Increasing efficiency by optimizing table position for elective primary THA and TKA: a prospective monocentric pilot study

Abstract Introduction Hip and knee arthroplasties are very frequently performed surgeries with high quality standards and continuous optimization potential. Intraoperative processes can be standardized and simplified by optimization of table setups in the operating room to improve the quality and to increase efficiency. Patients and methods The existing surgical setups for primary hip and knee arthroplasties in a university maximum care hospital with endoprosthesis center were simulated and analysed with a computer program and optimized setup suggestions were worked out, based on handover times, walking distance and ergonomic aspects determined in the program. In a prospective monocentric analysis, primary hip arthroplasties and knee arthroplasties were examined in currently used and in the new optimized setups (standard procedure according to in-house SOP, senior and main surgeons, no assistants). The surgeries were externally and independently supervised and analysed, whereby the time between incision and suture beginning, handovers per minute and handover times were documented, amongst other things. In addition, an evaluation sheet, which showed the satisfaction with the new setup, was filled by the surgical team. Results In the period from April 2016 to December 2018, 19 hip arthroplasties in currently used and 15 in the new optimized setup as well as 9 knee arthroplasties in currently used and 13 in the new setup were performed. Attention was paid to constant conditions in the compared groups and disruptive factors (assisted surgeries, complex surgeries, different cementings, etc.) were excluded. In the group of hip arthroplasties, the handover times were significantly different (old 1.82 +/− 1.43 s.; new 1.08 +/− 0.78 s.; p <0.001), as well as the handovers per minute (old 1.62 +/− 0.45 handovers/min.; new 2.10 +/− 0.32 handovers/min.; p = 0,001). The time between incision and suture beginning indicated no significant difference (old 53.89 +/− 18.92 min.; new 49.73 +/− 12.18 min; p = 0.466): During the knee arthroplasties, handovers per minute were significantly different (old 1.83 +/− 0.38 handovers/min.; new 2.40 +/− 0.35 handovers/min.; p = 0.002). The time between incision and suture beginning (old 71.11 +/− 20.72 min.; new 70.69 +/− 17.12 min.; p = 0.959) and the handover times (old 1.06 +/− 0.64 s.; new 0.91 +/− 0.59 s.; p = 0.152) indicated no significant difference. The evaluation of the questionnaires showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) in the group of hip arthroplasties in the category “visibility”. For the knee arthroplasties, all items except “visibility” (p = 0.261) differed significantly. Overall, a high level of staff satisfaction with the new setup was achieved. Conclusions In both groups, more handovers per minute could be achieved in the optimized setup and in the group of the hip arthroplasties, the handover times were significantly faster. The evaluation sheet showed a high satisfaction of the surgical staff with the new setup. No reduction of the time between incision and suture beginning could be determined. This can be attributed to a certain training effect, the adjustment to the setup modification and the low number of cases. The new setup offers a practical alternative for hip arthroplasties as well as for knee arthroplasties as it optimizes the events in the operating room in many ways. For example, there were more handovers per minute possible and passing of the surgical instruments free from interferences. Moreover, it increases the efficiency and achieves a high satisfaction of the staff.

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The July Spike in Operating Room Management: Reality or Perception?

Journal of Graduate Medical Education ◽

10.4300/jgme-d-15-00170.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 244-247

Author(s):

Joseph A. Sanford ◽

Mitchell H. Tsai ◽

Bassam Kadry ◽

Christopher R. Mayhew ◽

David C. Adams

Keyword(s):

Operating Room ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Local Regression ◽

Surgical Residents ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Monthly Total ◽

Primary Hypothesis ◽

July Phenomenon

ABSTRACT Some research has found increased incidence of medical errors in teaching hospitals at the beginning of the academic year and have termed this the “July Phenomenon.”Background Our primary hypothesis was that the “July Phenomenon” for anesthesiology and surgical residents might manifest itself as operational inefficiency, measured by monthly total operating room (OR) minutes. Secondary measures were monthly elective overutilized minutes (OR workload minus OR allocated time, after 5:30 pm at our institution), 80th percentile number of ORs running at 7:00 pm, and mean last room end time.Objective Data were collected retrospectively from a 525-bed academic tertiary care hospital from January 2010 to September 2014 and were deconstructed to assess for a seasonal component using local regression (Loess). Variable month length was addressed by transforming the monthly totals to average daily minutes and overutilized minutes. Linear regression quantified significance for all primary and secondary analyses.Methods In the regressions, monthly average minutes showed no significant difference in July (P = .65) compared to the baseline month of April. There were no significant differences for any month for overutilized minutes or 80th percentile number ORs working at 7:00 pm. Only August was significant (P = .005) for mean last room end time.Results Data from a single institution study did not show a “July Phenomenon” in the number of operating minutes, overutilized minutes, or the number of ORs working late in July.Conclusions

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Association of Rugae Pattern with Skeletal Malocclusion in Orthodontic Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry ◽

10.36283/pjmd9-3/009 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sarwat Memon

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Class Iii ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Skeletal Malocclusion ◽

Palatal Rugae ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Orthodontic Patients

Background: The palatal rugae are special constructions that are inalterable in their position and pattern during the lifestyles of an individual. This imparts them an exceptional role in the forensic dentistry and may play potential role in malocclusion identification. This study was aimed to see association of rugae pattern with sagittal skeletal malocclusion in orthodontic patients visiting tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional examination was completed on pretreatment records (lateral Cephalometric radiographs and maxillary dental casts) of 384 subjects at the orthodontic department of Ziauddin Dental Hospital, Karachi. The study duration was from January to July 2019. The samples were sub-divided into three sagittal skeletal groups based on ANB angle proposed by Steiner’s on lateral Cephalometric radiographs (Class I with ANB angle between 0° to 4°; Class II: ANB angle greater than 5°; Class III: ANB angle less than 0°). The shapes of three most-anterior primary rugae were then evaluated bilaterally using Kapali et al., Classification. Chi Square test was applied to find association of rugae pattern among sagittal skeletal malocclusions groups. Results: Circular and curved rugae shapes were the most prevalent in all skeletal malocclusions. The primary palatal rugae pattern was seen to be significantly different among three skeletal malocclusion groups (p<0.05). The right and left sided palatal rugae pattern showed significant difference in all three skeletal malocclusion groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed no specific palatal rugae pattern associated with sagittal skeletal malocclusion. Further studies on larger sample and use of modern 3D technologies to scan the maxillary casts are required for results that are more precise.

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Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in hospitalized patients at a tertiary referral center in North India (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.23937 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Animesh Ray ◽

Dr. Komal Singh ◽

Souvick Chattopadhyay ◽

Farha Mehdi ◽

Dr. Gaurav Batra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

North India ◽

P Value ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

BACKGROUND Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is an important tool to estimate the true extent of infection in a population. However, seroprevalence studies have been scarce in South East Asia including India, which, as of now, carries the third largest burden of confirmed cases in the world. The present study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody among hospitalized patients at one of the largest government hospital in India OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among patients admitted to the Medicine ward and ICU METHODS This cross-sectional study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital in North India, recruited consecutive patients who were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR or CB-NAAT. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels targeting recombinant spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS CoV-2 were estimated in serum sample by the ELISA method RESULTS A total of 212 hospitalized patients were recruited in the study with mean age (±SD) of 41.2 (±15.4) years and 55% male population. Positive serology against SARS CoV-2 was detected in 19.8%patients(95% CI 14.7-25.8). Residency in Delhi conferred a higher frequency of seropositivity 26.5% (95% CI 19.3-34.7) as compared to that of other states 8% (95% CI 3.0-16.4) with p-value 0.001. No particular age groups or socio-economic strata showed a higher proportion of seropositivity CONCLUSIONS Around, one-fifth of hospitalized patients, who were not diagnosed with COVID-19 before, demonstrated seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2. While there was no significant difference in the different age groups and socio-economic classes; residence in Delhi was associated with increased risk (relative risk of 3.62, 95% CI 1.59-8.21)

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Analisis Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Penerapan Surgical Safety Checklist Di Kamar Operasi Rumah Sakit Kota Batam

Jurnal Endurance ◽

10.22216/jen.v4i3.4501 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 456

Author(s):

Endang Yuliati ◽

Hema Malini ◽

Sri Muharni

Keyword(s):

Patient Safety ◽

Operating Room ◽

Work Experience ◽

Improve Patient Safety ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

City Hospital ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Surgical Safety Checklist ◽

Surgical Safety

The use of the Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) is associated with improving patient care according to nursing process standards includes the quality of work of the operating room nurse team. The form of professionalism in the operating room is how the application of a surgical safety checklist as the standard procedure for patient safety in the operating room. This study aims to determine the relationship of characteristics, knowledge, and motivation of nurses in the application of the surgical safety checklist in the operating room of a Batam city hospital. This research is quantitative using an observational analytic research design. This study was conducted on 67 nurses who were taken by total sampling. This research was conducted in three Batam City Hospitals, with hospital accreditation at the same level. Data were analysed by univariate and bivariate using the chi-square test. The results of the study found that most nurses had education at diploma level, with a working period experiences of > 6 months (82%); good knowledge (53.7%) with low motivation (57.7%). There is a relationship between education (p = 0.042); length of work experience (p = 0.010); knowledge (p = 0.002); and motivation (p = 0.05) with the application of SSC. It is expected that health services carry out SSC following the applicable SOPs in the Hospital so that it can reduce work accident rates and improve patient safety. Penerapan Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) berhubungan langsung dengan kualitas asuhan keperawatan yang termasuk adalah bagaimana perawat menerapkan fungsi sebagai bagian dari kamar operasi. Bentuk profesionalisme ini menjadi standar bagaimana kemampuan perawat menerapakan SSC. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan karakteristik perawat, pengetahuan dan motivasi dengan penerapan SSC di kamar operasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuantitatif Cross Sectional dengan jumlah sampel 67 orang perawat kamar operasi. Data dianalisa dengan distribusi frekuensi dan uji hubungan bivariat. Didapatkan penerapan SSC perawat kota Batam masih kurang baik, dengan faktor yang mempunyai hubungan adalah Pendidikan, pelatihan dan pengetahuan. Diharapkan perawat mampu menerapkan SSC sesuai dengan Standar pelaksanaan fungsi perawat dikamar operasi.

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Gender-wise Comparative Assessment of Lifestyle Patterns and Well-being Status among Healthcare Employees at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1727578 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vanajakshamma Velam ◽

Vyshnavi Kancherla ◽

Latheef Kasala ◽

Anusha Kancherla ◽

Mounica Reddy Pillaram

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Well Being ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Female Employees ◽

The Mean ◽

Lifestyle Patterns ◽

Comprehensive Study

Abstract Background This study was an attempt to assess and compare the gender-wise lifestyle patterns and well-being status among the employees of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Material and Methods This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study conducted at a tertiary care hospital between May and August 2019. A total of 777 employees belonging to both genders (male and female) and working at different professional levels were assessed. All the enrolled employees were subjected to a comprehensive study tool consisting of various dimensions of their health, which included physical, mental, social, spiritual and intellectual health dimensions. Results Among the participants, 327 (42.1%) were male and 450 (57.9%) were female. There was no significant difference in the mean age of male (37.91 ± 7.52) and female (36.85 ± 8.16) employees (p = 0.07). A significantly higher proportion of diabetes and hypertension were seen in male employees (9.8% and 14.4%, respectively) than in female (5.6% and 6.2% respectively). The overall well-being was better in male employees than in females and was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). We found that male employees had statistically significant better well-being in terms of physical, mental and social health whereas female employees had intellectual health. Conclusion The overall well-being in healthcare staff was good at our tertiary care hospital, and the outstanding/good well-being rate was higher in male employees than in female employees. Female employees experienced risks with regard to their physical health.

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Role of Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Orbital Masses

Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1730120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Preeti Mundhada ◽

Sudarshan Rawat ◽

Ullas Acharya ◽

Dhananjay Raje

Keyword(s):

Roc Curve ◽

Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Adc Value ◽

Diffusion Weighted ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Orbital Masses ◽

Adc Values ◽

Orbital Lesions

Abstract Aim To determine the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in differentiating benign and malignant orbital masses. Materials and Methods After obtaining institutional ethical board approval and informed consent from all patients, an observational study was done for a period of 24 months in the radiology department of a tertiary care hospital in South India. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging and DWI using a 3T scanner was done for all patients with suspected orbital mass lesion. ADC value and clinicohistopathological correlation were studied for every patient. Chi-square test was used to compare the signal characteristics of DWI and ADC maps between benign and malignant lesions. A comparison of mean ADC values for benign and malignant masses was performed using Student’s t-test for independent samples. The cut-off value for ADC was obtained using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Of 44 patients with orbital lesions, 70% were benign and 30% were malignant. There was a significant difference in the mean ADC values of benign and malignant orbital masses. Using ROC curve analysis, an optimal ADC threshold of 1.26 × 10−3 mm2/s was calculated for the prediction of malignancy with 100% sensitivity, 80.65% specificity, and 86.36% accuracy (95% confidence interval: 0.872, 1.00, p < 0.0001). Two ADC thresholds were used to characterize the orbital masses with more than 90% confidence. Conclusion Quantitative assessment of ADC is a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool for differentiating benign and malignant orbital masses. Malignant orbital lesions demonstrate significantly lower ADC values as compared with benign lesions.

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The clinical profile, management, and outcome of febrile neutropenia in acute myeloid leukemia from resource constraint settings

Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease ◽

10.1177/20499361211036592 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 204993612110365

Author(s):

Kundan Mishra ◽

Suman Kumar ◽

Sandeep Ninawe ◽

Rajat Bahl ◽

Ashok Meshram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Overall Survival ◽

Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽

Febrile Neutropenia ◽

Burkholderia Cepacia ◽

Myeloid Leukemia ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Acute Myeloid

Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the commonest leukemia in adults. Mortality in thew first 30-days ranges from 6% to 43%, while infections account for 30–66% of early deaths. We aim to present our experience of infections in newly-diagnosed AML. Method: This prospective, observational study, was undertaken at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. Patients with confirmed AML (bone marrow morphology and flow cytometry) and who had developed febrile neutropenia (FN), were included. Result: A total of fifty-five patients were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 47.1 years (12–71) and 28 (50.9%) were males. Fever (33, 60%) was the commonest presentation at the time of diagnosis. One or more comorbid conditions were present in 20 patients (36.36%). Infection at presentation was detected in 17 patients (30.9%). The mean duration to develop febrile neutropenia since the start of therapy was 11.24 days. With each ten-thousand increase in white blood cell (WBC) count, the mean number of days of FN development decreased by 0.35 days ( p = 0.029). Clinical and/or radiological localization was possible in 23 patients (41.81%). Thirty-four blood samples (34/242, 14.04%) from 26 patients (26/55, 47.3%) isolated one or more organisms. Gram negative bacilli (GNB) were isolated in 24 (70.58%) samples. Burkholderia cepacia (8/34, 23.52%) was the commonest organism. The number of days required to develop febrile neutropenia was inversely associated with overall survival (OS). However, when compared, there was no statistically significant difference in OS between patients developing fever on day-10 and day-25 ( p = 0.063). Thirteen patients (23.63%) died during the study period. Discussion: Low percentage of blood culture positivity and high incidence of MDR organisms are a matter of concern. Days to develop febrile neutropenia were inversely associated with overall survival (OS), emphasizing the importance of preventive measures against infections. Conclusion: Infections continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among AML patients.

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551. Convalescent plasma early in disease course improves survival in COVID-19

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.745 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S341-S342

Author(s):

Varidhi Nauriyal ◽

Anita Shallal ◽

Amit T Vahia ◽

Linoj Samuel ◽

Robert Tibbetts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scale Score ◽

Medical Records ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Ordinal Scale ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Future Studies ◽

Patient Gender ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pcr Test

Abstract Background Convalescent plasma (CP) has been described as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given paucity of data, we sought to describe characteristics of CP recipients in survivors and non-survivors. Methods We conducted retrospective review of electronic medical records which included any patient with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test who received CP at an 890-bed quaternary care hospital in Southeast Michigan between March-May 2020. Data collected included: demographics, co-morbidities, mSOFA score on admission, laboratory values, and treatment. Outcomes assessed included inflammatory markers and clinical status based on an 8-point ordinal scalea. These values were recorded on admission, the date of CP (day 1), day 3, 7, and day 30 post-CP. Patient outcomes were stratified by ordinal scale score and compared using Mann-Whitney U tests to examine differences in clinical characteristics: scale of 1–4 (“meaningful survivor”), 5–7 (“survivor”), and 8 (“non-survivor”). Results Results of our study are summarized in Table 1 and 2. Non-survivors were older than survivors (62 vs 71 years; p=0.026). There was no statistically significant difference between patient gender, race, number of days from positive PCR test to CP, treatments, and co-morbidities. There was a trend toward higher mSOFA score on admission in non-survivors (p=0.056). A lower ordinal scale score on the date of receiving CP was significantly associated with meaningful survivorship (6 vs 7, p=0.005). Comparisons of Characteristics Based on Ordinal Scale at Day 30 Comparisons of Outcomes Based on Ordinal Scale at Day 30 Conclusion Patients who have a lower ordinal scale score on the date of CP administration are most likely to have meaningful survivorship at day 30. Future studies should evaluate optimal timing and outcomes for CP therapy in COVID-19. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Impact of Hybrid Operating Rooms on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes Following Fenestrated and Branched Endovascular Aortic Repair

Journal of Endovascular Therapy ◽

10.1177/1526602821996725 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152660282199672

Author(s):

Giovanni Tinelli ◽

Marie Bonnet ◽

Adrien Hertault ◽

Simona Sica ◽

Gian Luca Di Tanna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Operating Room ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Aortic Aneurysms ◽

Study Patient ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Purpose: Evaluate the impact of hybrid operating room (HOR) guidance on the long-term clinical outcomes following fenestrated and branched endovascular repair (F-BEVAR) for complex aortic aneurysms. Materials and Methods: Prospectively collected registry data were retrospectively analyzed to compare the procedural, short- and long-term outcomes of consecutive F-BEVAR performed from January 2010 to December 2014 under standard mobile C-arm versus hybrid room guidance in a high-volume aortic center. Results: A total of 262 consecutive patients, including 133 patients treated with a mobile C-arm equipped operating room and 129 with a HOR guidance, were enrolled in this study. Patient radiation exposure and contrast media volume were significantly reduced in the HOR group. Short-term clinical outcomes were improved despite higher case complexity in the HOR group, with no statistical significance. At a median follow-up of 63.3 months (Q1 33.4, Q3 75.9) in the C-arm group, and 44.9 months (Q1 25.1, Q3 53.5, p=0.53) in the HOR group, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of target vessel occlusion and limb occlusion. When the endograft involved 3 or more fenestrations and/or branches (complex F-BEVAR), graft instability (36% vs 25%, p=0.035), reintervention on target vessels (20% vs 11%, p=0.019) and total reintervention rates (24% vs 15%, p=0.032) were significantly reduced in the HOR group. The multivariable Cox regression analysis did not show statistically significant differences for long-term death and aortic-related death between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Our study suggests that better long-term clinical outcomes could be observed when performing complex F-BEVAR in the latest generation HOR.

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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Infectious Agents in Lower Respiratory Tract Samples Belonging to Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary-Care Hospital, Located in an Epidemic Area, during the Italian Lockdown

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9010185 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

Adriana Calderaro ◽

Mirko Buttrini ◽

Sara Montecchini ◽

Giovanna Piccolo ◽

Monica Martinelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Intensive Care Units ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Infectious Agents ◽

Epidemic Area ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study was the detection of infectious agents from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples in order to describe their distribution in patients with severe acute respiratory failure and hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) in an Italian tertiary-care hospital. LRT samples from 154 patients admitted to ICU from 27 February to 10 May 2020 were prospectively examined for respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, bacteria and/or fungi. SARS-CoV-2 was revealed in 90 patients (58.4%, 72 males, mean age 65 years). No significant difference was observed between SARS-CoV-2 positives and SARS-CoV-2 negatives with regard to sex, age and bacterial and/or fungal infections. Nonetheless, fungi were more frequently detected among SARS-CoV-2 positives (44/54, 81.4%, p = 0.0053). Candida albicans was the overall most frequently isolated agent, followed by Enterococcus faecalis among SARS-CoV-2 positives and Staphylococcus aureus among SARS-CoV-2 negatives. Overall mortality rate was 40.4%, accounting for 53 deaths: 37 among SARS-CoV-2 positives (mean age 69 years) and 16 among SARS-CoV-2 negatives (mean age 63 years). This study highlights the different patterns of infectious agents between the two patient categories: fungi were prevalently involved among SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and bacteria among the SARS-CoV-2-negative patients. The different therapies and the length of the ICU stay could have influenced these different patterns of infectious agents.

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