes (a substantial difference) in the structure and composition ratio of the microbial community were observed in yaks that matched the natural aging process from juvenile to natural aging. This study included a significant shift in the abundance and proportion of bacterial phyla (Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria) and fungal phyla (Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota) across all development stages in yaks. As yaks grew older, variation reduced, and diversity increased as compared to young yaks. In addition, the intestine was colonized by a succession of microbiomes that coalesced into a more mature adult, including Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Romboutsia, Prevotellaceae_UCG-004, Blautia, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Ruminococcus_1, Ruminiclostridium_5, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Alloprevotella, Acetitomaculum, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Bacteroides, Treponema_2, Olsenella, Escherichia-Shigella, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and fungal communities Mortierella, Lomentospora, Orpinomyces, and Saccharomyces. In addition, microorganisms that threaten health, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Mortierella, Lomentospora and Hydrogenoanaerobacterium, Corynebacterium_1, Trichosporon, and Coprinellus, were enriched in young and old yaks, respectively, although all yaks were healthy. The significant shifts in microflora composition and structure might reflect adaptation of gut microbiome, which is associated with physicochemical conditions changes and substrate availability in the gut across all development periods of yaks.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Mahamayuri Vidyarajni Sutra excavated in Lu’an, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Liu ◽  
Decai Gong ◽  
Zhengquan Yao ◽  
Liangjie Xu ◽  
Zhanyun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Lead White ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Historically, sutras played an important role in spreading Buddhist faith and doctrine, and today these remain important records of Buddhist thought and culture. A Mahamayuri Vidyarajni Sutra with polychrome paintings was found inside the cavity on top of the Nanmen Buddhist pagoda, built in the early Tang dynasty (618–627 CE) and located in Anhui Province, China. Textile was found on the preface which is strongly degraded and fragile. Unfortunately, the whole sutra is under severe degradation and is incomplete. Technical analysis based on scientific methods will benefits the conservation of the sutra. Optical microscopy (OM), micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with optical microscope (Raman), scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the pigment and gilded material, as well as the paper fiber and textile. Pigments such as cinnabar, minium, paratacamite, azurite, lead white were found. Gilded material was identified as gold. A five-heddle warp satin, made of silk, was found as the textile on the preface of the sutra. The sutra’s preface and inner pages were made of paper comprised of bamboo and bark. As a magnificent yet recondite treasure of Buddhism, the sutra was analyzed for a better understanding of the material. A conservation project of the sutra will be scheduled accordingly.

scholarly journals Building and Rebuilding Buddhist Monasteries in Tang China: The Reconstruction of the Kaiyuan Monastery in Sizhou

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Anna Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Bai Juyi ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Its Regions

This article explores regional Buddhist monasteries in Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) China, including their arrangement, functions, and sources for their study. Specifically, as a case study, it considers the reconstruction of the Kaiyuan monastery 開元寺 in Sizhou 泗州 (present-day Jiangsu Province) with reference to the works of three prominent state officials and scholars: Bai Juyi 白居易 (772–846), Li Ao 李翱 (772–841), and Han Yu 韓愈 (768–824). The writings of these literati allow us to trace the various phases of the monastery’s reconstruction, fundraising activities, and the network of individuals who participated in the project. We learn that the rebuilt multi-compound complex not only provided living areas for masses of pilgrims, traders, and workers but also functioned as a barrier that protected the populations of Sizhou and neighboring prefectures from flooding. Moreover, when viewed from a broader perspective, the renovation of the Kaiyuan monastery demonstrates that Buddhist construction projects played a pivotal role in the social and economic development of Tang China’s major metropolises as well as its regions.

Le rivolte francesi del novembre 2005 nei titoli di ventuno quotidiani italiani. Ricostruzione dei processi rappresentazionali attraverso un'analisi lessicografica

2009 ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Alesssndra Areni ◽  
Gilda Sensales ◽  
Angela Angelastro
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Scree Test

- The tradition of the social representations is the framework of research that is part of a wider project focused on the role of mass media, as part of cultural system, and on processes of anchorage and labelling involved to define the events under observation. We studied the social representations of French riots of November 2005 on headlines of 21 Italian daily newspapers with different cultural and ideological orientation. The aims of research, of comparative character, were the exploration: of consistence of results emerged in previous investigations, and of role played from newspapers and from temporal distance by the events 1) on structural organization of representational field, related to lexicon of headlines, and 2) on differential characterization of the lexicon of headlines 2a) of 21 newspapers and 2b) of two periods, more or less near to the beginning of events. The population, composed by 468 headlines, was collected by October 30 to November 18, 2005. The textual data, related to words of headlines, and the extra-textual data, related to newspapers, to period of publication (I and II week), to signature and sex of journalists, have been processed by different steps of statistical package SPAD-T. According to the scree-test were extracted two factors able to explain 20.40% of total variance. Through the intersection between the two factors we analyzed the factorial plan that, by providing the information more synthetic and exhaustive as possible, highlighted the existence of four areas otherwise characterized by the newspapers, by the two weeks and by the signature and gender of journalists. The differential analysis of lexicographical characterization of each of the 21 newspapers and of two periods, allowed the confirmation and deepening of what emerged in the structural analysis. Overall results showed the non-neutrality of language used by the headlines. It was functional to ideological and cultural profile of source, to its geographical area of reference and to temporal distance from origin of events. Furthermore results showed processes of anchorage and la- beling referable to need to preserve and strengthen specific groupal identity of the source.

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