scholarly journals Proteolytic enzyme arbitrated antagonization of helminthiasis by Cinnamomum cappara leaf extract in Pheretima posthuma

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayeen Vadakkan ◽  
Meena K Cheruvathur ◽  
Anu S Chulliparambil ◽  
Famy Francis ◽  
Anu P Abimannue
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Enzymatic Action ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Hyperbolic Relation ◽  
Proteolytic Action ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization ◽  
Burk Plot

Abstract Background There have been several studies carried out to irradiate Helminthiasis however very little research have been carried out where in the enzymatic activity of plants are exploited to antagonize infections. Here we are analyzing the anthelmintic activity of Cinnamomum cappara leaf extract against Pheretima posthuma complimented by proteolytic action. Results The fresh leaves of Cinnamomum cappara was collected from local areas of Thrissur during December 2019. Plants were identified and authenticated by morphological and molecular characterization. The enzymatic action was analyzed by plotting Lineweaver–Burk plot which suggested that the extract possess the Km 185.77 μM for casein as substrate and obeyed Michaelis–Menten kinetics with typical hyperbolic relation with enzyme and increasing concentration of substrate. The effect of extract upon study subject was in directly proportional with concentration of antagonist where higher activities were obtained in high concentrations. The anatomical and histological studies suggested that the activity of extract was due to the degradation of muscular bundle of subject that resulted in the leakage of ceolomic fluid. Conclusions Cinnamomum cappara leaf extract possessed high degree of protease intervened anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. As the study subject show immense morphological and physiological resemblance with all other helminthic parasites, this results shall be adopted to further clinical and pharmacological applications.

The isolation of nucleic acids from woody tissue using dimethyl sulfoxide

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Gusta ◽  
V. C. Runeckles
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Ribonuclease Activity ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Bark Tissue ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree

A procedure is described for the isolation of nucleic acids from apple bark tissue using dimethyl sulfoxide. Nucleic acids isolated by this method are high in yield, and exhibit a high degree of purity as evidenced by their spectra. Experimental evidence is given to show that extraction of the tissue with dimethyl sulfoxide before the extraction of nucleic acids removes protein and pigments. Little or no ribonuclease activity could be detected in apple bark tissue after extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide. Ribonuclease activity was shown to be strongly inhibited by high concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide.

Cytotoxic activity of Perilla frutescens var. japonica leaf extract is due to high concentrations of oleanolic and ursolic acids

2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Akihisa ◽  
Satoshi Kamo ◽  
Taketo Uchiyama ◽  
Hiroyuki Akazawa ◽  
Norihiro Banno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Perilla Frutescens ◽  
High Concentrations

scholarly journals Pentagalloylglucose, isolated from the leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale L., could elicit rapid and selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamigboye J. Taiwo ◽  
Temidayo D. Popoola ◽  
Fanie R. van Heerden ◽  
Amos A. Fatokun
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Selective Cytotoxicity ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Foetal Lung

ABSTRACT Background The leaf of Anacardium occidentale L. has been a component of many herbal recipes in South-Western Nigeria. The work reported herein, therefore, explored the phytochemical composition of this plant and the potential anti-cancer activity of an isolated chemical constituent. Methods Phytochemical methods (including chromatographic analysis) combined with spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (IR, HRMS and NMR (1D and 2D)) were used to identify chemical constituents. Cytotoxic effects were determined using the MTT viability assay and bright-field imaging. Induction of oxidative stress was determined using the fluorescence-based 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay. Results For the first time in the plant, Compound 1 was isolated from the leaf extract and identified as pentagalloylglucose. Compound 1 was significantly cytotoxic against the cancer cell lines HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line) and MRC5-SV2 (human foetal lung cancer cell line), with IC50 of 71.45 and 52.24 μg/ml, respectively. The selectivity index (SI) for Compound 1 was 1.61 (IC50 against the normal human foetal lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 was 84.33μg/ml), demonstrating better cancer cell-selectivity compared to doxorubicin with a SI of 1.28. The cytotoxic activity of Compound 1 in HeLa cells was also rapid, as shown by its concentration- and time-dependent 3 h and 6 h cytotoxicity profiles, an effect not observed with doxorubicin. Generation of reactive oxygen species at high concentrations of pentagalloylglucose to induce oxidative stress in cancer cells was identified as a mechanistic event that led to or resulted from its cytotoxicity. Conclusions We suggest that pentagalloylglucose is selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells, and at high concentrations could exhibit pro-oxidant effects in those cells, as opposed to its general anti-oxidant effects in cells. Also, the presence of Compound 1 (pentagalloylglucose) in the plant and its cancer cell-selective cytotoxicity provide some rationale for the ethno-medicinal use of the plant’s leaf extract for treating diseases associated with excessive cell proliferation. Further studies are required to dissect the molecular mechanisms and players differentially regulating the biphasic anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant effects of pentagalloylglucose in normal and cancer cells.

Plasmin-platelet interaction involves cleavage of functional thrombin receptor

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. C54-C60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kimura ◽  
T. T. Andersen ◽  
J. W. Fenton ◽  
W. F. Bahou ◽  
A. Aviv
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Thrombin Receptor ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Enzymatic Action ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Inhibition Of Thrombin

We tested the hypothesis that the inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet activation by plasmin is mediated via the enzymatic action of plasmin on the functional thrombin receptor. We monitored the binding of the anti-thrombin receptor antibody [anti-TR-(34-46)] to platelets; this binding is sensitive to the cleavage of the thrombin receptor at amino acid residues Arg-41 to Ser-42. Plasmin inhibited anti-TR-(34-46) binding in dose- and time-dependent manners. The inactive synthetic peptide with the amino acid sequence 40-55 of the thrombin receptor (D-FPRSFLLRNPNDKYEPF) was similarly cleaved by thrombin and plasmin to an active peptide (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF) that produced robust cytosolic Ca2+ responses. At high concentrations, plasmin itself can activate platelets. We explored this effect with the use of anti-TR-(1-160). This antibody abolished the cytosolic Ca2+ responses to thrombin and to the thrombin receptor-activating peptide SFLLRN but did not attenuate the plasmin-induced cytosolic Ca2+ response. Thus plasmin inhibits thrombin-evoked platelet activation by cleaving the thrombin receptor, but the plasmin-induced cytosolic Ca2+ response is not due to the generation of the tethered peptide of the thrombin receptor.

scholarly journals Trace-element geochemistry of diamond-hosted olivine inclusions from the Akwatia Mine, West African Craton: implications for diamond paragenesis and geothermobarometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 174 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. M. De Hoog ◽  
T. Stachel ◽  
J. W. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
West African ◽  
Mantle Xenoliths ◽  
Trace Element Geochemistry ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
West African Craton ◽  
Trivalent Cations ◽  
Mantle Processes ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree

AbstractTrace-element concentrations in olivine and coexisting garnets included in diamonds from the Akwatia Mine (Ghana, West African Craton) were measured to show that olivine can provide similar information about equilibration temperature, diamond paragenesis and mantle processes as garnet. Trace-element systematics can be used to distinguish harzburgitic olivines from lherzolite ones: if Ca/Al ratios of olivine are below the mantle lherzolite trend (Ca/Al < 2.2), they are derived from a harzburgitic mantle source, and syngenetic garnets are without exception subcalcic G10 garnets. For harzburgitic olivines that cannot be identified this way, Na and Ca contents can be used: olivine inclusions with < 60 µg/g Na and Na/Al < 0.7 are all harzburgitic, whereas those with > 300 µg/g Ca or > 60 µg/g Na are lherzolitic. Conventional geothermobarometry indicates that Akwatia diamonds formed and resided close to a 39 mW/m2 conductive geotherm. A similar value can be derived from Al in olivine geothermometry, with TAl-ol ranging from 1020 to 1325 °C. Ni in garnet temperatures is on average somewhat higher (TNi-grt = 1115–1335 °C) and the correlation between the two thermometers is weak, which may be not only due to the large uncertainties in the calibrations, but also due to disequilibrium between inclusions from the same diamond. Calcium in olivine should not be used as a geothermobarometer for harzburgitic olivines, and often gives unrealistic P–T estimates for lherzolitic olivine as well. Diamond-hosted olivine inclusions indicate growth in an extremely depleted (low Ti, Ca, Na, high Cr#) environment with no residual clinopyroxene. They are distinct from olivines from mantle xenoliths which show higher, more variable Ti contents and lower Cr#. Hence, most olivine inclusions in Akwatia diamonds escaped the refertilisation processes that have affected most mantle xenoliths. Lherzolitic inclusions are probably the result of refertilisation after undergoing high-degree melting first. Trivalent cations appear to behave differently in harzburgitic diamond-hosted olivine inclusions than lherzolitic inclusions and olivine from mantle xenoliths. Some divalent chromium is predicted to be present in most olivine inclusions, which may explain high concentrations up to 0.16 wt% Cr2O3 observed in some diamond inclusions. Strong heterogeneity of Cr, V and Al in several inclusions may also result in apparent high Cr contents, and is probably due to late-stage processes during exhumation. However, in general, diamond-hosted olivine inclusions have lower Cr and V than expected compared to mantle xenoliths. Reduced Na activity in depleted harzburgites limits the uptake of Cr, V and Sc via Na–M3+ exchange. In contrast, Al partitioning in harzburgites is not significantly reduced compared to lherzolites, presumably due to uptake of Al in olivine by Al–Al exchange.

Ecology of Australian Chats (Epthianura Gould): Aridity, Electrolytes and Water Economy.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
CK Williams ◽  
AR Main
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Seasonal Movements ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree

The four species of Australian chats differentially occupy semiarid and arid regions where surface water commonly contains high concentrations of electrolytes, especially during the summer. The effects of variations in ambient temperature and salinity of drinking water on nutrition, water and electrolyte balances were compared between three species of chats in a split-plot, factorial design. The homeostatic responses revealed very complex interactions between thermoregulation, nutrition, and balances of electrolytes and water. All species have very low tolerance of electrolytes in the drinking water. Ingested electrolytes are not stored but are rapidly excreted in low concentrations at the expense of body water. Survival of chats in arid regions depends on a high degree of selectivity in avoiding water sources with even moderate concentrations of electrolytes. This avoidance is achieved by nomadism and seasonal movements to areas of recent rainfall, thereby increasing the access to water with low concentrations of electrolytes. The ability of the more xeric species to occupy regions of greater aridity cannot be explained by enhanced abilities to excrete electrolytes in high concentrations. The three species studied excrete electrolytes in similar, low concentrations. The more xeric species possess an advantage in water and electrolyte balances through lower evaporative losses of body water, especially at high ambient temperatures.

Sol-gel-based doped granulated silica for the rapid production of optical fibers

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1442010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerio Romano ◽  
Soenke Pilz ◽  
Dereje Etissa
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Fiber Preform ◽  
Microstructured Optical Fibers ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree

In the recent past we have studied the granulated silica method as a versatile and cost effective way of fiber preform production. We have used the sol-gel technology combined with a laser-assisted remelting step to produce high homogeneity rare earth or transition metal-activated microsized particles for the fiber core. For the fiber cladding pure or index-raised granulated silica has been employed. Silica glass tubes, appropriately filled with these granular materials, are then drawn to fibers, eventually after an optional quality enhancing vitrification step. The process offers a high degree of compositional flexibility with respect to dopants; it further facilitates to achieve high concentrations even in cases when several dopants are used and allows for the implementation of fiber microstructures. By this "rapid preform production" technique, that is also ideally suited for the preparation of microstructured optical fibers, several fibers have been produced and three of them will be presented here.

scholarly journals Composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter from tropical peatlands of coastal Sarawak, Borneo, revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and PARAFAC analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongli Zhou ◽  
Patrick Martin ◽  
Moritz Müller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Tropical Peatlands ◽  
Shelf Seas ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree

Abstract. Southeast Asian peatlands supply ~ 10 % of the global flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from land to the ocean, but the biogeochemical cycling of this peat-derived DOC in coastal environments is still poorly understood. Here, we use fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to distinguish different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in peat-draining rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters of Sarawak, Borneo. The terrigenous fractions showed high concentrations at freshwater stations within the rivers, and conservative mixing with seawater across the estuaries. The autochthonous DOM fraction, in contrast, showed low concentrations throughout our study area at all salinities. The DOM pool was also characterized by a high degree of humification in all rivers and estuaries up to salinity 25. These results indicate a predominantly terrestrial origin of the riverine DOM pool. Only at salinities > 25 did we observe an increase in the proportion of autochthonous relative to terrestrial DOM. Natural sunlight exposure experiments with river water and seawater showed high photolability of the terrigenous DOM fractions, suggesting that photodegradation may account for the observed changes in DOM composition in coastal waters. Nevertheless, we estimate based on our fluorescence data that at least 20 %–25 % of the DOC at even our most marine stations (salinity > 31) was terrestrial in origin, indicating that peatlands likely play an important role in the carbon biogeochemistry of Southeast Asian shelf seas.

scholarly journals Composted Chicken Manure as a Medium for the Production and Delivery of Trichoderma virens for Weed Control

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1394-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah MG Héraux ◽  
Steven G. Hallett ◽  
K.G. Ragothama ◽  
Stephen C. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Rhizosphere Competence ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
On Farm

Trichoderma virens (Gliocladium virens) (Miller et al.) von Arx is a soilborne fungus with a high degree of rhizosphere competence that produces a potent herbicidal compound, viridiol, and therefore has potential for development as a bioherbicide. We investigated the possibility of using composted chicken manure (CCM) as a medium for the production and deployment of T. virens. We chose CCM since the safe disposal of chicken manure presents significant logistic problems, and composted manures, as well as serving as an organic source of nitrogen, have been shown to support the activity of other biological control agents. Composted chicken manure supported the growth of T. virens and the rapid production of high concentrations of viridiol, but only when it was supplemented with large quantities of nutrients, including sucrose (16% w/w). Viridiol was not stable when stored in CCM, with a rapid decline in viridiol concentrations observed in T. virens-inoculated CCM cultures. Clearly, a cheaper alternative to sucrose is required as a carbon source for T. virens in CCM or similar media, and effective storage methods would need to be found for a T. virens-based bioherbicide product. Importantly, CCM did not need to be sterilized to support the growth of T. virens and its concomitant production of viridiol, suggesting that on-farm production systems may be feasible. Trichoderma virens-colonized CCM reduced the emergence and seedling growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in a greenhouse experiment and dramatically reduced the emergence of a mixed community of broadleaf weeds in the field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document