scholarly journals New Measures Assessing Predictors of Academic Persistence for Historically Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Undergraduates in Science

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. ar32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Byars-Winston ◽  
Jenna Rogers ◽  
Janet Branchaw ◽  
Christine Pribbenow ◽  
Ryan Hanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Black African ◽  
Broadening Participation ◽  
Racial Ethnic

An important step in broadening participation of historically underrepresented (HU) racial/ethnic groups in the sciences is the creation of measures validated with these groups that will allow for greater confidence in the results of investigations into factors that predict their persistence. This study introduces new measures of theoretically derived factors emanating from social cognitive and social identity theories associated with persistence for HU racial/ethnic groups in science disciplines. The purpose of this study was to investigate: 1) the internal reliability and factor analyses for measures of research-related self-efficacy beliefs, sources of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and science identity; and 2) potential group differences in responses to the measures, examining the main and interaction effects of gender and race/ethnicity. Survey data came from a national sample of 688 undergraduate students in science majors who were primarily black/African American and Hispanic/Latino/a with a 2:1 ratio of females to males. Analyses yielded acceptable validity statistics and race × gender group differences were observed in mean responses to several measures. Implications for broadening participation of HU groups in the sciences are discussed regarding future tests of predictive models of student persistence and training programs to consider cultural diversity factors in their design.

scholarly journals Explaining Racial/Ethnic Variation in Partnered Women’s and Men’s Housework

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa R. Wight ◽  
Suzanne M. Bianchi ◽  
Bijou R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Housework Time ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Time Availability ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Using a national sample of 12,424 partnered women and 10,721 partnered men from the 2003-2006 American Time Use Survey, this article examines racial/ethnic variation in women’s and men’s housework time and its covariates. The ratio of women’s to men’s housework hours is greatest for Hispanics and Asians and smallest for Whites and Blacks. White and Hispanic women’s housework hours are associated with household composition and employment suggesting that the time availability perspective is a good predictor for these women, but may have less explanatory power for other race/ethnic groups of women. Relative resources also have explanatory power for White women’s housework time but are weak predictors for women of Other race/ethnicities. Time availability and relative resource measures show some association with White men’s housework time but are generally poor predictors among other race/ethnic groups of men, suggesting that traditional models of housework allocation do not “fit” all groups equally.

Ecological systems contributors to internalizing symptoms in a national sample of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daneele Thorpe ◽  
Rebecca Mirhashem ◽  
Jenny Shen ◽  
Chantelle A Roulston ◽  
Kathryn Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Ecological Predictors ◽  
Nationally Diverse ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Internalizing problems are common in adolescence and increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveraging data from a U.S. nationally diverse sample of 2,954 adolescents (ages 13-16), we examined the associations between factors at multiple levels of youths’ ecologies – spanning indicators of threat and deprivation – and their depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we examined how these associations differed by adolescents’ racial/ethnic groups. Consistent with socio-ecological models, we found that indicators of threat and deprivation at the adolescents’ immediate home, and more distal neighborhood environments were associated with their depression and anxiety symptoms. The patterns of associations were similar across racial/ethnic groups in multigroup structural equation models. Additionally, we found that mean levels of internalizing symptoms and socio-ecological predictors significantly differed across racial/ethnic groups. These findings have important implications for understanding multi-level contributors to mental health among adolescents which may inform research, practice, and policy.

Healthcare Utilization, Unmet Service Needs, and HIV Treatment Outcomes among Racial/Ethnic Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 584-595
Author(s):  
Xiangjun Zhang ◽  
◽  
Roy Oman ◽  
Trudy Larson ◽  
Elizabeth Christiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Linkage To Care ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate possible racial/ethnic differences regarding service utilization, linkage to care, and medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods: PLWHA (N = 142) 18 years or older were recruited from a needs assessment project conducted in Nevada in 2016. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. The study variables included participants’ race/ethnicity (Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic), service utilization, unmet service needs, linkage to care, and medication adherence. Significant between-group (race/ethnicity) differences regarding service utilization, linkage to care, and medication adherence were assessed. Results: There were no statistically significant between-group differences regarding utilized services, unmet service needs, linkage to care, and medication adherence (p > .05). However, there were statistically significant between-group differences for 4 individual utilized services. For example, African-American participants were 72% less likely to have utilized medical care services than Caucasians (AOR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.10-0.74) and Hispanics were 84% less likely to have utilized mental health services than Caucasians (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04-0.60). Conclusions: Health disparities among racial/ethnic groups exist, specifically regarding certain individual medical and support services. Federal and regional programs must allocate funding to address specific service needs and improve healthcare services for certain racial/ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic variation in trauma-related psychopathology in the United States: a population-based study

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (13) ◽  
pp. 2215-2226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie A. McLaughlin ◽  
Kiara Alvarez ◽  
Mirko Fillbrunn ◽  
Jennifer Greif Green ◽  
James S. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of mental disorders among Black, Latino, and Asian adults is lower than among Whites. Factors that explain these differences are largely unknown. We examined whether racial/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events (TEs) or vulnerability to trauma-related psychopathology explained the lower rates of psychopathology among racial/ethnic minorities.MethodsWe estimated the prevalence of TE exposure and associations with onset of DSM-IV depression, anxiety and substance disorders and with lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys, a national sample (N = 13 775) with substantial proportions of Black (35.9%), Latino (18.9%), and Asian Americans (14.9%).ResultsTE exposure varied across racial/ethnic groups. Asians were most likely to experience organized violence – particularly being a refugee – but had the lowest exposure to all other TEs. Blacks had the greatest exposure to participation in organized violence, sexual violence, and other TEs, Latinos had the highest exposure to physical violence, and Whites were most likely to experience accidents/injuries. Racial/ethnic minorities had lower odds ratios of depression, anxiety, and substance disorder onset relative to Whites. Neither variation in TE exposure nor vulnerability to psychopathology following TEs across racial/ethnic groups explained these differences. Vulnerability to PTSD did vary across groups, however, such that Asians were less likely and Blacks more likely to develop PTSD following TEs than Whites.ConclusionsLower prevalence of mental disorders among racial/ethnic minorities does not appear to reflect reduced vulnerability to TEs, with the exception of PTSD among Asians. This highlights the importance of investigating other potential mechanisms underlying racial/ethnic differences in psychopathology.

scholarly journals THE ETHNIC DIMENSIONS IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS*

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This article draws on work in the social construction of race and ethnicity to explain why racial/ethnic divisions are so often axes of domination and why these divisions are central to social movements. Racial/ethnic groups are constructed in political processes that are intertwined with state formation and social movements. Processes of state formation and collective action create racial/ethnic groups, define majorities and minorities, and create racial/ethnic structures of domination. Physical and social segregation in tandem with intergenerational inheritance creates network cliquing that reinforces group boundaries, group differences, and group interests. Movements by members of dominant racial/ethnic majorities differ from movements by members of subordinate racial/ethnic minorities in key ways, including access to democratic processes for achieving group goals, experience of repression, need for allies, identity construction, processes of consciousness raising, and bases of mobilization. These “ethnic dimensions” matter for all social movements.

scholarly journals The Pandemic within a Pandemic: Testing a Sequential Mediation Model to Better Understand Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Preventive Behavior

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
James A. Roberts ◽  
Meredith E. David
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Health Seeking Behavior ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data reveal that COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality rates are higher for certain racial/ethnic groups. Labeled as the “pandemic within a pandemic”, African Americans and Hispanics are bearing more of the brunt of the disease compared to Caucasians. Testing a new sequential mediation model on a sample of 483 US African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic adults, the present study investigates the role of fear of COVID-19, information receptivity, perceived knowledge, and self-efficacy to explain disparities in preventive behaviors. Study contributions include the specification of a new predictive model that improves upon the long-used Health Belief Model (HBM). The Sequential Mediation Model appears to have greater explanatory capacity than the HBM. Study results also provide important insights into racial/ethnic differences in health-seeking behavior related to the coronavirus. Findings show that African Americans reported higher levels of preventive behaviors and self-efficacy than Caucasians. It is possible that SES, rather than race per se, is more important in explaining differences in COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Certain “cues to action” (precipitating factors) also help explain this somewhat surprising result. Additionally, significant differences were found across the three racial/ethnic groups for all the new model’s variables except perceived knowledge. The new model was supported across all three racial/ethnic groups with notable differences across each group. Given the severity of implications surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic (physical, mental, and economic), it is critical that an improved understanding of what drives individual health-seeking behavior be achieved. Study limitations and future research suggestions are discussed.

scholarly journals Understanding local ethnic inequalities in childhood BMI through cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected local data

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Murphy ◽  
Rebecca Johnson ◽  
Nicholas R. Parsons ◽  
Wendy Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Black African ◽  
Ethnic Inequalities ◽  
Ethnic Group Differences ◽  
Individual School

Abstract Background Local-level analysis of ethnic inequalities in health is lacking, prohibiting a comprehensive understanding of the health needs of local populations and the design of effective health services. Knowledge of ethnic disparities in child weight status is particularly limited by overlooking both the heterogeneity within ethnic groupings; and the complex ecological contexts in which obesity arises. This study aimed to establish whether there was variation in childhood BMI across ethnic groups in Coventry, and the influence of individual, school and neighbourhood contexts, using routinely collected local data. Methods National Child Measurement Programme data were compiled for the period 2007/8–2014/15 and combined with routinely collected local data reflecting school performance and demographics, and school and neighbourhood physical environments. Multi-level modelling using Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods was used to account for the clustering of children within schools and neighbourhoods. Ethnic group differences in BMI z-score (zBMI) were explored at 4–5 years and 10–11 years for girls and boys alongside individual, school and neighbourhood covariates. Results At age 4–5 years (n = 28,407), ethnic group differences were similar for boys and girls, with children from South Asian, White other, Chinese and ‘any other’ ethnic groups having a significantly lower zBMI, and Black African children having a higher zBMI, versus White British (WB) children. Patterns differed considerably at age 10–11 years (n = 25,763) with marked sex differences. Boys from White other, Bangladeshi and Black African groups had a significantly higher zBMI than WB boys. For girls, only children from Black ethnic groups showed a significantly higher zBMI. Area-level deprivation was the only important school or neighbourhood covariate, but its inclusion did not explain ethnic group differences in child zBMI. Conclusion This analysis contributes to the existing literature by identifying nuanced patterns of ethnic disparities in childhood adiposity in Coventry, supporting the targeting of early obesity prevention for children from Black African groups, as well as girls from Black Caribbean and Black other ethnic backgrounds; and boys from Bangladeshi and White other ethnic backgrounds. It also demonstrates the utility of exploring routinely collected local data sets in building a comprehensive understanding of local population needs.

Self-Efficacy Perceptions and Outcome Expectations in the Prediction of Occupational Preferences

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristotle Kantas
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Occupational Preferences ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Occupational Preference ◽  
The Relationship

Outcome expectations, as conceptualized by expectancy-value theories, and self-efficacy perceptions have often been employed for the prediction of career-related behavior. The relationship, however, between these two cognitive mechanisms has not been adequately examined. On the basis of Bandura's 1986 and Lent, et al.'s 1994 formulations it was hypothesized that combining measures of these two variables in a single model would improve prediction of occupational preference. This hypothesis was supported in two studies with undergraduate students ( ns = 105 and 64) expressing occupational preferences. Employing a within-subjects analysis, a multiplicative combination of outcome expectations and self-efficacy perceptions gave better prediction of expressed occupational preferences than either self-efficacy or outcome expectations alone.

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence of hallucinogen use by age cohort: Findings from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe W. Jahn ◽  
Joel Lopez ◽  
Sara de la Salle ◽  
Sonya Faber ◽  
Monnica T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Black African ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have assessed the epidemiology of hallucinogenic substance use among racial and ethnic groups of varying age cohorts. Use of psychedelic substances may differ among people of color (POC), due to factors such as stigma and discriminatory drug enforcement practices against POC. The lack of inclusion of POC in psychedelic research further underscores the importance of identifying differences in use among racial/ethnic groups and age cohorts.MethodsData from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used for this analysis (N = 56,313, unweighted), representative of the non-institutionalized U.S. population. Proportions of lifetime hallucinogen use by race/ethnicity were compared. Proportions of past year rates of use were compared to examine differences by race/ethnicity and age cohort.ResultsApproximately 15.9% of the U.S. population over 12 had used a hallucinogen at some point in their lifetime and 2.0% had used in the past year. Lifetime hallucinogen use was most prevalent among non-Hispanic White and multi-racial individuals, while Black/African Americans reported the lowest rates of use. White and multi-racial groups also reported the highest proportions of past year use among 12–34 year olds, and White individuals reported the highest proportions among 35–49 year olds. Hispanic individuals reported higher proportions of use among the 12–17 cohort, but lower proportions among the 26–49 year old cohorts. Black/African Americans reported the lowest rates of past year use among the 12–25 year old cohorts. 50+ and older cohorts reported the lowest rates of hallucinogen use in the past year.LimitationsData is cross-sectional and self-reported. “Race” is a social construction is subject to change over time, and NSDUH ethnoracial categories are limited. Institutionalized populations are not included in the study.ConclusionsSignificant differences in hallucinogen use among ethnoracial groups by substance and age cohorts were observed. Findings from this work may inform education, interventions, and therapeutic psychedelic research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document